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Lec 4

The document discusses complex variables and functions including: 1. Logarithmic functions defined as the inverse of exponential functions. 2. Inverse trigonometric functions expressed in terms of natural logarithms, such as the inverse sine function. 3. Inverse hyperbolic functions also expressed using natural logarithms, including the inverse hyperbolic sine and cosine functions. 4. Examples are provided to demonstrate properties of complex trigonometric and hyperbolic functions.

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7 views11 pages

Lec 4

The document discusses complex variables and functions including: 1. Logarithmic functions defined as the inverse of exponential functions. 2. Inverse trigonometric functions expressed in terms of natural logarithms, such as the inverse sine function. 3. Inverse hyperbolic functions also expressed using natural logarithms, including the inverse hyperbolic sine and cosine functions. 4. Examples are provided to demonstrate properties of complex trigonometric and hyperbolic functions.

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hamadox23
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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COMPLEX VARIABLES

Mathematical Analysis
Mathematics (E)

Dr. Doaa M. Radi


6. Logarithmic Functions
If z = 𝑒 𝑤 , then we write 𝑤 = ln 𝑧, called the natural logarithm of z.
Thus the natural logarithmic function is the inverse of the
exponential function and can be defined by
𝑤 = ln 𝑧 = ln 𝑟 + 𝑖 𝜃 + 2𝜋𝑘 , 𝑘 = 0, ±1, ±2, …
Where 𝑧 = 𝑟𝑒 𝑖 𝜃+2𝜋𝑘

7. Inverse Trigonometric Functions


If 𝑧 = sin 𝑤, then 𝑤 = sin−1 𝑧 is called the inverse sine of z or arc
sine of z. Similarly, we define other inverse trigonometric or circular
functions cos −1 𝑧, tan−1 𝑧, etc. These functions can be expressed in
terms of natural logarithms as follows:
−𝟏 𝟏
• 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒛= 𝐥𝐧 𝒊𝒛 ± 𝟏 − 𝒛𝟐
𝒊
𝑒 𝑖𝑤 −𝑒 −𝑖𝑤
Let 𝑤 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑧 ⇒ 𝑧 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑤 =
2𝑖

⇒ 𝑒 𝑖𝑤 − 𝑒 −𝑖𝑤 = 2𝑖𝑧 Multiplying Both sides by 𝑒 𝑖𝑤


⇒ 𝑒 2𝑖𝑤 − 1 = 2𝑖𝑧𝑒 𝑖𝑤
⇒ 𝑒 2𝑖𝑤 − 2𝑖𝑧𝑒 𝑖𝑤 − 1 = 0

2𝑖𝑧 ± −2𝑖𝑧 2 +4 2𝑖𝑧 ± −4𝑧 2 + 4 2𝑖𝑧 ± 2 1 − 𝑧 2


𝑒 𝑖𝑤 = = =
2 2 2

𝑒 𝑖𝑤 = 𝑖𝑧 ± 1 − 𝑧 2
Taking the complex logarithm of both sides of the equation,
𝑖𝑤 = 𝑙𝑛 𝑖𝑧 ± 1 − 𝑧 2
−1
1
∴ 𝑤 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑧 = 𝑙𝑛 𝑖𝑧 ± 1 − 𝑧 2 . #
𝑖
8. The complex inverse hyperbolic functions:
If 𝑧 = sinh 𝑤, then 𝑤 = sinh−1 𝑧 is called the inverse hyperbolic
sine of z. Similarly, we define other inverse hyperbolic
functions cosh−1 𝑧, tanh−1 𝑧, etc. These functions can be expressed
in terms of natural logarithms as follows:
• 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐡−𝟏 𝒛 = 𝐥𝐧 𝒛 ± 𝒛𝟐 − 𝟏
Let 𝑤 = cosh−1 𝑧
𝑒 𝑤 + 𝑒 −𝑤
⇒ 𝑧 = cosh 𝑤 =
2
𝑤
⇒𝑒 +𝑒 −𝑤 = 2𝑧 Multiplying Both sides by 𝑒 𝑤
⇒ 𝑒 2𝑤 + 1 = 2𝑧𝑒 𝑤
⇒ 𝑒 2𝑤 − 2𝑧𝑒 𝑤 + 1 = 0
2𝑧 ± −2𝑧 2−4 2𝑧 ± 2 𝑧 2−1
𝑒𝑤 = =
2 2
𝑒𝑤 = 𝑧 ± 𝑧2 − 1
Taking the complex logarithm of both sides of the equation,
𝑤 = ln z ± z 2 − 1

∴ 𝑤 = cosh−1 z = ln z ± z 2 − 1 . #
• 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐡−𝟏 𝒛 = 𝐥𝐧 𝒛 ± 𝒛𝟐 + 𝟏
Let 𝑤 = sinh−1 𝑧
𝑒 𝑤 − 𝑒 −𝑤
⇒ 𝑧 = sinh 𝑤 =
2
⇒ 𝑒 𝑤 − 𝑒 −𝑤 = 2𝑧 Multiplying Both sides by 𝑒 𝑤
⇒ 𝑒 2𝑤 − 1 = 2𝑧𝑒 𝑤
⇒ 𝑒 2𝑤 − 2𝑧𝑒 𝑤 − 1 = 0
2𝑧 ± −2𝑧 2+4 2𝑧 ± 2 𝑧 2+1
𝑒𝑤 = =
2 2
𝑒𝑤 = 𝑧 ± 𝑧2 + 1
Taking the complex logarithm of both sides of the equation,
𝑤 = ln z ± z 2 + 1

