“IoT Based Power Theft Detection”

Project Submitted to
Maharashtra State Board Technical
Education
For the
Diploma
In
Electrical Engineering by

Mr. Sumit Rajendra Kadam [Seat No.] Mr. Ankur Pratap Dinesh Singh [Seat

Ms.Kadambari Hagawane [Seat No.] Mr. Uzair M. Qureshi[Seat no.

Under the Guidance of

Prof. Shinare S. B.

Departmentof Electrical Engineering

TSSM’s Bhivarabai Sawant College of Engineering and Research,
Polytechnic
Narhe, Pune-411041, Maharashtra (India).
Academic Year: 2022-2023
 CERTIFICATE

This Is To Certify That the Project Entitled

“INDUCTION MOTOR PROTECTION SYSTEM”

Submitted by
Mr. Sumit Rajendra Kadam [Seat No.]
Mr. Ankur Pratap Dinesh Singh [Seat No.]
Ms. Kadambari Hagawane [Seat No.]
Mr. Uzair M. Qureshi [Seat No.]

(T. Y. Electrical)
Has been submitted in partial fulfillment for the award of the Diploma in
Electrical Engineering as per the curriculum laid down by M.S.B.T.E during Academic
Year 2022- 2023.

Prof. Bugade S. A. Prof. Kande S. S.

(H.O.D. Electrical Dept.) (Principal)

Prof. Sonawane M. Prof. Shinare S. B.

(Project Guide) (Project Coordinator) External Examiner
 DECLARATION

We hereby declare that the work presented in the form of report entitled “Iot

Based Power Theft Detection” is an original work carried out by me under the
guidance of Prof. sonawane M. Department of Electrical Engineering, TSSM’s
Bhivarabai Sawant College of Engineering and Research, Polytechnic, Narhe, Pune and
has not previously submitt3ed to this or any other University for the award of Diploma.

Name of Students Seat Number

Mr. Sumit Rajendra Kadam [Seat No.]

Mr. Ankur Pratap Dinesh Singh [Seat No.]

Ms. Kadambari Hagawane [Seat No.]

Mr. Uzair M. Qureshi [Seat No.]

I
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We are pleased to present this project report title “Iot Based Power Theft

Detection”. The satisfaction and euphoria that accompany the successful completion of
any task would be incomplete without the maintaining of the people whose constant
guidance and encouragement made it possible. We take pleasure in presenting before you
our project which is result of studied blend on both research and knowledge. We express
our earnest gratitude to our internal guide, Prof. Sonawane M. Department of Electrical
Engineering our project guide, for his constant report encouragement and guidance. We
are grateful for his cooperation and his valuable suggestions. Finally, we express our
gratitude to all other members who are involved either directly or indirectly for the
completion of this project.
We would also like to give my sincere thanks to Prof. Bugade S. A. Head of
Electrical Engineering Dept. for necessary help and providing us the required facilities
and project work enthusiastic environment for completion of this dissertation. We would
like to thanks Principal of TSSM’S Bhivarabai Sawant College of Engineering and
Research, Polytechnic, Narhe, Pune Prof. Kande S. S. supporting us to do this project
and we are very much thanks.

Student Name

Mr. Sumit Rajendra Kadam

Mr. Ankur Pratap Dinesh Singh

Ms. Kadambari Hagawane

Mr. Uzair M. Qureshi

II
 ABSTRACT

This project is designed to provide theft detection in energy meters. This theft
detection is very important in residential areas where metering tampering mostly takes
place
Power theft is a major issue that affects the revenue of power utilities and results
in higher electricity bills for consumers. In recent years, with the advent of the Internet of
Things (IoT), there has been a growing interest in using IoT-based solutions for power
theft detection.
The use of IoT-based power theft detection systems offers several advantages
over traditional methods, including real-time monitoring and detection, improved
accuracy, and reduced operational costs. Additionally, these systems can help power
utilities to identify and address power theft more effectively, thereby improving their
revenue and reducing electricity bills for consumers.

III
 INDEX
Sr. No. Illustration Page No.
1 INTRODUCTION 01-04
1.1 Introduction with basic application 01
1.2 Problem Statement 02
1.3 Objective of the Work 02
1.4 Scope 03
1.5 Methodology 04
2 LITERATURE REVIEW 18
3 SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT 27-33
3.1 Block Diagram 27
3.2 Circuit Diagram and Description 27
3.3 Design of Power Supply 28
3.4 Algorithm 33
4 HARDWARE DISCRIPTION 39-60
4.1 Energy Meter 39
4.2 Current Sensors 41
4.3 ESP 32 46
4.4 LCD 49
4.5 12volts Battery (backup) 51
5 HARDWERE TESTING 61
5.1 Continuity Test 61
5.2 Power on Test 61
6 ADVANTAGES AND FUTURE SCOPE 63
7 CONCLUSION 64
REFERENCES 65
PHOTOS OF THE PROJECT 69
 LIST OF FIGURES
Figure Name Page No.
 IoT Based Power Theft Detection System

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

1.1 Overview

Generation, transmission and distribution of electrical energy involve many operational losses.
Whereas losses implicated in generation can be technically defined, but transmission and
distribution losses cannot be precisely quantified with the sending end information. This
illustrates the involvement of nontechnical parameter in transmission and distribution of
electricity. Overall technical losses occur naturally and are caused because of power dissipation in
transmission lines, transformers, and other power system components. Technical losses in
Transmission &Distribution are computed with the information about total load and the total
energy bill. While technology in the raising slopes, we should also note the increasing immoral
activities. With a technical view, Power Theft is a non-ignorable crime and at the same time it
directly affected the economy of a nation. Electricity theft a social evil, so it has to be completely
eliminated. Power consumption and losses have to be closely monitored so that the generated
power is utilized in a most efficient manner. The system prevents the illegal usage of electricity.
At this point of technological development the problem of illegal usage of electricity can be
solved without any human control using GSM and IoT. The implementation of this system will
save large amount of electricity, and there by electricity will be available for more number of
consumer then earlier, in highly populated country such as India, China. Power theft can be
defined as the usage of the electrical power without any legal contract with the supplier.

Internet of Things (IoT) is a rapidly growing technology that enables the interconnection of
various devices and systems through the internet. One of the applications of IoT is power
theft detection, which refers to the unauthorized consumption of electricity. Power theft is a
major concern for utility companies as it results in significant financial losses and can also
lead to power outages and damage to electrical infrastructure.

IoT-based power theft detection systems utilize various sensors and communication
technologies to monitor and detect any unusual activity in the power distribution network.
These systems can detect power theft in real-time and alert the utility companies for further
action. The use of IoT-based power theft detection systems can help in reducing financial
losses and improving the reliability of power supply to consumers.

