CSE30310 Design of Concrete

Structures
Lec# 4: Design of Flanged
Beam section
Dr Muhammad Riaz Ahmad
[email protected]
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering 1
The Hong Kong Polytechnic University
Types of RC beams in RC Structures

Deep Beam

Simply Supported Continuous Beams Cantilever Beam Shallow Beam

Beam

T-Beam Inverted-Beam Hidden-Beam

2
Design of Flanged Beams (T & L Beams)
Commonly, reinforced concrete floors, roofs, decks, etc., are monolith. Beam stirrups and
bent bars extend up into the slab. It is evident, therefore, that a part of the slab will act with
the upper part of the beam to resist longitudinal compression. The slab forms the beam
flange, while a part of the beam projecting below the slab forms what is called the "web" or
"stem".

hf

bf bf

3
Design of Flanged Beams
When to design beam as rectangular or flanged beam
(Flange in Compression-I)

4
Design of Flanged Beams
When to design beam as rectangular or flanged beam
(Flange in Tension-II)

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Design of Flanged Beams
When to design beam as rectangular or flanged beam

bf bf

bf = Effective width
bw = width of web/rib/stem
hf = Thickness of flange

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Design of Flanged Beams

7
Design of Flanged Beams
Effective With of T & L Beams (bf)

bf

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Design of Flanged Beams

lpi = Distance between the points of zero moments 9

Design of a singly reinforced flanged section
T-sections and L-sections which have their flanges in compression can both
be designed or analyzed in a similar manner, and the equations which are
derived can be applied to either type of cross-section. As the flanges
generally provide a large compressive area, it is usually unnecessary to
consider the case where compression steel is required; if it should be
required, the design would be based on the principles of doubly reinforced
flanged section design.

Design of singly reinforced flanged section depends on

(I) If s < hf or (II) s > hf

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Design of a singly reinforced flanged section
Case 1: stress block lies within flange s<hf
Same formulas applicable as derived in singly reinforced rectangular section

Calculate K = M / b f d 2 f cu calculate z, z = d − 0.5s or s = 2(d − z)

M
If s  flange thickness stress block in flange and : As =
0.87 f y z 11
Analysis of a singly reinforced flanged section
Determine the ultimate moment of resistance of the singly reinforced T-section shown in figure below. The
characteristic material strengths are fy = 500 N/mm2 and fcu = 30 N/mm2. Assume initially that the stress block depth
lies within the flange and the reinforcement is strained to the yield, so that fst = 0.87fy.

Stress block lies within flange s<hf

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Design of a singly reinforced flanged section
Case 2: stress block lies outside flange s>hf (Md >Mf)

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Design of a singly reinforced flanged section: exact method
The T-section beam shown in the figure is required to resist an ultimate design
moment of 180kN m. The characteristic material strengths are fy = 500 N/mm2
And fcu = 30 N/mm2. Calculate the area of reinforcement required.
bf = 400 0.45fcu Case 2: s>hf (Md >Mf)

Fcf
hf = 100 s
x
d = 350

sw Fcf is the force developed in the flange

neutral F Fcw is the force developed in the area
axis cw z
z2 1 of web in compression

A
s
F
st
bw= 200
Section Stress Block
Moment of resistance, M f = 0.45 f cub f h f (d − h f / 2)
Mf , of the flange is = 0.45  30  400 100(350 − 100 / 2) 10−6
= 162kNm  180kNm
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Md > M f
Design of a singly reinforced flanged section: exact method
bf = 400 0.45fcu

Fcf
hf = 100 s
x
d = 350

sw
neutral F
axis cw z
z2 1
A
s
F
st
bw = 200
Section Stress Block
It is now necessary to determine the depth, sw , of the web in compression, where sw = s-hf
For Equilibrium

180 = Fcf  z1 + Fcw  z 2 = 162 + 0.45 f cubw sw  z2 z2 = (d-hf)- sw/2 = (250- sw/2)

= 162 + 0.45  30  200sw (250 − sw / 2) 10 −6

sw − 500sw + 13.33 103 = 0 sw = 28mm

2

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Design of a singly reinforced flanged section: exact method
b = 400 0.45f cu
f

