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M2 and M3 Materials

The document discusses various topics related to digital signal processing (DSP) including: 1) Phase delay and group delay in filters and their mathematical definitions. 2) Types of finite impulse response (FIR) filters including minimum phase, linear phase, and their characteristics. 3) Conditions for linear phase FIR filters and the different types of linear phase FIR filters based on filter length and symmetry/anti-symmetry. 4) Effects of finite word length in DSP systems including input/coefficient quantization errors and product quantization errors. 5) Limit cycles as a result of quantization errors and methods to make filters limit cycle free.

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22 views10 pages

M2 and M3 Materials

The document discusses various topics related to digital signal processing (DSP) including: 1) Phase delay and group delay in filters and their mathematical definitions. 2) Types of finite impulse response (FIR) filters including minimum phase, linear phase, and their characteristics. 3) Conditions for linear phase FIR filters and the different types of linear phase FIR filters based on filter length and symmetry/anti-symmetry. 4) Effects of finite word length in DSP systems including input/coefficient quantization errors and product quantization errors. 5) Limit cycles as a result of quantization errors and methods to make filters limit cycle free.

Uploaded by

B Niketh
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We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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DSP – Class Materials

DR. SAIKAT CHANDRA BAKSHI


NIT CALICUT
Phase delay and Group delay

 The phase delay (𝜏𝑝 ) of the filter is the amount of time delay each
frequency component of the signal suffers in going through the filter
 The group delay (𝜏𝑔 ) is the average time delay the composite signal
suffers at each frequency
𝜃(𝜔) 𝑑𝜃(𝜔)
 Mathematically, 𝜏𝑝 = − and 𝜏𝑔 = − , where 𝜃(𝜔) is the phase angle
𝜔 𝑑𝜔

 A filter is said to have a linear phase response if, Θ 𝜔 = −𝛼(𝜔) or Θ 𝜔 =


𝛽 − 𝛼 𝜔 , where 𝛼 and 𝛽 are constants
FIR Filters: Minimum Phase and Linear
Phase

 Most FIR filters are linear-phase filters


 The most popular alternative to linear-phase filters is minimum phase filters
(Maximum phase filters are also there)
 Minimum-phase filters (or minimum delay filters) have less delay than linear-
phase filters with the same amplitude response, at the cost of a non-linear
phase characteristic, or phase distortion
 Minimum phase filters sometimes are called minimum energy delay filters
because the energy of the impulse response is maximally concentrated toward
the beginning of the impulse response
 A system is said to be minimum-phase if the system and its inverse are causal
and stable
 All zeroes in a minimum phase FIR filter are inside or on the unit circle
Linear Phase Filters

 Linear Phase refers to the condition where the phase response of the filter is a linear
(straight-line) function of frequency (excluding phase wraps at +/- 180 degrees)
 This results in the delay through the filter being the same at all frequencies
 Therefore, the filter does not cause “phase distortion” or “delay distortion” or such filters
preserve the shape of signal and introduce no distortions
 The lack of phase/delay distortion can be a critical advantage of FIR filters over IIR and
analog filters in certain systems, for example, in digital data modems
 One disadvantage of linear phase FIR filters is that the system delay, also called the group
delay, is fixed to half the filter order, which might be unacceptably long when the filter
order is large. Use minimum phase filters in situations where minimizing delay is critical
unless the system requires a linear phase filter or the linear phase filter order is relatively
small
What is the condition for linear phase?

 FIR filters are usually designed to be linear-phase


 A FIR filter is linear-phase if (and only if) its coefficients are symmetrical
around the center coefficient, that is, the first coefficient is the same as the
last; the second is the same as the next-to-last, etc.
 A linear-phase FIR filter having an odd number of coefficients will have a
single coefficient in the center which has no mate
Types of FIR linear phase systems

 For a filter to be linear phase, it must have ℎ 𝑛 = ±ℎ(𝑀 − 𝑛)


 There are four types of linear phase FIR filters (M is order of filter. Order of
filter = length of filter – 1) :

Impulse
Filter Length Symmetric / Anti Type
Response
Odd symmetric h(n) = h(M-n) 1
Even symmetric h(n) = h(M-n) 2
Odd anti-symmetric h(n) = -h(M-n) 3
Even anti-symmetric h(n) = -h(M-n) 4
Finite Word length Effects

 DSP Systems have finite length registers. Typical word lengths are 16 bits,24 bits, 32 bits
etc.
 Only Finite numbers of bits are used to perform arithmetic operations
 The filter co-efficients are quantized/truncated to make them finite
 This finite word length introduces errors like Input quantization error, Co-efficient
quantization error and Overflow & round off error (Product Quantization error)
More on Errors

 Input quantization error: The conversion of continuous-time input signal into digital value
produces an error which is known as input quantization error. This error arises due to the
representation of the input signal by a fixed number of digits in A/D conversion process
 Co-efficient quantization error: The filter coefficients are compared to infinite precision. If
they are quantized the frequency response of the resulting filter may differ from the
desired frequency response i.e., poles of the desired filter may change leading to
instability
 Product Quantization error: It arises at the output of the multiplier - When a ‘b’ bit data is
multiplied with another ‘b’ bit coefficient the product (‘2b’ bits) should be stored in ‘b’
bits register. The multiplier Output must be rounded or truncated to ‘b’ bits. This known as
overflow and round off error
Limit Cycles

 For stable IIR systems the output will decay to zero when the input becomes zero
 Many a times, signal levels can become very low, at least for shorter periods of time, for
example, during pauses in speech and music signals
 Thus quantization errors are highly correlated and produce an oscillatory periodic output
 These oscillations are called limit cycles or parasitic oscillations
 The amplitude ranges of the oscillations are called dead bands
 Some filter realizations can be made limit cycle free, e.g. coupled realization, orthogonal
filters
 Limit cycle oscillations can only appear if the filter has feedback. Hence FIR filters cannot
have limit cycle oscillations
Assignment Problems

1. Every causal stable filter H(z) with no zeros on the unit circle can be factored into a
minimum-phase filter in cascade with a causal stable allpass filter. Prove it.
2. What is the group delay for each of the types of FIR linear phase filters?
3. Which type of FIR linear phase filters cannot be used to design high pass filters?
7 7
4. Find the sign magnitude, 1’s complement, 2’s complement for --0.875, -8 and +8.

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