In this era of increasing energy demand and limited resources, efficient utilization of electricity is
crucial. The implementation of IoT-based power theft detection systems can not only aid in
efficient utilization of electricity but also help in reducing carbon emissions and promoting
sustainable development.

Energy crisis is one of the major problems that the world faces today. The best remedy for
energy crisis problem is not only the increase in energy production, but also the effective use
of available energy. By properly monitoring the energy consumption and avoiding energy
wastage, energy crisis can be reduced to a greater extent. More specifically, currently in India
there are almost 52 million electricity energy meters are interconnected and it is estimated to
touch almost 2 billion by 2030 [1]. On the other hand, incorporation of mobile technology into

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electricity meter system is rapidly advancing, which can decrease the costs. But energy
monitoring cannot be done efficiently, in the present scenario, because consumers are
completely unaware of their energy consumption details. Precisely, consumers get an idea
about their consumption precisely, only when the electricity bills are issued. More precisely in
India, bills are issued only once in a month or two months. So the consumers are unaware
about their energy consumption during this period of time. In this era of digitalization, no one
wants to manually check for the energy consumption by referring to electricity bills of the
previous months which is a tedious task. This complex procedure has to be repeated several
times in a month to efficiently control the energy usage. consumers can check the no. of units
consumed regularly then it is beneficial for the consumer as well as management side to
monitor the energy consumption. Based on these aspects, in order to overcome the drawbacks
of the manual metering and billing systems, new automated energy metering systems are
needed, which can continuously monitor the consumed meter readings. It can also help the
management side to detect the tampering of electricity meter and electricity theft.

1.1 Objectives of the Work

1.2 Protection techniques:

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CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE
REVIEW

1. Automated Energy Meter Reading and Theft Detection

Adikeshavamurthy S. M., Swapnalaxmi K., Apurva P., Sandhya M. S., Nagaraj E. Alva's
Institute of Engineering and Technology, Shobhavana Campus, Mijar, Moodbidri

PROPOSED FRAMEWORK Usage of electromechanical energy meters leads to inaccuracy while taking
readings and allows energy theft. In order to overcome these problems, a new automated energy meter is
proposed which automatically shows the energy consumption in units and can also detect thefts. The
Proposed system given in Figure 1. Consists of four modules, namely power supply module, meter reading
module, theft detection module and electricity energy meter respectively. The functionalities of each of the
modules of the

proposed system is explained as follows:

Power Supply Module: With an end goal of consistently supplying a constant voltage, this unit basically
drives the other components of the system and the microcontroller. It consists of a 12V Step down
transformer, bridge rectifier, filter capacitors and regulators. Initially a 230V, 50 Hz load is fed into the
system which needs to be regulated to 5V and 12V respectively. Then current is passed through a 12V step
down transformer. The step down transformer reduces 230V current to 12V 50Hz. AC. The output of the
transformer is connected to a bridge rectifier. The rectifier consists four IN4007 diodes, which is mainly
used to convert the AC to pulsating DC. The output current
coming from the rectifier comprises of some ripples (noise). The yield of rectifier is directed into the a
capacitor filter in order to isolate the ripples. The outcome of this will be a varying current and needs to be
regulated. For this purpose the varying current is nourished into 7812 IC and 7805 IC which gives a
constant 12V and 5 V direct current.
Meter Reading Module This unit is mainly used to read the number of units consumed by the consumer
and display it on a LCD screen. Input of the meter reading unit is connected to microcontroller and the
output to energy meter. Here opto-interrupter is parallelly connected to the LED in the energy meter which
indicates consumption of one unit. When a power unit is consumed, the opto- interrupter generates a signal
and sends it to the microcontroller. The microcontroller is programmed to keep a track of units consumed
and the same information is displayed on LCD screen.
Theft Detection Module The prime function of this module is to detect the tampering of electricity meter,
disconnect the power supply and send a message of power the to the management side. Whenever any

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consumer tries to tamper the meter, the theft detection unit idefies with the help of magnetic sensors. Then
Signal generated by the sensors is sent to the microcontroller as well as relay circuit. Relay circuit is used
to disconnect the power supply Then the microcontroller sends a power then message to the management
side via the communication unit comprising of a RS232 interface and GSM modem. In this way the power
theft is detected and alerted to the management side

2. GSM Based Smart Energy Meter System,

kannan p a,1, allwin devaraj a , esakki rajavel. s a , nisharni bb , sancta a b , muthu
lakshmi m b a assistant professor, francis xavier engineering college, tirunelveli, tn, india
b ug student, francis xavier engineering college, tirunelveli, tn, india

Proposed System
microcontroller, LCD and the GSM unit is interfaced with
the power Meter of each house. every meter has a separate RR quantity, which is given
with the aid of the electricity providing organizations [7]. the heart beat from the
energy meter is given to optocoupler and output of the optocoupler is given to the
microcontroller. The microcontroller constantly decrements the quantity of gadgets (1
unit= 1 kWh) as consistent with electricity consumption and shows the available
gadgets on the LCD connected to the strength meter [8].
Output of power meter is attached to the weight via the relay. right here relay is used to
attach or disconnect the supply to the burden. while the server (electricity supplying
organisation) sends a request to the GSM modem, the modem commands the
microcontroller to carry out the required action. The microcontroller in response sends
the reply to the modem and the mod, in turn, sends the facts to the server. MAX232 is
used for records switch between microcontroller and GSM modem [9].

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communique is the imminent thing in meter reading, so the maintenance staff from
electricity board don’t need to visit each consumer for meter reading [10].
Nevertheless, checking out and upkeep meters may additionally want to study from
time to time. The primary responsibility of smart meter is to measure the energy that
we have consumed and have to send it to software while call for also to consumer [11-
13]. The Effective values of voltage is measured by the voltage detector which is given
to the micro controller, and inside the micro controller active and reactive energy
calculations are carried out. In our project we have used current and voltage
transformers and simultaneously as contradict to voltage detectors. A observation from
the software organization is gained from the automatic energy meter which is a
programmable one and the activities done by the meter is highly matched with the
given enumeration a main advantage of automatic Energy meter is that we can
disconnect and reconnect the power supply of the user without the help of the man
power [14-15]. We can also reconnect the power supply once it is disconnected. The
main characteristic of the Automatic Energy meter is that it alerts the client by ringing
an alarm whilst the consumer load crosses the threshold restriction. If the consumer
does not reduce his power usage then the meter automatically cut off the connection.
GSM helps to deliver the energy ate up facts to the application management in addition
to the consumer while demanded. Aerial, connected onor near meter container, maybe
usedfor improvement of sign energy in GSM communication.