F
h = 100 cf
f x s
d = 350

sw
neutral F
axis cw z
z 1
2
A
s
F
st
b = 200
w s =sw + hf = 100+28 =128 mm
Section Stress Block
So that the depth of neutral axis
x = s / 0.9 = (100 + 28) / 0.9 = 142mm < 0.5d = 175 mm
As x < 0.5d, compression reinforcement is not required. For the equilibrium
of the section: Fst = Fcf+ Fcw
0.87fyAs = 0.45fcubfhf + 0.45fcubwsw

As = 1415mm2 16
Design of a singly reinforced flanged section: conservative
method
Case 2:
s>hf (Md >Mf)

Design of a flanged section with depth of neutral axis x = d/2 (a safe method)
s = 0.9x = 0.45d
Divide the flanged section within the depth of the stress block into areas 1 and 2
area 1 = bw  s = 0.45bw d
area 2 = (b f − bw )  h f
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Design of a singly reinforced flanged section: conservative
method
Compressive forces Fc1 = 0.45 f cu  0.45bw d = 0.2 f cubw d
developed in these
areas Fc 2 = 0.45 f cu h f (b f − bw )

Taking moment M = Fst (d − h f / 2) − Fc1 ( s / 2 − h f / 2)

about Fc2 at the
centroid of the = 0.87 f y As (d − h f / 2) − 0.2 f cubw d (0.45d − h f ) / 2
flange
M + 0.1 f cubwd (0.45d − h f )
Therefore As =
0.87 f y (d − 0.5h f )

This equation should be only used when h f is smaller than 0.45 d;

The moment of resistance of concrete should be greater than the design
moment. Otherwise, compression reinforcement is needed.
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Analysis of a singly reinforced flanged section: Ex.2
Case 2: s>hf (Md >Mf)

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Analysis of a singly reinforced flanged section: Ex.2

Since Fst > Fcf it means s > hf and the force in the web needs to be calculated

< 0.5d = 275 mm

m
Design of a doubly reinforced flanged section
When x > 0.5d
Compression reinforcement is
required

Taking moment of centroid of steel

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CSE30310 Design of Concrete
Structures
Shear Design of RC Beams
Dr Muhammad Riaz Ahmad
[email protected]
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering 22
The Hong Kong Polytechnic University
Shear force diagram and failure of beam
Pu Pu

Vu=Pu
Vu=Pu
Shear force diagram
To prevent shear failure: V > V u , where V is the shear force resistance of
beam’s section, Vu is the shear force due to the ultimate loads.
23
Shear force diagram

Shear force (S.F.) and bending moment (B.M.) diagrams for typical beam elements
(a) Simply supported beam with concentrated load (b) Cantilever beam (c) Simply
supported beam with uniformly distributed load (d) Continuous beam 24
Distribution of stresses in RC beams

Point 1

Point 1

Principal stresses in a beam

Figure represents the distribution of principal stresses across the span of a homogeneous concrete
beam. The direction of the principal compressive stresses takes the form of an arch, while the tensile
stresses have the curve of a catenary or suspended chain. Towards mid-span, where the shear is low and
the bending stresses are dominant, the direction of the stresses tends to be parallel to the beam axis.
Near the supports, where the shearing forces are greater, the principal stresses become inclined and the
greater the shear force the greater the angle of inclination. Since concrete is weak in tension, tension
cracks will develop in a direction perpendicular to the principal tensile stresses. Thus, the compressive
stress trajectories indicate the potential crack pattern (depending on the magnitude of tensile stresses
developed). The tensile stresses due to shear are liable to cause diagonal cracking of the concrete near
to the support so that shear reinforcement must be provided. This reinforcement is either in the form
of (1) stirrups, or (2) inclined bars (used in conjunction with stirrups). The steel stirrups are also
often referred to as links. 2
 Types of Cracks
Typical crack pattern

1. Near the mid-span, where the bending moment predominates, the tensile stress trajectories are
crowded and are horizontal. Hence, flexural cracks perpendicular to the horizontal stress trajectories
will appear even at small loads. These flexural cracks are controlled by the longitudinal tension bars.
2. In the zones where shear and bending effects combine together, that is, in zones midway between the
support and mid-span, the cracks may start vertically at the bottom, but will become inclined as they
approach the neutral axis due to shear. These cracks are called flexure shear cracks.
3. Near the supports that contain concentrated compressive forces, the stress trajectories have a
complicated pattern. As shear forces are predominant in this section, the stress trajectories are
inclined and cracks inclined at about 45o appear in the mid-depth of the beam. These cracks are
termed as web-shear cracks or diagonal tension cracks.
4. Sometimes, inclined cracks propagate along the longitudinal tension reinforcement towards the
support. Such cracks are termed as tensile splitting cracks or secondary cracks.
2
RC beams that require shear reinforcement:

