Unit – 6

I/o interface & Bus architecture

Bus interconnection:
Bus is a interconnection path way for communication between two or more device .Bus carrying
signals signal representing binary ‘0’ or ‘1’.Path way control of parallel lines. Ex: 8 bit data can b e
transmitted over 8- lines,16 bits and so on . Buses provides path way between component at various
level called system bus .

Bus structure :
Bus consist of 50 to 100 separate communication lines and each line is assigned a function ,
system .System bus classified into data, address and control lines.

Data bus (Refer unit – 1)

Address bus ( do )

Control ( do )

CPU memory memory I/o I/o

The control signal can be classified into following category:

1. Memory read / write

2. I/o read/ write
3. Transfer ACK
4. Bus request
5. Bus grouf
6. Interrupt request
7. Interrupt ACK
8. clock
9. reset

Multiple bus architecture:

When a bus is to loaded by no of devices , there will be a reduction in performance .Multiple bus
architecture us two types.

1. Traditional bus architecture

2. High performance bus architecture

Traditional bus architecture :

This architecture control of three buses

1.Local buses

2.System buses

3. Expansion buses

Processor cache

Local I/O controller

Main
memory

System bus

Expansion bus
Interface
Network Serial I/O
SCSI Modem
controller

Expansion bus

The local bus connection to the processor , each memory and a local devices. The cache memory
insulates the processor from accessing the man main memory frequently .

The main memory is connected to the system bus .I/o transfer to and from the main memory
and will not enterer the processer activity .The expansion bus can be utilized to attach difficulty
I/o devices such as SCSL,LAN serial interface to support printer or scanners.

High performance bus architecture;

This architecture is consist by of

1. System bus
2. High speed bus
3. Expansion bus

High performance integrated bus architecture is similar to the traditional

architecture .
Main Memory

Local bus
Cache System bus
processor

SCSI Graphic Video LAN

High-speed bus

Expansion bus Serial I/O

Modern
Fox interface

Expansion bus

(High performance integrated bus Architecture )

This way then high speed devices are more closely integrated with the processer through the high
speed and of the same line leaving the processor independent .

Basic parameter of bus design :

Basic parameter of bus design is

1. Type of bus

The bus is two types (i) dedicated and (ii) Multiple

Dedicated bus : A bus is called a dedicated bus when a computer component permanently
assigned to a function .

Multiplexed bus : Multiplexed connect each module by a interconnect all I/o module .

2. Width of bus : In three type address data and control bus .

 The width of data bus has an impact on the performance of the system .wider data bus, the
greater no of bits transferred at a time .
3. Method of Arbitration : in two type
(i) Centralized (ii) distributed

Centralized: in a centralized scheme , a single hardware device known as “ bus controller or

orbiter. In responsible for allocating time on the bus.

Distributed:- In this system each module control access control logic and the modules act together
to share the bus.

Method of Timing:- Asynchronous and synchronous

I. Synchronous timing:- In this method of timing , a clock controls the occurrence of events on the
bus.
II. Asynchronous timing:- In this method of timing, the occurrences of the previous event
are sequentially follows that event.

Types of data transfer:-

i. Read/write:- All buses supports both read and write operation.
ii. Read-modify-write:- It is simple a read followed by an immediate write to the same
address.
iii. Read-after-write:- this operation consisting of a write followed by an immediate read
operation from the same address.
iv. Block transfer:- Same bus system supports block data transfer operation.

Peripheral Component Interconnection (PCI) Bus.

It is a high b and processor independent peripheral bus. It is using 64 data lines at 66MHZ.Data
transfer rate is 528 mbps to 4224 gbps. It is a high speed and income operation for most I/O
system requirement. It makes use of synchronous time and a centralized obliteration scheme.
 PROCESSOR

CACHE
Bridge/memory
DRAM Audio Video Monitor
controler

PCI bus

LAN Expansion Bus Graphic

Bridge

Base I/O
SCSI Graphically display
device

Expansion bas

(PCI bus in a single- processor system)

Processor Processor Processor Memory DRAM

cache cache controller

System bus
Host Bridge
Host Bridge

PCI bus
PCI bus

Expansion bus
bridge

SCSI
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopaedia. A SCSI connector (pronounced “scuzzy”) is used to connect
computer parts that use a system called SCSI to communicate with each other.

A SCSI connector (pronounce “scuzzy”) is used to connct computer parts that uses called SCSI to
communicate with each other. Generally, two connector, designated male and female, plug together to
form a connection which allow two components, such as a computer and a disk drive, to communicate
with each other. SCSI connectors can be electrical connectors or optical connectors.

A stack of external SCSI devices displaying various SCSI connectors. There have been a large variety of
SCSI connectors in use at one time or another in the computer Industry. Probably no computer
interconnect (with the possible exception of RS-232 serial has caused as much confusion. Twenty-five
years of evolution and three major revisions of the standards resulted in requirements for Parallel SCSI
connectors that could handle an 8,16 or 32 bit wide bus running at 5, 10 or 20 Mbit/s, with conventional
or differential signalling. Serial SCS added another three transport types, each with one or more
connector types. Manufacturers have frequently chosen connectors based on factors of size, cost, or
convenience at the expense of compatibility.