3. Smart Energy Meter and Monitoring System using IoT

Naziya Sulthana1* Students, Dept. of E&TE Sri Siddhartha Institute of Technology
Tumakuru, India Rashmi N2 Students, Dept. of E&TE Sri Siddhartha Institute of
Technology Tumakuru, India Prakyathi N Y3 Students, Dept. of E&TE Sri Siddhartha
Institute of Technology Tumakuru, India Bhavana S4 Students, Dept. of E&TE Sri
Siddhartha Institute of Technology Tumakuru, India K B Shiva Kumar5 Professor, Dept.
of E&TE Sri Siddhartha Institute of Technology Tumakuru, India.

The smart energy meter monitoring system is shown in

figure 1. The block diagram consists of Arduino, energy meter,
WIFI module and IoT, Relay and transformer.

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Energy meter used here is clamp energy meter .230V AC mains is the input given to the transformer and
AC mains is converted to low voltage. Energy meter measures the live current, voltage and power in terms
of KW-h. Microcontroller reads these parameters and send it to the cloud. NodeMCU is a Wi-Fi device
which has a microcontroller in it. This connects the local router through IoT. The status of these
parameters can be obtained through mobile or laptop. WIFI is used for data communication. WIFI is
configured with Arduino. The Data from the Energy meter is sent to Arduino and to WIFI module and it
reaches the users mobile phone. In this system the user can switch on/off the mains or home appliances
from their Android smart phone app. The WIFI module trans and receives the data from cloud and sends to
Arduino and the Arduino controls the relay to switch on and off the circuit of the home [8-9].

4. IoT based Power Theft Detection

R Giridhar Balakrishna Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering V R Siddhartha
Engineering College, Vijayawada, India
P Yogananda Reddy Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering V R Siddhartha
Engineering College, Vijayawada, India
M L N Vital Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering V R Siddhartha Engineering
College, Vijayawada, India

The circuit consists of Arduino, GSM, LCD, ESP module and Current transformers.Meters cannot
be used for high currents so current sensing is done by current transformers. Two CTs are used,
one is connected at load side to measure the current through load and other C.T is connected at
supply terminals to measure the current supplied by source. The main component in this circuit is
Arduino controller.It receives current signal from two current transformers by the means of bridge
rectifier. Then it compares those two current magnitudes by the conditional operator. Since there is
no theft load, the two C.T.s shows almost the same values. Here the system is in healthy condition.
The Arduino cannot access current signal. So we have to interface the C.T. by means of voltage
only. Here we have to convert the current signal into voltage signal. It can be converted by placing
a resistor in series and taking voltage across the resistor and passing that voltage signal to arduino.
Resistor is used because the secondary of current transformer should never be open circuited. The
corresponding current can be obtained by doing calibration. Calibration can be done by connecting
various loads and measuring different voltages and currents respectively.

We can also convert current signal to voltage signal by using a rectifier. As the rectifier
converts AC signal to DC signal, the output across the resistor connected in the rectifier

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circuit can be taken as the voltage signal. The secondary of the C.T is connected to the
input of bridge rectifier. Capacitor is used to reduce the ripple content in the output. A
resistor is connected at the output side to measure the voltage across it. This voltage signal
is given to the Arduino and the corresponding current can be calculated by the calibration.
Thus the current signal from the C.T converted to the voltage signal for the purpose of
access to the Arduino controller. The same above procedure is also repeated for the C.T.
connected at the load side. Program is written for accessing the voltage signals from the
rectifier circuits. Condition is specified in the program for comparing the voltage
magnitudes. If the variation is more than the specified value, that means the condition is
violated. Then the control moves to the alert functions namely sms and twitter. If any
tapping is done, i.e, power theft is happened. Then two transformers shows different
values. The source current is more than the actual load current. If there is any deviation
more than the specified value then controller sends the signal to LCD, GSM and Internet
of things. The GSM is used for sending text message to the substation members by placing
their mobile number in the code. IoT is used for sending tweet to the officials through
internet. LCD is used for the purpose of display. It shows the status of the load current and
source current and also the amount of current that is deviated. GSM module will sends the
text message to authority / person whose mobile number is given in the program according
to the signal given by the Arduino controller. The Esp module allows an Arduino board to
connect to the internet, so that the people in the substation can know the information about
the power theft through internet and allowing them to take appropriate action against the
offenders.

5. IoT Based Energy Meter Reading, Theft Detection and Disconnection

Ajeeba A A1, Anna Thomas2, Risa Rasheed3 123 EEE Dept., Mar Athanasius College of
Engineering, Kothamangalam, India
In this system we are connecting energy meters to the internet i.e., IoT concept. This system
eliminates the human involvement in electricity maintenance. The block diagram of the system is
shown in Fig-1. The major components used in the system are PIC micro controller, energy
meters (main energy meter and sub energy meter), interfacing circuit (optocoupler), relay and
relay driver circuit, LCD display and a PC. The main energy meters as well as the sub energy
meter are connected to the PIC microcontroller using an interfacing circuit. The interfacing circuit
consists of an optocoupler. Optocouplers are used for providing optical isolation between an input
source and output load just by using light. The basic design of an optocoupler consists of an LED
that produces infra-red light and a semiconductor photo-sensitive device that is used to detect the
emitted infra-red beam. The pulses from the energy meter are converted into digital signals by
using an optocoupler. The live readings from the energy meters are collected by the
microcontroller. This can be viewed through an LCD display which is connected to the micro
controller. The LCD display shows the readings of the energy meters and the theft status. During
normal operation, the reading of the main energy meter should be equal to the sum of readings of
sub energy meters. Since we are using only one sub energy meter the reading of both main and
sub energy meters should be equal. A tolerance of 4 units is provided to account for the losses that
may occur.

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6. IOT BASED SMART ENERGY METER MONITORING WITH IDENTIFICATION OF

ELECTRICITY THEFT
Suraj Rajendra Bhole , Vishvajeet Tukaram Dabhole , Rihan Kashim Mulani , Kuldeep
Sanjay Salunke (Student’s) Project Guide Prof. S.M.Tamboli Department of Electrical
Engineering, Faculty of engineering & faculty of management, Talsande, Tal.
Hatkanangale, Dist. Kolhapur Maharashtra 416112, India.