Shear reinforcements, called stirrups, inclined stirrups , bent-up bars, etc.,

may be provided to resist shear in several different ways such as the following:
1. Stirrups perpendicular to the longitudinal flexural (tension) reinforcement of the
member, normally vertical.

2. Inclined stirrups making an angle of 45°or more with the longitudinal flexural
reinforcement of the member

3. Bent-up longitudinal reinforcement, making an angle of 30°or more with the

longitudinal flexural reinforcement

4. Combination of stirrups and bent-up longitudinal reinforcement

5. Others, including welded wire mesh, spirals, mechanically anchored bars (head
studs) , and steel fibres.

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Types of Shear Reinforcement

Vertical Stirrups Bent-up bars

Head studs Stirrups

Inclined Stirrups
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Concrete shear stresses：

Empirical formula that are based on comprehensive experimental

test results are used in design codes to calculate the ultimate shear
stress vc that can be resisted by concrete. The following formula is
used in HK2013:
1 1 1
100 As   400   f cu 
3 4 3
vc = 0.79 / m
 bd   d   25 

where m = material safety factor, 1.25 (HK2013, Table 6.3)

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Values for Vc

30
Shear strength due to stirrups
In order to derive the design equations, the action of a reinforced concrete beam in shear is
represented by an analogous truss. This model gives good prediction of shear from
stirrups and has been extensively verified by test results. The concrete acts as the top
compression member and as the diagonal compression members (concrete strut) inclined at
an angle to the horizontal . The bottom chord is the horizontal tension steel and the
vertical links are the transverse tension members.

the concrete strut is

about 45°

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Shear strength due to stirrups
Design of vertical stirrups:
When the stirrups are spaced at a distance of d :

45° Truss model Asv

V V 0.87fyvAsv

According to the equilibrium of force, shear load V = Vc + Vs

Shear strength of RC beam
Design of vertical stirrups:
When the stirrups are spaced at a distance of Sv < d :
Number of stirrups across a 45o crack is d/sv, hence giving a total shear strength:
d A 1
Vs =  0.87 f yv Asv = vs bd , where vs = sv  0.87 f yv 
sv sv b
According to the equilibrium of force, shear load V = Vc + Vs
 Asv 
V = (vs + vc )bd =   0.87 f yv + vc  b   d
 sv 

Note: The actual shear mechanism is much more complicated. The shear model over-simplifies
the problem and usually gives conservative results. 33
 Shear design of an RC beam: example
Example: Calculate the spacing of stirrups for the beam when 4-T25 bars both top and bottom
shear force Vu= 412 kN. Given b=425mm, d=530mm, fcu= 30 As=1964mm2
N/mm2, fyv= 250 N/mm2, As=1964mm2, Asv=314mm2
1 1 1
100 As   400   f cu 
3 4 3
vc = 0.79  /m
 bd   d   25 
1 1 1
100  1964  3  400  4  30  3
= 0.79  / 1.25
 425  530   530   25 
R10 bar
= 0.79  0.955  1  1.063 / 1.25 = 0.64 N/mm2
(You can get the same value from Table 6.3 of HK2013)
 Asv 
Vu =   0.87 f yv + vc  b   d
 sv 
 78.5  4 
412000 =   0.87  250 + 0.64  425  530
 sv 
 sv = 150
135 mm
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Take 120 mm as the design spacing
Shear strength due to bent-up bars
Bent-up bars have similar shear resistance as stirrups.
When a crack cut
b
through one
bent-up bar a
0.87fyvAsbsina V

Fy=0:
0.87fyvAsbsina=Vs
When a crack cut through a few bent-up
bars
VVs == 0.95
0.87 f yv Asb sin 
( d − d ) ( cot  + cot  )
'
Usually
sb ==45°

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Analysis of the shear strength of an RC beam: example
Determine the shear resistance of the beam shown in the figure which
carries a uniformly distributed load. The characteristic strengths are fyv
= 250 N/mm2 for the stirrups, fyv = 500 N/mm2 for the bent-up bars
and fcu = 30 N/mm2 for the concrete.

