Chapter

Chapter 9:
9:
Reproduction
Reproduction
• Interval between first cell division
and appearance of organ systems'
predecessors.
Cleavage egg phase
 Embryo ceases to be curled up
and becomes increasingly fish-
like but it continues to rely on it's
yolk or mother for nutrition.
Free embryo phase
 interval during embryo becomes
recognizable as vertebrate. Major
organ systems begin to appear.
Embryo phase
• Larva, plural larvae or larva's, stage
in the development of many animals,
occurring after birth or hatching and
before the adult form is reached.
Ability to capture food organism
Larval Period
 • Period begins when the organ
system are fully formed. Juveniles
are recognizable by the presence of
fully formed fins as well; they are
miniature adults. It lasts until the
gonads become mature.
Juvenile Period
• Once the gonads are mature, a
fish is an adult. The onset of this
period is reflected in spawning
behavior and , often, in the
development of the reproductive
structures and color patterns.
Adult Period
• few fish reach each period of "old
age" ,when growth is virtually
stopped and the gonads are
degenerate and, usually, not
producing gametes.
Senescent Period
• The complex adaptations that fishes
that evolved to ensure reproductive
success obviously are of little use if
reproduction takes place when
environmental conditions are
unfavorable for the survival of the
young.
Physiological Adaptations
• process by which haploid
spermatozoa develop from germ
cells in the seminiferous tubules of
the testis.
Spermatogenesis
 • a type of male gametocyte in
animals. Spermatocytes are male
gametocytes that give rise to
sperm.
Spermatocytes
 • is a structure surrounding the
outer surface of the plasma
membrane of an ovum or in some
animals the extracellular yolk and
the oolemma.
Vitelline membrane
 • takes place in all oviparous
vertebrates including salmonid
fishes.
Vitellogenesis
 • are steroid hormones produced
by the gonads, which are the
reproductive organs (testes in males
and ovaries in females).
Gonadal steroid hormones
include androgens, estrogens,
and progestogens.
Gonadal steroid hormones
• 3 types of gonadal steroid
hormones:
1. Androgen
2. Estrogen
3. Vitellogenin
stimulate vitellogenin production
in the liver.
Estrogen
stimulate spermatogenesis in the
testes.
Androgen
phosphoglycolipopeptide-yolk
precursor.
Vitellogenin
• Mechanisms to balance the amount
of energy put into reproduction with
that put into growth and
metabolism.
BIOENERGETICS
6 Contributing Factors of
Bioenergetics:
1. Reproductive effort
2. Age of onset of reproduction
3. Fecundity
4. Fertility
5. Survivor ship rates
6. Frequency of reproduction
• a measure of how likely the individual
is to have offspring that will also
reproduce successfully.
Fitness
• a measure of the amount of energy (or
time) that is invested in the production
of offspring.
Reproductive effort
• varies with sex ; depends, in good
part, on the condition of the
environment as well as on the nature of
the population itself.
Age of onset reproduction
• measure of reproductive potential.
Fecundity
 F= aL^b
F = fecundity, L = fish length, a and
b are constants derived from the data.
 • actual number of young that are
produced rather than the number of
eggs.
Fertility
 • In fishes with ________, the
relationship between fecundity
and fertility is obscured by
limitations that are placed on
parents by the number of young
for which they effectively care.
parental care
• often (but not always) increases
with the size of the parent.
Egg size
 • Each population of fish seems to
achieve a balance the size and the
number of eggs that produces the
most number of young. Advantage of
larger eggs lies in the higher
survivability of larger young. Egg size
is tuned finely to ___________.
environmental conditions.
 • reflects the predictability of the
environment in which the fishes live
Frequency of reproduction
• Two Basic Frequency Strategies:
1. Semelparity
2. Iteroparity
• "big bang" production, in which
adults spawn and die.
Semelparity
• repeated production (characteristic
of most fishes).
Iteroparity
Describes how males and
females pair when choosing a
mate.
MATING SYSTEMS
• 4 types of mating systems
1. Monogamy
2. Polygyny
3. Polyandry
4. Polygynandry
one male & one female mate
exclusively
Monogamy
• one male & several females are
involved in reproduction.
Polygyny
• One female and several females are
involved in reproduction.
Polyandry
• external fertilization. Males and
females mate simultaneously.
Polygynandry (Promiscuity)
• are likely to develop among species in
which large, aggressive males can
dominate spawning, thereby creating
opportunities for small males to engage
in cuckoldry. Also considered as
evolutionary stable strategies.
Alternative male strategies
• in which one of individual can be
either male or female, is known from at
least 14 families of teleost fishes.
Hermaphroditism
• Hermaphrodites can be:
Synchronous and Sequential
• individuals possess both ovarian
and testicular tissue.
Synchronous
individual change sex.
Sequential
•Types of sequential hermaphroditism:
Protogyny and Protandry
female change into male
Protogyny
• male converts to female
Protandry
• all individuals are reproduced of the
same sex.
characteristic of a number of fishes
and it takes a number of forms.
Unisexuality
• females produce only female
offspring with no involvement from
males.
Parthogenesis
• Involves sperm from male but
only genetically identical females
are produced.
Gynogenesis
 • Male's genetic material is
excluded/eliminated and only the
females genetic material is passed
on to the offspring yet not
genetically identical to mother.
Hybridogenesis
Occurs in species where one sex has higher
survival and reproductive rates, usually as
the result of large size.
Individual of the smaller sex change into the
larger sex when the opportunity arises.
Occurs when hermaphrodites reach a
certain size or age or by social changes.
Sex change
• Sex change occurs when
hermaphrodites reach a ______ or age or
by ________.
certain size or social changes
 • The main stress hormone in fish, is
hypothesized to be a key factor linking
environmental stimuli with sex change
by initiating gene expression changes
that shift steroidogenesis from
estrogens to androgens but this notion
remains to be rigorously tested.
Cortisol
 • Commonly used in the farming of
tilapia, which is a gonochoristic species,
for the obtainment of a male mono-sex
population to avoid reproduction during
grow-out and due to the fact that males
present greater growth, making
cultivation commercially more lucrative.
17 alphamethyltestosterone