DATABASE CONCEPTS

Database
or
DBMS ( Database Mangement system)
• It is a collection of multiple tables.
• OR
• collection of logically related data.
• OR
• It is computerized record keeping information
system.
 Examples of DBMS software are
 Dbase, Foxpro, Oracle, MS SQL
Server, MS Access, Paradox, DB2,
FileMaker and MySQL etc.
DATABASE
is a collection of Data is organized into
organized rows, columns i.e. in
DATA/INFORMATION the tables form

It works like a
container which
contains the various
object like Tables,
Queries, Reports
 Different types of Databases

• RDBMS-(Relational Database management system).

e.g. MS Access, MySQL, Microsoft SQL Server, IBM DB2

• ORDBMS-Object Relational Database management

system. e.g. Oracle
WHY DO WE NEED DATABASE?
OR
ADVANTAGES OF DATABASE

reduces
Redundancy facilitate Sharing
of Data
(duplication)

maintains
Provides Integrity
Security
( rules /condition)
 RELATIONAL DATABASE

It is a collective set of multiple data sets

organized by tables, records and columns

It establishes a well-defined
relationship between database tables

It uses Structured Query Language (SQL),

SQL- is a standard user application that provides

an easy programming interface for database
interaction.
 RELATIONAL DATABASE TERMS

Relation Domain Tuple/Record

Attribute/field/column Degree Cardinality

Relation - Relation is a collection of rows and columns
. It is also called Table.

Relation : Student
Rollno Admno Name Stream Phone
1 12/345 Teena Science 234567879
2 14/564 Sheena Commerce 344553322
3 10/345 Heena Science 23455632
4 11/456 Meena Science 345522356
5 13/432 Leena Humanities 456720980
6 3/567 Reena Commerce 456322578
 Attribute/field/column
A column in a relation is called an attribute.
It is also termed as field or column.
Relation : Student
Rollno Admno Name Stream Phone
1 12/345 Teena Science 234567879
2 14/564 Sheena Commerce 344553322
3 10/345 Heena Science 23455632
4 11/456 Meena Science 345522356
5 13/432 Leena Humanities 456720980
6 3/567 Reena Commerce 456322578
 Degree
No of columns/attributes in a relation

Degree is 5
Relation : Student
Rollno Admno Name Stream Phone
1 12/345 Teena Science 234567879
2 14/564 Sheena Commerce 344553322
3 10/345 Heena Science 23455632
4 11/456 Meena Science 345522356
5 13/432 Leena Humanities 456720980
6 3/567 Reena Commerce 456322578
 Tuple/Record
- A row in a relation is called a tuple.
OR
– Collection of fields in a relation

Relation : Student
Rollno Admno Name Stream Phone
1 12/345 Teena Science 234567879
2 14/564 Sheena Commerce 344553322
3 10/345 Heena Science 23455632
4 11/456 Meena Science 345522356
5 13/432 Leena Humanities 456720980
6 3/567 Reena Commerce 456322578
 Cardinality
- No of rows/record/tuples in a relation

Cardinality is 6
Relation : Student
Rollno Admno Name Stream Phone
1 12/345 Teena Science 234567879
2 14/564 Sheena Commerce 344553322
3 10/345 Heena Science 23455632
4 11/456 Meena Science 345522356
5 13/432 Leena Humanities 456720980
6 3/567 Reena Commerce 456322578
 Domain
It is pool of values from which the value
is derived for a column.

Relation : Student
Rollno Admno Name Stream Phone
1 12/345 Teena Science 234567879
2 14/564 Sheena Commerce 344553322
3 10/345 Heena Science 23455632
4 11/456 Meena Science 345522356
5 13/432 Leena Humanities 456720980
6 3/567 Reena Commerce 456322578
Science
Commerce
Humanities
RELATIONAL DATABASE TERMS
 KEYS IN A DATABASE

it is used for identifying unique rows from

table & establishes relationship among
tables on need.
KEYS IN A DATABASE

Primary Key Candidate Key

Alternate Key-
Foreign Key
 Primary Key
Primary key is a key that can uniquely identifies the
records/tuples in a relation.
This key can never be duplicated and NULL.