2 stirrups

sb = (d − d ' )

36
Analysis of the shear strength of an RC beam: example
100 As 100  982
= = 0.43
bd 350  650
Thus from Table 6.3 in HK2013, c =0.5 N/mm2 by interpolation.
Cross-sectional area of a size 12 bar = 113mm2.
Thus, for the stirrups, Asv /sv =2×113/100 = 2.26. The shear resistance
of the stirrups plus the concrete:
 Asv 
Vs =   0.87 f yv + vc  b   d
 sv 
= 2.26  0.87  250  650 + 350  0.5  650
= (320 + 114) 103 N = 434 103 N

37
Analysis of the shear strength of an RC beam: example
The bent-up bars are arranged in a double system. Hence the shear resistance
of the bent bars is
sb = (d − d ' )
2
Vb = 0.87*  2  f yv Asb = 1.23  500  491 = 302 103 N
2
Total shear resistance of the stirrups, concrete and bent-up bars is therefore:

V = Vs + Vb = (434 + 302)103
Vs > Vb Okay
= 736 10 N 3

V/bd < 0.8fcu or 7N/mm2

(Checks)
1. At least 50% of the shear resistance provided by the reinforcement should be in the
form of links (HK2013, page 48).
2. In no case should v exceed 0.8√fcu or 7.0 N/mm2, whichever is the lesser, whatever
shear reinforcement is provided (HK2013, page 48). 38
Enhanced shear strength near support
The concrete shear strength is enhanced near support, due to compressive stress and steeper
shear plane, by a factor of 2d/av
2d
vc ,enh = vc
av
This enhancement is effective within a distance of av <2d. In principle, shear strength shall be
checked or designed along the full length of a beam based on shear force distribution.

39
Figure 6.3 - Shear failure near supports
39
Minimum and maximum shear reinforcement

Read HK CoP
6.1.2.5

40
Self-Reading

41
Behavior of beams without shear reinforcement
✓The behaviour of beams failing in shear may vary widely, depending on the av/d
ratio (shear span to effective depth ratio) and the amount of web reinforcement .
✓Very short shear spans, with av/d ranging from zero to one, develop inclined cracks
joining the load and the support. These cracks, in effect, change the behaviour from
beam action to arch action.
✓ Such beams with the a/d ratio of zero to one are termed as deep beams. These
beams normally fail due to the anchorage failure at the ends of the tension tie.

42
Behavior of beams without shear reinforcement

Effect of a/d ratio on shear strength of beams without stirrups (a) Beam, shear force, and
moment diagrams (b) Variation in shear capacity with a/d for rectangular beams
43
Behavior of beams without shear reinforcement
✓ Beams with a/d ranging from 1 to 2.5 develop inclined cracks and
carry some additional loads due to arch action. These beams may fail by
splitting failure, bond failure, shear tension, or shear compression failure.

✓ For slender shear spans, having av/d ratio in the range of 2.5 to 6,
When the load is applied and gradually increased, flexural cracks appear
in the mid-span of the beams. With further increase of load, inclined
shear cracks develop in the beams which are sometimes called primary
shear cracks.

✓ Very slender beams, with a/d ratio greater than 6.0, will fail in flexure
prior to the formation of inclined cracks.
44
Shear failure of an RC beam without shear reinforcement

The shear resistance in an RC beam without shear reinforcement

(stirrups or bent-up bars) is carried by a combination of three
main components.

These are:
Concrete in the compression zone
Dowelling action of tensile reinforcement (properly anchored)
Aggregate interlock across flexural cracks

45
Behavior of beams without shear reinforcement

✓The concrete sections that do not require shear reinforcement are

mainly lightly loaded floor slabs and pad foundations.
✓Beams are generally more heavily loaded and have a smaller cross-
section so that they nearly always require shear reinforcement. The
only exceptions to this are very minor beams such as short span,
lightly loaded lintels over windows and doors.
✓Where shear forces are small, the concrete section on its own may
have sufficient shear capacity to resist the ultimate shear force
resulting from the worst combination of actions on the structure, so
no calculated shear reinforcement is required.

4
End of Lecture 4

47