Optics 1 Presentation

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CHAPTER 25

Mirrors
Section 25.1 : Read
25.2
Law of reflection : see also figure 25.3
Different between specular reflection and diffuse reflection. Figure 25.4
The properties of a plane mirror
Conceptual 1
Ex. Two mirrors facing one another : How many images of your face would
you see?
Ex. The car takes a left turn with necklace hanged on the front mirror. Which
direction is the image of the necklace deflected?

Other types of mirrors


Section 25.4 : Spherical mirrors (curved mirrors)
From the mirror we can identify the following

 Principal axis
 Centre of curvature
 Focal point and focal point
Deductions
concave mirror convex mirror

The focal length is half of the radius (Centre of curvature).

(for concave mirror)

The light ray parallel to the principal axis is reflected through the focal point.
The light ray passing through the centre of curvature passes without being
deviated .
1. Where in the North West are these satellites (name of the place and name
of the centre) and where in the Northern Cape? (3)

2. Check the acronyms : SKA and MeerKAT, write them in full. (2)

3. If the acronym MeerKAT is used as an Afrikaans word, what does it


mean? (1)
Section 25.5. Images formed by spherical mirrors.

Read figure 25.18 and figure 25.19. In each case check where the object is
placed, then check the type of image formed under the following criteria.
Tutorial
Concave mirror Convex
Criteria fig. mirror
25.18;fig.25.19 Figure 25.21
How big is the image as compared to the size
of the object?

On which side of the mirror is the image (Two conditions)

formed and how far is the image from the See e.g 3 & 4
mirror?

Is the image upright or inverted?


Is the image real or virtual?

CYU 7 – 12

Section 25.6 : The mirror equation and the magnification equation.

Analytical techniques

The equations will relate the following :


Concave mirror

Similar triangles ( What makes them similar?)

……………………………………………… (1)

……………………………………… (2)

Substitute (1) in (2) ; result with

Mirror equation :
The following equation is called magnification equation :

m bigger than one and positive, the image bigger than the object, virtual and
upright.

m bigger than one and negative, the image bigger than the object, real and
inverted.

Example 3.

Recall

(a). , to find , then use to get

(b). Use magnification equation.

Do example 4

Convex mirror

The two equations above still applies except that is negative.

The following equation is called magnification equation :


Mirror equation :

m always smaller than one and positive, the image always smaller than the
object, virtual and upright.

Do example 5 , example 8 and CYU 13 and 14 :

Review Table on page 789 (8th ed) and page 783 (9th ed)

Working on example 6.

Condition 1 – concave mirror

;
Working on example 9

Condition 2 – convex mirror

Working on example 7

Read the sign convention of the Spherical mirrors.

Read page 796 ; caption – what is refraction?


Light travels in a given medium at the speed that is less than that of light. The speed
depend on the nature of material.

The index of refraction

The index can also depend on the wavelength of the light and the wavelength of light in a
vacuum is .

See the table 26.1

Snell’s Law :

Study CYU on page 802

Do example 1.

N.B. If the light ray is moving from the medium with smaller than the medium which the
light enters then the light ray bend towards the normal.

See example 2 – Does the example support the statement?

Self study 26.3 Part of test 2 including example 7 and discussion under example 7.

Total internal reflection happens when the angle of refraction is 900, then the incident
angle at that time is called critical angle.
From Snell’s law

It has been shown that any incident angle (critical angle above 48.8 0 will result with total
internal reflection. E.g mirage

Total internal reflection in the denser material.


Mirage is an optical illusion caused due to Total Internal Reflection.It occurs during summers and especially in
deserts. http://in.answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20060904021631AADeoQx

Read about the application on page 804 and 805. Gastroscopy

Example 7 – Page 805

From ;

CYU 13 and 14.


Apparent depth

Things in water appears to be nearer to the surface and which is not. The depth which
the object appears to be is called apparent depth, i.e how deep does the object
immersed in a liquid appear to be?

The image is virtual , directly above the object and the apparent depth is related to the

actual depth by , where n1 is the index where the object is immersed and n2

the index where the observer is, d is the actual depth of the well.

Review example 3 and 4.

CYU 1 – 8

26.6 Lenses

Read section 26.6

Study figure 26.26 and figure 26.27.

N.B. Two lines are important to give you the image, figure 26.25 and the types of lenses

The line drawn from the tip of the object passes through the lens and bend across the
focal point.

The line through the centre of the lens passes without being deviated.

Where the two lines meets, the image is formed.

The thin lens equation ( mirror equation )


Magnification equation

Sign conventions : Below figure 26.30

Study example 9 and 10

Lenses in combination – Read section 16.9

Study example 11
Applications : Human Eye as example of a lens , nearsightedness and Farsightedness.

The refractive Power of a lens

The extent to which rays light are refracted by a lens depends on its focal length.

Most of times refractive power is used to describe the extent to which a lens refracts
light.

The refractive power is measured in units of diopters. 1 diopter is

The converging lens has positive focal lens hens positive refractive power and the
diverging lens has negative focal length hence negative refractive power.

Self study Section 26.12

Study the examples 18 and 19.

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