This Project is used to detect the theft of electricity and monitor electricity consumption.
Initially, we supply the input voltage of 230 V to the energy meter this input voltage gets
transferred into two sub-parts first is the transformer. In this step-down transformer is used
in which it converts 230V AC to 12V AC and received by the Rectifier which is used to
convert 12V alternating current to 12V direct current. This voltage is used by the regulator
to supply the required energy to the components used on PCB Mount Board to maintain
the proper operation of the circuit. And, another part is used to supply the 230V to the load
which is consumed by the user. To activate the load supply consumer, need to place an
activation call to the number connected to the GSM model which is automatically declined
by the GSM module and the system gets ready to work and also activates the monitoring
software connect to the Io/T device which is monitor by the Regional Electricity Board.
The reading of the electricity consumed is shown on the LCD Display for the consumer
and on the Web page Software for the operator. Here, whenever there is an observable
change in Current Reading the Io/T sends the alter SMS to the Consumer as well as the
Operator. So, that Operator can take appropriate action on Theft/problem.

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CHAPTER 3
SYSTEM
DEVELOPMENT

3.1 Block Diagram

BJT Ckt
R Transfor Rectifier +
Relay-1
mer-1 + R Phase
N R Phase Regulato
3-Phase
BJT Ckt
OP + Inductive
Y Transfor Rectifier
AMP Relay-2 Load
mer-2 + Y Phase
N LM339
Y Phase Regulato

BJT Ckt
B Transfor Rectifier + 3C/O
mer-3 + Relay-3
B Phase
Relay
N B Phase Regulato

Thermist BJT Ckt

+
or Relay-4 R Y B
Temp.

Fig. 3.1 Block diagram of system

3.2 Description

Three transformers are provided for three phase R, Y, B. The output of transformer is
stepped down and converted into DC y using rectifier, filter and regulator circuit. This
dc output is given to the op-amp which acts as comparator. Op-amp compares input
form dc power supply which is connected to negative terminal of the op-amp with the
reference voltages at positive terminal. If any phase becomes faulty then output of op-
amp becomes high and this will turn of the corresponding relay. One relay is turned
on three phase is disconnected for the load and it gets tripped. Thermistor is provided
for temperature measurement which is connected to positive terminal of the op-amp.

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One temperature rises the op-amp becomes high and this will turn of the
corresponding relay. One relay is turned on three phase is disconnected for the load
and it gets tripped. In this way motor is prevented from phase and fault.

3.3 Design of Power supply

Power supply is an integral parts a vital role in every electronic system and hence
their design constitutes a major part in every application. In order to overcome mal-
operation which results due to fluctuations in the load and discontinuity in the supply
proper choice of power supply is necessary.

Fig 3.2 Block diagram of power supply

a) Transformer

Fig. 3.3 Step down transformer

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The step-down converters are used for converting the high voltage into low
voltage. The converter with output voltage less than the input voltage is called
as a step-down converter, and the converter with output voltage greater than
the input voltage is called as step-up converter. Step-down transformer
consists of two windings, namely primary and secondary windings where
primary can be designed using a less-gauge wire with more number of turns as
it is used for carrying low-current high-voltage power, and the secondary
winding using a high-gauge wire with less number of turns as it is used for
carrying high-current low-voltage power. Transformers works on the principle
of Faraday’s laws of electromagnetic induction . There are step-up and step-
down transformers which are used to step up or step down the voltage levels.
230V AC is converted into 12V AC using a step-down transformer. 12V
output of step down transformer is an RMS value and its peak value is given
by
Vm = √2 .Vrms
=√2 x 12
= 16.97V ≈ 17V

b) Rectifier

Fig3.4 Bridge Rectifier

230V AC power is converted into 12V AC (12V RMS value wherein the peak
value is around 17V), but the required power is 5V DC; for this purpose, 17V

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AC power must be primarily converted into DC power then it can be stepped

down to the 5V DC. But first and foremost, we must know how to convert AC
to DC? AC power can be converted into DC using one of the power electronic
converters called as Rectifier. There are different types of rectifiers, such as
half-wave rectifier, full-wave rectifier and bridge rectifier. Due to the
advantages of the bridge rectifier over the half and full wave rectifier, the
bridge rectifier is frequently used for converting AC to DC.
Bridge rectifier consists of four diodes which are connected in the form a
bridge. We know that the diode is an uncontrolled rectifier which will conduct
only forward bias and will not conduct during the reverse bias. If the diode
anode voltage is greater than the cathode voltage then the diode is said to be in
forward bias. During positive half cycle, diodes D2 and D4 will conduct and
during negative half cycle diodes D1 and D3 will conduct. Thus, AC is
converted into DC; here the obtained is not a pure DC as it consists of pulses.
Hence, it is called as pulsating DC power.
Voltage drop across the diodes is 0.7V.
Total voltage drop= 2 x 0.7 = 1.4V
The peak voltage at the output of this rectifier circuit is 17- 1.4 = 15.6V≈ 15V

c) Filter

Fig. 3.5 Filter function

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15V DC can be regulated into 5V DC using a step-down converter, but before

this, it is required to obtain pure DC power. The output of the diode bridge is a
DC consisting of ripples also called as pulsating DC. This pulsating DC can be
filtered using an inductor filter or a capacitor filter or a resistor-capacitor-
coupled filter for removing the ripples. Consider a capacitor filter which is
frequently used in most cases for smoothing.
We know that a capacitor is an energy storing element. In the circuit, capacitor
stores energy while the input increases from zero to a peak value and, while
the supply voltage decreases from peak value to zero, capacitor starts
discharging. This charging and discharging of the capacitor will make the
pulsating DC into pure DC
Q=CxV
Q = C x IR
Q = I x RC
Q=IxT
Now,
I x T = C x V C = (I x T) / V
Here output voltage is V = 5 DC Here output current is I = 1.5 amps Here the
input voltage is AC 230V, 50 Hz. The output of the transformer is 15V AC, 50
Hz, here in transformer output of the frequency is 50 Hz because transformer
frequency remains constant.
So f = 50 Hz,
T = 1/2 f
= 1 / 2 x 3.14 x 50 Hz
= 3.184713376 x 10
Here output current is I = 1.5 amps
C = (1.5 x 3.184713376 x 10 ) / 5 C
= 9.554140128 x 10 C
= 955.41 x 10 C

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= 955 uFThe value of capacitor is 955 uF at this value of capacitor are not
available so that we have to select the value nearer to it so we use C =1000 uF.
If V = 5V DC and f =100 Hz, I=1.5 then C = 477 uF.
If V = 7V DC and f = 100 Hz, I = 1.5 then C = 330 uF.
Datasheet of 7805 prescribes to use a 0.01μF capacitor at the output side to
avoid transient changes in the voltages due to changes in load and a 0.33μF at
the input side of regulator to avoid ripples if the filtering is far away from
regulator.
d) Voltage Regulator

