Power circuit

1. Purpose
In analogy to electronic equipment and devices to the human body, heart is a power supply
circuit, wherein the conversion from AC power supply to a constant DC voltage (current), the cables
to semiconductors and IC of each component circuit is distributed inside the device as a blood vessel
I have to supply a constant voltage current. Therefore, in order to maintain the health of electronic
equipment quality of the equipment is important. The quality of electronic devices requires
precision, sensitivity, stability, high quality power supply circuit, the heart is essential as an active
means. As a high quality of power supply recently, three-terminal regulator and feedback control,
such as a switch link control by PWM, stabilization of the power is achieved in various ways. In this
experiment, to configure various rectifier circuits and smoothing circuit and a constant voltage
(current) circuit of the power supply circuit, to understand the operation and its basic principle.

2. Theory
2.1 Power of the configuration circuit
In general, the power supply has a power to convert the required voltage by using the self-power
and commercial AC power source, such as one battery or rechargeable battery. Figure 1 shows the
circuit configuration of the DC power supply with a typical commercial AC power source. This
circuit after pressure lifting the commercial power supply transformer, a method for obtaining a DC
voltage (current) through the rectifier circuit and smoothing circuit. For semiconductor and IC in the
circuit power supply is required for electronic devices and equipment of the DC power supply
driving method of a direct current by rectifying the alternating current has been used generally much.
However, to flow when the output voltage of the load current from a supply of only a DC output
voltage and smoothing varies the load current. In order to set the DC output voltage to a constant
voltage, it is necessary to regulate the output. DC stabilized power supply voltage variation due to
the internal resistance of the ripple and rectifiers and transformers caused by voltage fluctuations and
rectifier circuit with respect to the load current must also be stabilized. Therefore, the DC stabilized
power supply is often used to stabilize the power supply of electronic equipment and devices.

AC100V 整流回路 平滑回路 直流出力電圧

定電圧回路

トランス
 Figure 1: Basic structure of power supply circuit

2.2 Rectifying and smoothing circuit

The power supply circuit is constructed generally in the rectifier circuit and smoothing filter
using a single-phase transformer and a diode for the step-down, as shown in Figure 1. The rectifier
circuit there is a half-wave and full-wave type, half-wave as for small current, full-wave type and
full-wave rectifier bridge type is used as a high current and low output.
The filter of the smoothing circuit is capacitor input type and choke input type.
2.2.1 Rectifier circuit
Half-wave rectifier circuit: Half-wave rectifier circuit shown in Figure 2 consists of a transformer
and a diode, current flows only half cycle of voltage is applied in the forward direction of the diode.
This method for when using a DC output current during a half cycle to charge the capacitor is large,
a large peak current flows through the diode, the current capacity of the transformer is also required
twice the output current. Therefore, this method the output current circuit configuration is very easy
available dozens mA or less of small-capacity power supply (signal).

√2Vrms
D1
AC100V Vrms RL

Figure 2: Half-wave rectifier circuit

Center tap full-wave rectifier circuit: Scheme of Fig. 3 is a center tap full-wave rectifier circuit
using two diodes out the terminal from the transformer center (center tap) in which improved the
problem of half-wave rectification circuit. When one end of the transformer for the center tap is
grounded (figure top) is a positive voltage, the diode D1 conducts current flows through the resistor
RL. On the other hand, the diode D2 which is connected to the other terminal of the transformer
(bottom in the figure) is cut off. This condition is reversed in the next half cycle, the diode D1 in
blocked D2 is rendered conductive. Both diodes D1, D2 voltage is applied to the resistor because it is
connected to the same terminal of the resistor RL becomes always positive, it is equivalent to the
negative half-cycle of the other words the input signal is inverted. Full-wave rectifier circuit
simplifies the filter required for obtaining a constant voltage as compared to the half-wave rectifier
circuits, the ripple of the output waveform for the number of peaks increases (jagged) is reduced.

Vrms D1 RL
AC100V
D2 C
1000μF
 Figure 3: Center taps full-wave rectifier circuit

Bridge full-wave rectifier circuit: Although a bridge full-wave rectifier circuit shown in Figure 4
the same output waveform and the center-tap full-wave rectifier circuit is obtained, the
characteristics of this circuit requires four diodes for not using a transformer with center tap to
become. Operation of this circuit conducts the positive semi-cycle the diode D2, D4, the next
negative half-cycle D1, D3 conducts. Because always two diodes are connected in series with the load
in the circuit, the breakdown voltage of the diode increases.

D1 D2
AC100V C RL
D4 D3

Figure 4: Bridge full-wave rectifier circuit

2.2.2 Smoothing circuit

In the rectifier circuit of a diode only, the output voltage becomes wavy pulsating flow (ripple).
Therefore, the actual DC power supply in order to suppress the pulsating flow is connected to the
output of the rectified the capacitance C, as shown in Figure 5, is required smoothing circuit to
reduce the ripple.
Smoothing circuit: Although the ripple by the smoothing circuit is converted to smoothed DC
voltage when the load resistance RL is light (light load), that the output voltage Vout when the output
current is small, is substantially a constant value. RL is small in reverse (heavy load Iout) Vout as shown
in Fig. 6 is a pulsating flow in the case. This part is called the ripple voltage. This is to reduce the
ripple voltage, it is necessary to increase the capacity C of the smoothing capacitor.

Vin C RL Vout
リップル電圧 V rip

T =20m sVrms D1 RL
AC100V
D2 C
1000μF
 Figure 5: Smoothing circuit Figure 6: Output waveform

Percentage of ripple in the DC output is called ripple content ε R, becomes the effective value of the
ripple AC voltage Eac, in Equation (1) when the Edc a DC output voltage.