∴ 𝑤 = sinh−1 z = ln z ± z 2 + 1 . #
𝒊 𝒛𝟐 −𝟏
• 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐡−𝟏 𝒛 = 𝐥𝐧
𝒛−𝟏
Let 𝑤 = tanh−1 𝑧
𝑒 𝑤 − 𝑒 −𝑤
⇒ 𝑧 = tanh 𝑤 = 𝑤
𝑒 + 𝑒 −𝑤
⇒ 𝑧𝑒 𝑤 + 𝑧𝑒 −𝑤 = 𝑒 𝑤 − 𝑒 −𝑤
⇒ 𝑧𝑒 𝑤 − 𝑒 𝑤 + 𝑧𝑒 −𝑤 + 𝑒 −𝑤 = 0
⇒ 𝑧 − 1 𝑒 𝑤 + (𝑧 + 1)𝑒 −𝑤 = 0 Multiplying Both sides by 𝑒 𝑤
⇒ 𝑧 − 1 𝑒 2𝑤 + (𝑧 + 1) = 0
± −4 𝑧 − 1 𝑧 + 1 ±2𝑖 𝑧 2−1
𝑒𝑤 = =
2 𝑧−1 2 𝑧−1
±𝑖 𝑧 2−1
𝑒𝑤 =
𝑧−1
Taking the complex logarithm of both sides of the equation,
𝑖 𝑧 2 −1
∴𝑤= tanh−1 z = ln . #
𝑧−1
𝒛𝟐 −𝟏
• 𝐜𝐨𝐭𝐡−𝟏 𝒛 = 𝐥𝐧
𝒛−𝟏
Let 𝑤 = coth−1 𝑧
𝑒 𝑤 + 𝑒 −𝑤
⇒ 𝑧 = coth 𝑤 = 𝑤
𝑒 − 𝑒 −𝑤
⇒ 𝑧𝑒 𝑤 − 𝑧𝑒 −𝑤 = 𝑒 𝑤 + 𝑒 −𝑤
⇒ 𝑧𝑒 𝑤 − 𝑒 𝑤 − 𝑧𝑒 −𝑤 − 𝑒 −𝑤 = 0
⇒ 𝑧 − 1 𝑒 𝑤 − (𝑧 + 1)𝑒 −𝑤 = 0 Multiplying Both sides by 𝑒 𝑤
⇒ 𝑧 − 1 𝑒 2𝑤 − (𝑧 + 1) = 0
± 4 𝑧 − 1 𝑧 + 1 ±2 𝑧 2−1
𝑒𝑤 = =
2 𝑧−1 2 𝑧−1
± 𝑧 2−1
𝑒𝑤 =
𝑧−1
Taking the complex logarithm of both sides of the equation,
𝑧 2 −1
∴𝑤= coth−1 z = ln . #
𝑧−1
𝟏± 𝟏−𝒛𝟐
• 𝐬𝐞𝐜𝐡 −𝟏
𝒛 = 𝐥𝐧
𝒛
Let 𝑤 = sech−1 𝑧
2
⇒ 𝑧 = sech 𝑤 = 𝑤
𝑒 + 𝑒 −𝑤
⇒ 𝑧𝑒 𝑤 + 𝑧𝑒 −𝑤 = 2 Multiplying Both sides by 𝑒 𝑤
⇒ 𝑧𝑒 2𝑤 + 𝑧 = 2𝑒 𝑤
⇒ 𝑧𝑒 2𝑤 − 2𝑒 𝑤 + 𝑧 = 0
2 ± 4 − 4𝑧 2 2 ± 2 1 − 𝑧 2
𝑒𝑤 = =
2𝑧 2𝑧
1 ± 1 − 𝑧 2
𝑒𝑤 =
𝑧
Taking the complex logarithm of both sides of the equation,
𝟏± 𝟏−𝒛𝟐
∴𝑤= sech−1 𝑧 = ln . #
𝒛
Examples
Ex 1: If 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑧 = 𝑢 + 𝑖𝑣 , prove that 𝑢2 𝑐𝑠𝑐 2 𝑥 − 𝑣 2 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 = 1.
Solution:
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑧 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑖𝑦 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑖𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥
∴ 𝑢 + 𝑖𝑣 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ 𝑦 + 𝑖 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ 𝑦
∴ 𝑢 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ 𝑦 , 𝑣 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ 𝑦
𝐿. 𝐻. 𝑆. = 𝑢2 𝑐𝑠𝑐 2 𝑥 − 𝑣 2 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥
= 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ2 𝑦 𝑐𝑠𝑐 2 𝑥 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ2 𝑦 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ2 𝑦 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ2 𝑦 = 1 = 𝑅. 𝐻. 𝑆.
Ex 2: If 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦, prove that 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑧 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑧ҧ.
Solution:
sin 𝑧 = sin(𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦) = sin 𝑥 cosh 𝑦 + 𝑖 cos 𝑥 sinh 𝑦
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑧 = sin 𝑥 cosh 𝑦 − 𝑖 cos 𝑥 sinh 𝑦 (1)
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑧ҧ = sin(𝑥 − 𝑖𝑦) = sin 𝑥 cosh 𝑦 − 𝑖 cos 𝑥 sinh 𝑦 (2)
From Eq. (1) and Eq. (2)
∴ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑧 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑧ҧ.

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