Fig 3.6 Voltage Regulator 7805

Voltage regulator is a device, which provides a stable and a constant D.C.
voltage irrespective of the change in the load current. Stable and constant D.C,
output voltage necessities the usage of voltage regulator in this power section.
The series 78 regulators provide fixed regulated voltages from 5 to 24 V.
Figure shows how one such IC, a 7805, is connected to provide voltage
regulation with output from this unit of +12V DC. An unregulated input
voltage Vi is filtered by capacitor C1 and connected to the IC’s IN terminal.
The IC’s OUT terminal provides a regulated + 12V which is filtered by
capacitor C2 (mostly for any high-frequency noise). These limitations are

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spelled out in the manufacturer’s specification sheets. A table of positive

voltage regulated ICs is provided in table.
Table4.1: Positive Voltage Regulators in 78XX Series
IC Part Output Voltage (V) Minimum Vi (V)
7805 +5 7.3
7806 +6 8.3
7808 +8 10.5
7810 +10 12.5
7812 +12 14.6
7815 +15 17.7
7818 +18 21.0
7824 +24 27.1

3.4 Circuit Diagram & Description

3.4.1 Power Supply section

Fig 3.7 Power supply circuit diagram

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The circuit uses standard power supply for each phase comprising of a step-
down transformer from 230Vto 12V and 4 diodes forming a bridge rectifier that
delivers pulsating dc which is then filtered by an electrolytic capacitor of about
470µF to 1000µF. The output of all the three are made parallel through diodes D14,
D15, and D16. This filtered dc being unregulated, IC LM7805 is used to get 5V DC
constant at its pin no 3 irrespective of input DC varying from 7V to 15V. The input dc
shall be varying in the event of input ac at 230volts section varies from 160V to 270V
in the ratio of the transformer primary voltage V1 to secondary voltage V2 governed
by the formula V1/V2=N1/N2. As N1/N2 i.e. no. of turns in the primary to the no. of
turns in the secondary remains unchanged V2 is directly proportional to V1.Thus if
the transformer delivers 12V at 220V input it will give 8.72V at 160V.Similarly at
270V it will give 14.72V.Thus the dc voltage at the input of the regulator changes
from about 8V to 15V because of A.C voltage variation from 160V to 270V the
regulator output will remain constant at 5V.
The unregulated common 12V point “b” is used for powering comparators
and relays while the 5V point “a” is given for other areas as per applications.
3.4.2 Comparator
Potential dividers are connected to the inverting and non-inverting inputs of the op-
amp to give some voltage at these terminals. Supply voltage is given to +Vss and –
Vss is connected to ground. The output of this comparator will be logic high (i.e.,
supply voltage) if the non-inverting terminal input is greater than the inverting
terminal input of the comparator. i.e., Non inverting input (+) > inverting input (-) =
output is logic high
If the inverting terminal input is greater than the non-inverting terminal input then the
output of the comparator will be logic low (i.e., gnd) i.e., inverting input (-) > Non
inverting input (+) = output is logic low

Fig 3.8 Comparator

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3.4.3 System circuit diagram

Fig 3.9 System circuit diagram

3.4.3.1 Circuit Description
Three numbers step-down transformers from 230v to 12v are used with their
primary connected in star and secondary are individually fed to three bridge rectifiers
with filter capacitors C2, C3 & C4 from where the DC voltage is fed to a quad Op-
amp used as comparator LP339/LM339 to the respective inverting inputs after passing
through potential divider. The non-inverting inputs of first three comparators are
given pre-settable DC voltage by RV1, RV2 & RV3. Another Op-amp is used to with
its inverting input by a pre-settable voltage while its non-inverting input is given to a
series connected thermistor resistor arrangement across the 5v supply. The output of
all the 4 comparators are given to drive Q1, Q2,Q3,Q4 that operate respective relays.

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Al the common NC contacts of the relays are connected in series and are fed from a
DC supply to another 3 CO relay coil with the other point of that connected to GND.
Three diodes D14, D15 & D16 are used respectively from each secondary generated
DC and finally filtered by C1. Reason behind this is to ensure un-interrupted DC
supply for the circuit operation in the event of failure of any one face. A regulator IC
7805 is used for providing steady voltage reference to RV1, RV2, RV3 & RV4.
3.4.3.2 Working

Fig 3.10 working

In normal operations presets RV1, RV2, RV3 & RV4 are so set that the output of the
comparators is held low resulting in 4 relays phase1 relay, phase2 relay, phase3 relay,
temperature relay number4 all are in deactivated condition so the 12v dc flows
through NC contacts of the those relays to the coil of the 3CO relay forcing it be in
active operation so that 3 phase supply is available to the load through the NO contact
of the 3CO relay. The project uses lamps instead of the motor. In the event of failure
of any phase the corresponding comparator output goes high that switches ON the
respective relay, the contact of which opens to discontinue the 12V DC supply to the
3CO relay coil. As the 3 CO relay now is deactivated the 3 phase motor connected in

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series with the NO contacts open to stop the motor. Similarly while the temperature
goes high on the body of the motor, the mounted thermistor resistance falls to develop
logic high for Q4 to operate relay4 & disconnect the DC voltage to the 3CO relay
coil. Thus in the process the motor is protected against any phase failure or high body
temperature.
3.4.4 Layout Diagram

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Fig.3.11 Layout Diagram

3.4 Algorithm
Step1: Start
Step2: Initializing the encoder by giving six parameters input.
Step3: The encoder produces 3 bit BCD output based on the input given.
Step4: The BCD outputs are given to the microcontroller.
Step5: The microcontroller executes the related program based on the 3 bit output and
Display the result on LCD.
Step6: If the output is 000 it Display it display ―No Fault.
6.1: If the output is 001 it Display it display ―Over Voltage.
6.2: If the output is 010 it Display it display ―Under Voltage.
6.3: If the output is 011 it Display it display ―over current.
6.4: If the output is 100 it Display it display ―over
Temperature. 6.5: If the output is 101 it Display it display
―Over Speed.
6.6: If the output is 110 it Display it display ―Line Frequency
6.7: If the output is 111 it Display it display ―Phase Failure
Step7: End

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CHAPTER 4
HARDWARE DESCRIPTION

4.1 Energy Meter

1-phase for distributing the load. Simply put, the metre needs only two wires to the sole purpose of a
single-phase energy metre is to measure energy consumption by a home.

This metre requires send the power – one phase wire and one neutral wire.

This factor makes a single-phase metre less efficient than the three-phase energy metre as it has less
power for distributing alternating current.

Since it supplies less power than the three-phase metre, it is ideal for use at home instead of in
industrial or commercial settings where more power is required. In commercial or industrial settings,
a three-phase metre is ideal.