SCSI often makes use of cables to connect devices together, in a typical example, a socket on a computer
motherboard would have one end of a cable plugged into it, while the other end of the cable plugged
into a disk drive or other device. This would mean that four connectors were involved in wiring the disk
drive and computer together the connector on the motherboard, the connectors at each end of the
cable, and the connector on the disk drive. It is sometimes possible to have cables which have different
types of connectors on them, and some cables can have as many as 16 connectors (allowing 16 devices
to be wired together) Some types of connectors are typically used Inside a computer or disk drive case,
while others are used to connect a computer to a separate device such as a scanner or external disk
drive SCSI and devices

Although not all devices support all levels of SCSI, SCSI standards are generally backward compatible.
That is, if an older peripheral device is attached to a newer computer with support for a later standard,
the older device will work at the older and slower data rate. In personal computing SCSI interfaces have
been replaced, for the most part, by Universal Serial Bus (USB). In the enterprises, SCSI is still used in
server farms for hard drive controllers.

Common SCSI components

There are several components used in SCS/ storage systems Initiator. An initiator issues requests for
service by the SCSI device and receives responses. Initiators come in a variety of forms and may be
integrated into a server's system board or exist within a host bus adapter. ISCSI connectivity typically
uses a software-based initiator. Target. A SCSI target is typically a physical storage device (although
software-based SCSI targets also exist). The target can be a hard disk or an entire storage array. It is also
possible for non-storage hardware to function as a SCSI target. Although rare today, it was once
common for optical scanners to be attached to computers through the SCSI bus and to act as SCSI
targets. Service delivery subsystem. The mechanism that allows communication to occur between the
initiator and the target; it usually takes the form of cabling.
Expander. Only used with serial-attached SCSI (SAS); allows multiple SAS devices to share a single
initiator port SCSI standards Current SCSI technologies can transfer up to 640 megabytes per second
(Mbps).

[SCSI standards chart]

Conventional PCI, often shortened to PC, is a local computer bus for attaching hardware devices in a
computer PCI is the initialism for Peripheral Component interconnect(2) and is part of the PCI Local Bus
standard. The PCI bus supports the functions found on a processor bus but in a standardized format that
is independent of any particular processor's native bus. Devices connected to the PCI

bus appear to a bus master to be connected directly to its own bus and are assigned addresses in the
processor's address space.[3][page needed] it is a parallel bus, synchronous to a single bus clock

Attached devices can take either the form of an integrated circuit fitted onto the motherboard itself
(called a planar device in the PCI specification) or an expansion card that fits into a slot. The PCI Local
Bus was first implemented in IBM PC compatibles, where it displaced the combination of several slow
ISA slots and one fast VESA Local Bus slot as the bus configuration. It has subsequently been adopted for
other computer types. Typical PCI cards used in PCs include: network cards, sound cards, modems, extra
ports such as USB or serial, TV tuner cards and disk controllers PCI video cards replaced ISA and VESA
cards until growing bandwidth requirements outgrew the capabilities of PCI The preferred interface for
video cards then became AGP, itself a superset of conventional PCI, before giving way to PCI Express.[4]

What makes the PCI bus one of the fastest 1/0 bus used today?

Three features make this possible:

Burst Mode: allows multiple sets of data to be sent (Kozier, 2001a) Full Bus Mastering: the ability of
devices on the PCI bus to perform transfers directly (Kozier, 2001c)

High Bandwidth Options: allows for increased speed of the PCI (Kozier, 2001a) How PCI Works: Installing
A New Device How PCI Works: Installing A New Device:

Once a new device has been inserted into a PCI slot on the motherboard

1. Operating System Basic Input/Output System (8105) initiates Plug and Play (PMP) 8105

2. PAP BIOS scans the PCI bus for any new hardware connected to the bus. If new hardware is found, it
will ask for identification. The device will respond with its identification and send its device ID to the
BIOS through the bus

PnP checks the Extended System Configuration Data (ESCD) to make sure the configuration data already
exists for the card. (If the card is new, then there will be no data for it.)

Example: PCI-based sound card

The sound card will convert the analogy signal to a digital signal.

The digital audio data carried across the PCI bus to the bus controller, which determines which device on
the PCI device has the priority to send data to the central processing unit (CPU) and whether the data
will go directly to the CPU or to the system memory.

USB Device Basics

 A USB device can never start sending data without first being asked by the host controller
 Single-master implementation
 Host polls various devices
 A device can request a fixed bandwidth (for audio and video 1/0)
 Universal Serial Bus is a misnomer...
 Actually a tree built out of point-to-point links
 Links are four-wire cables (ground, power, and two signal wires)
 Fast
 Bi-directional
 Isochronous
 Tow cost
 dynamically attachable serial interface
 consistent with the requirements of the PC platform of today and tomorrow