Relation : Student
Rollno Admno Name Stream Phone
Rollno can be
primary key 1 12/345 Teena Science 234567879
2 14/564 Sheena Commerce 344553322
3 10/345 Heena Science 23455632
4 11/456 Meena Science 345522356
5 13/432 Leena Humanities 456720980
6 3/567 Reena Commerce 456322578
 Candidate Key -
which can serve as a primary key but not
primary key. it is also called alternate key

Relation : Student
Rollno Admno Name Stream Phone
admno can be
candidate key 1 12/345 Teena Science 234567879
2 14/564 Sheena Commerce 344553322
3 10/345 Heena Science 23455632
4 11/456 Meena Science 345522356
5 13/432 Leena Humanities 456720980
6 3/567 Reena Commerce 456322578
 Alternate Key-
Out of all candidate keys, only one gets selected
as primary key, remaining keys are known as
alternate or candidate key

Relation : Student
admno can be Rollno Admno Name Stream Phone
alternate key/ 1 12/345 Teena Science 234567879
candidate key
2 14/564 Sheena Commerce 344553322
3 10/345 Heena Science 23455632
4 11/456 Meena Science 345522356
5 13/432 Leena Humanities 456720980
6 3/567 Reena Commerce 456322578
 Foreign Key-
Foreign Key is a key that is defined as a primary key
in some other relation.

Relation : Student
Rollno Admno Name
Relation : Test
Stream Phone Tno
12/345 Science
Tno Tname dateofexam
1 Teena 234567879 T1
14/564 Commerce
T1 UT1 2/4/2020
2 Sheena 344553322 T1
10/345 Science
T2 HY 3/9/2020
3 Heena 23455632 T2
11/456 Science
T3 UT2 5/11/2020
4 Meena 345522356 T2
13/432 Humanities
T4 Annual 9/1/2021
5 Leena 456720980 T3
6 3/567 Reena Commerce 456322578 T2

FOREIGN KEY
 Observe the following table and answer the question
TABLE: VISITOR

VisitorID VisitorName ContactNumber

V001 ANAND 9898989898

V002 AMIT 9797979797

V003 SHYAM 9696969696

V004 MOHAN 9595959595

1. Write the name of most appropriate columns which can be

considered as Candidate keys?
2. Out of selected candidate keys, which one will be the best to choose
as Primary Key?

3. What is the degree and cardinality of the table?

Modern Public School is maintaining fees records of students.
The database administrator Aman decided that-
• Name of the database -School
• Name of the table – Fees
The attributes of Fees are as follows:
• Rollno - numeric
• Name – character of size 20
• Class - character of size 20
• Fees – Numeric
• Qtr – Numeric
(i) Identify the attribute best suitable to be declared as a primary
key
(ii) Write the degree of the table.
(iii) Define attribute and cardinality.
Write SQL Commands for the following queries based on the relations PRODUCT and
CLIENT given below.
• Table: Product
P_ID ProductName Manufacturer Price ExpiryDate
TP01 Talcum Powder LAK 40 2011-06-26
FW05 Face Wash ABC 45 2010-12-01
BS01 Bath Soap ABC 55 2010-09-10
SH06 Shampoo XYZ 120 2012-04-09
FW12 Face Wash XYZ 95 2010-08-15

• Table: Client
C_ID ClientName City P_ID
1 Cosmetic Shop Delhi FW05
6 Total Health Mumbai BS01
12 Live Life Delhi SH06
15 Pretty One Delhi FW05

(i) Identify the attribute best suitable to be declared as a primary key from
the product table
(ii) Identify the foreign key and primary key from the table client
(ii) Write the degree and cardinality of the table product.