You can expect the maximum voltage required by the single-phase metre to be 230V with a 50Hz
frequency.

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Construction of Single-Phase Energy Meter

Driving System

Let’s begin with the driving system. This system contains two electromagnets – series and shunt
magnet.

The series magnet supplies the load current, whereas the shunt magnet supplies voltage.

When the series magnet winds up, it is known as the current coil; when the stunt magnet does, it is
called the pressure coil.

The electromagnet’s core is made of silicon steel and remains laminated. You might ask why
lamination is necessary. Well, it helps to reduce electrical losses that usually occur in the form of
heat.

A copper band is also attached to the shunt electromagnet’s centre limb that helps to align the
magnetic flux in a perpendicular state.

All these occur within the driving system of the single-phase energy metre.

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Moving System

Moving on, the moving system consists of an aluminium disc pressed within the current and pressure
coil.

The load and the voltage-current produce alternate fluxes that move through this aluminium disc.

When this happens, an electromotive force (emf) gets generated. This force allows eddy current to
pass into the disc.

Braking System

This is one of the most important components of the single-phase energy metre. The braking system
controls the aluminium disc’s rotational speed.

Besides, when the load is disconnected, it helps to bring it to its original state. A braking magnet is
situated within the disc that creates braking torques, thereby reducing the speed of the disc.

Registering System

Lastly, a registering system counts the number of disc rotations. Note: The disc rotation is equal to
the power consumption. The load’s consumption is measured in a kilowatt hour.

So, these are the four components of the single-phase energy metre and the role of each in ensuring
effective functioning.

Now, let us familiarise you with the benefits of this metre.

What Are the Benefits of a Single-Phase Energy Metre?

If you are planning to purchase a single-phase electricity metre, know its advantages before
purchasing to make an informed decision.

 – It is a multi-functional energy metre. In other words, you can use it for prepaid and anti-
theft functions.
 – The metre requires low power to operate.
 – It is lightweight and has a long shelf life.
 – The single-phase metre generates accurate results.
 – It comes in a compact size but provides optimal performance.
 – Strong load capacity is one of its important features.
 – The electric energy metre can calculate twelve time periods and four rates. Each period and
multi-tariff rate can be adjusted if required.
 – The metre is equipped with a real billing function.

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4.2 Current Sensors

A device that is used to detect & also change current to assessable output voltage is known as a
current sensor. This output voltage is simply proportional to the current flow throughout the
measured path. After that, this output voltage signal is used to display the current measured
within an ammeter, for controlling purposes or simply stored for more analysis within a data
acquisition system. So this is the function of a current sensor.

Current sensor working principle

The working principle of the current sensor is; once current is supplied throughout a circuit or a wire
then a voltage drop takes place and also magnetic field will be generated nearby the current-carrying
conductor. So, there are two kinds of current sensing direct current sensing & indirect current
sensing. Direct sensing mainly depends on Ohm’s law whereas indirect sensing depends on
Ampere’s & Faraday’s law. Direct Sensing is used to measure the voltage drop associated with the
flow of current throughout passive electrical components. Similarly, indirect sensing is used to
measure the magnetic field nearby a current-carrying conductor. After that, the magnetic field which
is produced is used for inducing proportional current o voltage which is afterward changed to use
measurement or control purposes.

Factors on which the functioning of the sensing element depends

Values must be taken low in order to minimize power losses:

The currently sensed values usually depend on the threshold voltage of the circuit whose
operation is completely based on the sensed current information.

To increase the accuracy, we must consider low-temperature coefficient:

Temperature is the main coefficient factor of resistance in terms of accuracy. A resistor with
temperature coefficient resistance closer to zero, in the entire operation that should be used. The
power derating curve provides allowable power at different temperatures. But peak power
capability is a function of energy; hence energy rating curve should be taken into account

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Pros and Cons of current sensing resistors consist of

Pros:
 The cost is very low when compared to other devices.
 High dimension inaccuracy
 Computable current range from very low to medium
 Capability to determine DC or AC current

Cons:
1. Introduces supplementary resistance into the measured circuit path, which may increase
source output resistance and outcome in objectionable loading effect.
2. Power gets lost due to the direction of power dissipation. Consequently, current sensing
resistors are rarely used away from the low and medium current sensing applications.

4.3 ESP 32
Microcontrollers

8-BIT AND 16-BIT MICROCONTROLLERS

Several features define the word length of a processor. One can define an 8-bit
micro- processor or microcontroller in a much broader sense, as a device which
has most of its registers 8-bit wide and most of its instructions use operands which
are 8-bit wide. There is almost no direct dependency of this definition on the
width of the data or address bus. For example, 8088 has 8-bit external data bus,
but it is a 16-bit processor 8085 is an 8-bit microprocessor. MCS

51 is an 8-bit microcontroller family. MCS-96 is a 16-bit microcontroller family

From the application point of view, it is very important to decide if an 8-bit or a
16-bit microcontroller is to be used in a typical design. 8-bit microcontrollers have
dominated over the 16-bit microcontrollers. The reason is that many designers are
familiar with 8-bit microcontrollers and we can always perform 16-bit operations
on 8-bit controllers, by writing suitable programs.

HARVARD AND VON NEUMANN ARCHITECTURES

There are two major classes of computer architectures, namely, Harvard

architectures. and the "Von Neumann (or Princeton) architectures shows the
Harvard architecture Many special designs of microcontrollers and DSP (Digital

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Signal Processor) use Harvard architectures Harvard architecture uses separate

memories for program and data with their independent

address and data buses. Because of two different streams of data and address,
there is no need to have any time division multiplexing of address and data buses.
Not only the architecture supports parallel buses for address and data, but also it
allows a different internal organization such that instruction can be pre-fetched
and decoded while multiple data are being fetched and operated on. Further, the
data bus may have different size than the address bus. This allows the optimal bus
widths of the data and address buses for fast execution of the instruction. For
example, the MCS-51 family of microcontrollers by Intel has Harvard architecture
because there are different memory spaces for programs and data and separate
(internal) buses for address and data. Similarly, PIC microcontrollers by
Microchip use Harvard architecture.
In Von Neumann architecture, programs and data share the same memory space.
shows the Von Neumann architecture. Von Neumann architecture allows storing
modifying

What is
ESP 32
Introduction

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What is ESP32?