E ac
ε R= ×100( % )
E dc (1)

Capacity determination method of the smoothing capacitor:

From the request of power compact lightweight, capacity would be increased ripple voltage of
the rectifier output, but want to use something small to small capacity. Therefore, there is a method
of determining by calculation from transients shown in Figure 7 and those utilizing a O.H.Schade
diagram (reference 2) as a method for obtaining the smoothing capacitor.

SW I
C V

Figure 7: Discharge of capacity C

The charge Q on the capacitor C in Figure 7 has been charged, Q = CV becomes, because then
close the SW when the current I from the capacitor is discharged, transient voltage V of the capacitor
becomes dQ/dt = C dV/dt expression, whereas dQ/dt current I is the thing, it will be dV/dt = I/C.
When applying this to the rectifier circuit, since t = T/2, it is dV = I/C dt = I/C×T/2. The slope of the
voltage during discharge is represented by dV/dt = I/C type, voltage because the decrease between
T/2, the ripple voltage Vrip becomes Vrip = IoutC×T/2.
(Example) f = 50 Hz, the output current Iout = 0.2 A, the value of the smoothing capacitor C in the
case of setting the ripple voltage Vrip = 2 V is, Equation (2) is made in Vrip = Iout/C×T/2.
I out 0. 2
C= = =1000 μF
2 f ×V rip 2×50×2 (2)

2.3 Stabilization circuit

Variation of the AC input voltage and load current is a direct current power source only with a

SW I
C V
rectifying circuit and a smoothing circuit (referred to as a disturbance) variation of the output voltage
caused by such. Therefore, in the actual circuit, the stabilization circuit is required in a method for
maintaining a constant output to a disturbance (for example, feedback control). The stabilized power
supply is divided in linear regulator and switching regulator system. For more information you learn
in power electronics and control theory.
2.3.1 Constant voltage circuit
The most common constant voltage circuit for fixed output voltage is to use a three-terminal
regulator (78N15) shown in Fig.8. There is a 78/79 series as this regulator, 78 series is for positive
voltage, 79 series is for negative voltage, can be stabilized easily DC output voltage by the IC.
The advantage of the three-terminal regulator is less number of components for input output
ground and three terminals. In addition, it is a point that is also attached thermal shutdown is
abnormal heat generation prevention of current limiting circuit or IC as a protection circuit.

IN OUT
D1 D2 Vout
GND
AC100V C1 C2 C3
D4 D3
0V
C1＝1000μF C2＝20μF
C3＝0.1μF

Figure 8: Three terminal constant voltage circuit by regulator

3. Experimental methods
3.1Load characteristics and smoothing circuit
(1) Use the diode transformer and breadboard on the chassis box shown in Figure 9, constitute a
half wave rectifier circuit shown in Figure 2, to connect a voltmeter ammeter load resistor,
respectively. The value of the adjustment to the current meter load resistance is changed from 0
to 500mA to read the output voltage of the rectifier circuit to the load current. The half-wave
rectified output waveform is recorded by hand was observed with an oscilloscope. Then, each
record the output waveform is changed to connect the capacitor to its capacity from 100 μF to
1000 μF. However, the waveform because the shape by the load current different, to unify the
load current with the following all of observation (for example, load current 200mA) you
record.
(2) In Figure 9 constitutes a center tap full-wave rectifier circuit of Figure 3 to adjust the load
resistance, and changes the value of the current meter from 0 to 500mA to read the output
 voltage of the rectifier circuit to the load current. Also, by observing the output waveform of
full-wave rectification on an oscilloscope and recorded
(3) Figure 9 is a bridge full-wave rectifier circuit of Fig. 4, by adjusting the load resistance by
changing the value of the current meter from 0 to 500mA, to read the output voltage of the
rectifier circuit to the load current. You recorded by hand and observe the waveform on an
oscilloscope. Then each you records the waveform changes the capacitance of the capacitor
from 100 μF to 1000 μF.

シャーシボックス
IN OUT ブレッドボード

A C A
F H
各種整流回路 V RL
D G Ｉ
B

Figure 9: Circuit configuration of various rectifying and smoothing circuit

3.2 Constant voltage circuit

(1)Transformer and a diode on the chassis box in Figure 9 combines the three-terminal regulator,
is a circuit as shown in Figure 8, to read the output voltage to the load current. Also, to
recorded by observing the ripple of the output waveform.

4. Results and Discussion

Used equipment
• Transformer 100V / 18V / 18V
• Diode 1S1887, 1N4004, 1N5404
• Capacitor 50V 1000 μF various
• Three-terminal regulator 78N15, 78N05
• DC voltmeter 10V / 20V / 30V
• DC ammeter 50mA / 100mA
• Variable resistor 100 Ω
• Oscilloscope
(1)In experiment 3.1, the relationship between the load current and output voltage are shown in
the table, then indicate the same figure the relationship between the load current and output
voltage at the capacitor.
(2)In the experiment 3.2, the relationship between the load current and output voltage is shown in
 the figure, and seek the ripple content from Equation (1).

5. Conclusion (Summary)
Let collectively against aimed Experimental Results and Discussion (not a comment statement).

6. References
(1) Kataoka: Power electronics Introduction, Morikita publication, 1997
(2) Togawa: Practical power circuit design handbook, CQ Press, 2005
(3) Sone,Dan: Basic electrical circuit, Shokodo, 2005

Challenge
(1) Describe the difference between the difference and the characteristics of the waveform due to
the magnitude of the differences and the capacity of the smoothing circuit.
(2) Shows another method for removing ripple, also please noted that the power ripple content of
there is an electronic device what effect greater.