ESP32 is a low-cost System on Chip (SoC) Microcontroller from Espressif Systems, the
developers of the famous ESP8266 SoC. It is a successor to ESP8266 SoC and comes in both
single-core and dual-core variations of the Tensilica’s 32-bit Xtensa LX6 Microprocessor with
integrated Wi-Fi and Bluetooth.
The good thing about ESP32, like ESP8266 is its integrated RF components like Power
Amplifier, Low-Noise Receive Amplifier, Antenna Switch, Filters and RF Balun. This makes
designing hardware around ESP32 very easy as you require very few external components.

Another important thing to know about ESP32 is that it is manufactured using TSMC’s ultra-low-
power 40 nm technology. So, designing battery operated applications like wearables, audio
equipment, baby monitors, smart watches, etc., using ESP32 should be very easy.

Specifications of ESP32

ESP32 has a lot more features than ESP8266 and it is difficult to include all the specifications in this
Getting Started with ESP32 guide. So, I made a list of some of the important specifications of ESP32
here. But for complete set of specifications, I strongly suggest you to refer to the Datasheet.
 Single or Dual-Core 32-bit LX6 Microprocessor with clock frequency up to 240 MHz.
 520 KB of SRAM, 448 KB of ROM and 16 KB of RTC SRAM.
 Supports 802.11 b/g/n Wi-Fi connectivity with speeds up to 150 Mbps.
 Support for both Classic Bluetooth v4.2 and BLE specifications.
 34 Programmable GPIOs.
 Up to 18 channels of 12-bit SAR ADC and 2 channels of 8-bit DAC
 Serial Connectivity include 4 x SPI, 2 x I2C, 2 x I2S, 3 x UART.
 Ethernet MAC for physical LAN Communication (requires external PHY).
 1 Host controller for SD/SDIO/MMC and 1 Slave controller for SDIO/SPI.

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 Motor PWM and up to 16-channels of LED PWM.

 Secure Boot and Flash Encryption.
 Cryptographic Hardware Acceleration for AES, Hash (SHA-2), RSA, ECC and RNG.

Different Ways to Program

A good hardware like ESP32 will be more user friendly if it can be programmed (writing code) in
more than one way. And not surprisingly, the ESP32 supports multiple programming environments.

Some of the commonly used programming environments are:

 Arduino IDE
 PlatformIO IDE (VS Code)
 LUA
 MicroPython
 Espressif IDF (IoT Development Framework)
 JavaScript

As Arduino IDE is already a familiar environment, we will use the same to program ESP32 in our
upcoming projects. But you can definitely try out others

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Layout

We will see what a typical ESP32 Development Board consists of by taking a look at the layout of
one of the popular low-cost ESP Boards available in the market called the ESP32 DevKit Boa

As you can see from the image, the ESP32 Board consists of the following:

 ESP-WROOM-32 Module
 Two rows of IO Pins (with 15 pins on each side)
 CP2012 USB – UART Bridge IC
 micro–USB Connector (for power and programming)
 AMS1117 3.3V Regulator IC
 Enable Button (for Reset)
 Boot Button (for flashing)
 Power LED (Red)
 User LED (Blue – connected to GPIO2)
 Some passive components
An interesting point about the USB-to-UART IC is that its DTR and RTS pins are used to
automatically set the ESP32 in to programming mode (whenever required) and also rest the board
after programming.

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Pinout of ESP32 Board

I will make a separate dedicated tutorial on ESP32 Pinout. But for the time being, take a look the
pinout diagram of the ESP32 Development Board.

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4.5 LCD display (Liquid Crystal Display)

In LCD 16×2, the term LCD stands for Liquid Crystal Display that uses a plane panel
display technology, used in screens of computer monitors & TVs, smartphones, tablets, mobile
devices, etc. Both the displays like LCD & CRTs look the same but their operation is different.
Instead of electrons diffraction at a glass display, a liquid crystal display has a backlight that
provides light to each pixel that is arranged in a rectangular network.

Every pixel includes a blue, red, green sub-pixel that can be switched ON/OFF. Once all these pixels
are deactivated, then it will appear black and when all the sub-pixels are activated then it will appear
white. By changing the levels of each light, different color combinations are achievable. This article
discusses an overview of LCD 16X2 & its working with applications.

LCD 16×2 Pin Diagram

The 16×2 LCD pinout is shown below.

 Pin1 (Ground/Source Pin): This is a GND pin of display, used to connect the GND terminal of the
microcontroller unit or power source.
 Pin2 (VCC/Source Pin): This is the voltage supply pin of the display, used to connect the supply
pin of the power source.
 Pin3 (V0/VEE/Control Pin): This pin regulates the difference of the display, used to connect a
changeable POT that can supply 0 to 5V.
 Pin4 (Register Select/Control Pin): This pin toggles among command or data register, used to
connect a microcontroller unit pin and obtains either 0 or 1(0 = data mode, and 1 = command
mode).

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 Pin5 (Read/Write/Control Pin): This pin toggles the display among the read or writes operation,
and it is connected to a microcontroller unit pin to get either 0 or 1 (0 = Write Operation, and 1 =
Read Operation).
 Pin 6 (Enable/Control Pin): This pin should be held high to execute Read/Write process, and it is
connected to the microcontroller unit & constantly held high.
 Pins 7-14 (Data Pins): These pins are used to send data to the display. These pins are connected in
two-wire modes like 4-wire mode and 8-wire mode. In 4-wire mode, only four pins are connected
to the microcontroller unit like 0 to 3, whereas in 8-wire mode, 8-pins are connected to
microcontroller unit like 0 to 7.
 Pin15 (+ve pin of the LED): This pin is connected to +5V
 Pin 16 (-ve pin of the LED): This pin is connected to GND.

Features of LCD16x2

The features of this LCD mainly include the following.

 The operating voltage of this LCD is 4.7V-5.3V

 It includes two rows where each row can produce 16-characters.
 The utilization of current is 1mA with no backlight
 Every character can be built with a 5×8 pixel box
 The alphanumeric LCDs alphabets & numbers
 Is display can work on two modes like 4-bit & 8-bit
 These are obtainable in Blue & Green Backlight
 It displays a few custom generated characters

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Registers of LCD

A 16×2 LCD has two registers like data register and command register. The RS (register select) is
mainly used to change from one register to another. When the register set is ‘0’, then it is known as
command register. Similarly, when the register set is ‘1’, then it is known as data register.
Command Register
The main function of the command register is to store the instructions of command which are given
to the display. So that predefined tasks can be performed such as clearing the display, initializing, set
the cursor place, and display control. Here commands processing can occur within the register.

Data Register
The main function of the data register is to store the information which is to be exhibited on the LCD
screen. Here, the ASCII value of the character is the information which is to be exhibited on the
screen of LCD. Whenever we send the information to LCD, it transmits to the data register, and then
the process will be starting there. When register set =1, then the data register will be selected.

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4.6 12v battery

Batteries come in different shapes, sizes and differ in their uses. The 12V battery is one of such
common batteries. However, what do you know about the 12-volt battery and what is its use? A 12-
volt battery is a kind of battery that is often used for various electrical gadgets and appliances. The
12-volt battery is distinct and different in its use, as it comes in different shapes and sizes.In some
instances, they might be large and heavy or small and light.They may be cylindrical or square
batteries. Furthermore, they are also used for transportation purposes in vehicles, boats and other
gadgets. 12-volt battery sizes are often influenced by their uses and the amount of amp-hour they are
built to produce. Therefore, a 12 V battery implies that a voltage of 12V is supplied within the
nominal load by a battery.

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CHAPTER 5
HARDWARE TESTING

5.1 Continuity Test

In electronics, a continuity test is the checking of an electric circuit to see if
current flows (that it is in fact a complete circuit). A continuity test is performed by
placing a small voltage (wired in series with an LED or noise-producing component such
as a piezoelectric speaker) across the chosen path. If electron flow is inhibited by broken
conductors, damaged components, or excessive resistance, the circuit is "open".
Devices that can be used to perform continuity tests include multi meters which
measure current and specialized continuity testers which are cheaper, more basic devices,
generally with a simple light bulb that lights up when current flows.
An important application is the continuity test of a bundle of wires so as to find the two
ends belonging to a particular one of these wires; there will be a negligible resistance
between the "right" ends, and only between the "right" ends.
This test is the performed just after the hardware soldering and configuration has

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been completed. This test aims at finding any electrical open paths in the circuit after the
soldering. Many a times, the electrical continuity in the circuit is lost due to improper
soldering, wrong and rough handling of the PCB, improper usage of the soldering iron,
component failures and presence of bugs in the circuit diagram. We use a multi meter to
perform this test. We keep the multi meter in buzzer mode and connect the ground
terminal of the multi meter to the ground. We connect both the terminals across the path
that needs to be checked. If there is continuation then you will hear the beep sound.

5.2 Power on Test

This test is performed to check whether the voltage at different terminals is
according to the requirement or not. We take a multi meter and put it in voltage mode.

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Remember that this test is performed without ICs. Firstly, if we are using a
transformer we check the output of the transformer; whether we get the required 12V
AC voltage (depends on the transformer used in for the circuit). If we use a battery
then we check if the battery is fully charged or not according to the specified voltage
of the battery by using multimeter.
Then we apply this voltage to the power supply circuit. Note that we do this
test without ICs because if there is any excessive voltage, this may lead to damaging
the ICs. If a circuit consists of voltage regulator then we check for the input to the
voltage regulator (like 7805, 7809, 7815, 7812, 7915 etc) i.e., are we getting an input
of 12V and a required output depending on the regulator used in the circuit.
EX: if we are using 7805 we get output of 5V and if using 7809 we get 9V at output
pin and so on.
This output from the voltage regulator is given to the power supply pin of
specific ICs. Hence we check for the voltage level at those pins whether we are
getting required voltage. Similarly, we check for the other terminals for the required
voltage. In this way we can assure that the voltage at all the terminals is as per the
requirement.

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CHAPTER 6
ADVANTAGES & FUTURE SCOPE
Advantages

1. This theft detection circuit is very useful to detect theft of energy from meters.
2. Consumer can catch the thief easily by looking at picture captured by lens.
3. Consumer as well as authority can get to about the power theft by the help of iot which
connected in theft detection unit.
4. With the help of IoT consumer can check theft status on web
5. Accuracy in meter reading
6. Improved security.
7. Helps in successfully controlling energy use
8. Wastage of energy is avoided
9. Meter reading can be accessed from anywhere on the globe at anytime
10. Customer pay bill monthly
11. Identified the theft status.
12. This system discards the human involvement in energy management
13. Meter reading can be accessed from anywhere on the globe at any time.

FUTURE SCOPE
1. As a further implementation to the developed model we can assemble GPS module in
order to identify exact location power theft thereby identifying power theft at an ease.
2. As mentioned above, we all know that electricity is low and at such time we can't afford
power being theft.
3. The performance of the system can be managed by connecting all household electrical
appliances to IOT to consumer power.
4. We can make an IOT system where an owner can pay the bill online.
5. We can make a system where an owner can receive SMS when he/she crosses the
threshold of electricity usage slab.
6. We can make a system that can send SMS to the preferred meter reading man of that area
when theft detected at the consumer end.

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CHAPTER 7
CONCLUSIO
N

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REFERENCES

[1] Automated Energy Meter Reading and Theft Detection

Adikeshavamurthy S. M., Swapnalaxmi K., Apurva P., Sandhya M. S., Nagaraj E. Alva's
Institute of Engineering and Technology, Shobhavana Campus, Mijar, Moodbidri
https://www.ijert.org/research/automated-energy-meter-reading-and-theft-detection-

[2] IoT based Power Theft Detection

R Giridhar Balakrishna Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering V R Siddhartha Engineering
College, Vijayawada, India P Yogananda Reddy Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering V
R Siddhartha Engineering College, Vijayawada, India M L N Vital Department of Electrical and
Electronics Engineering V R Siddhartha Engineering College, Vijayawada, India
http://dx.doi.org/10.21172/ijiet.83.016

[3] IoT Based Energy Meter Reading, Theft Detection and Disconnection
Ajeeba A A1, Anna Thomas2, Risa Rasheed3 123 EEE Dept., Mar Athanasius College of Engineering,
Kothamangalam, India
https://www.ijareeie.com/upload/2015/july/113_39_IoT.pdf

[4] IOT BASED SMART ENERGY METER MONITORING WITH

IDENTIFICATION OF ELECTRICITY THEFT
Suraj Rajendra Bhole , Vishvajeet Tukaram Dabhole , Rihan Kashim Mulani , Kuldeep Sanjay Salunke
(Student’s) Project Guide Prof. S.M.Tamboli Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of engineering
& faculty of management, Talsande, Tal. Hatkanangale, Dist. Kolhapur Maharashtra 416112, India.
https://ijcrt.org/papers/IJCRT22A6112.pdf

[5] GSM Based Smart Energy Meter System

KANNAN P a,1, ALLWİN DEVARAJ a , ESAKKİ RAJAVEL. S a , NISHARNI Bb , SANCTA A b ,
MUTHU LAKSHMİ M b a Assistant Professor, Francis Xavier Engineering College, Tirunelveli, TN,
India b UG Student, Francis Xavier Engineering College, Tirunelveli, TN, India
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/356755533_GSM_Based_Smart_Energy_Meter_System

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PHOTOS OF THE PROJECT

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