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    Passive Microwave Components

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    Bashir Abbas Elbashir Salem
    Passive microwave components include terminations, attenuators, filters, couplers, and ferrite devices. Microwave systems use waveguides or transmission lines to transmit signals with high signal-to-noise ratios and low attenuation between components. Scattering parameters (S-parameters) describe the electrical behavior of linear electrical networks when undergoing various steady state stimuli by electrical signals. S-parameters form a matrix that can model multiport networks and are used to represent passive microwave components.

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    Passive Microwave Components

    Uploaded by

    Bashir Abbas Elbashir Salem
    10 views13 pages
    Passive microwave components include terminations, attenuators, filters, couplers, and ferrite devices. Microwave systems use waveguides or transmission lines to transmit signals with high signal-to-noise ratios and low attenuation between components. Scattering parameters (S-parameters) describe the electrical behavior of linear electrical networks when undergoing various steady state stimuli by electrical signals. S-parameters form a matrix that can model multiport networks and are used to represent passive microwave components.

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    Passive microwave components include terminations, attenuators, filters, couplers, and ferrite devices. Microwave systems use waveguides or transmission lines to transmit signals with high signal-to-noise ratios and low attenuation between components. Scattering parameters (S-parameters) describe the electrical behavior of linear electrical networks when undergoing various steady state stimuli by electrical signals. S-parameters form a matrix that can model multiport networks and are used to represent passive microwave components.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    10 views13 pages

    Passive Microwave Components

    Uploaded by

    Bashir Abbas Elbashir Salem
    Passive microwave components include terminations, attenuators, filters, couplers, and ferrite devices. Microwave systems use waveguides or transmission lines to transmit signals with high signal-to-noise ratios and low attenuation between components. Scattering parameters (S-parameters) describe the electrical behavior of linear electrical networks when undergoing various steady state stimuli by electrical signals. S-parameters form a matrix that can model multiport networks and are used to represent passive microwave components.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 13

    Passive Microwave Components

    Outline:

    Passive Microwave Components

    • Termination

    • Attenuator

    • Filter

    • Coupler

    • Ferrite Devices
    Introduction:

    Just like other systems, the Microwave systems consists of many Microwave
    components, mainly with source at one end and load at the other, which are all
    connected with waveguides or coaxial cable or transmission line systems.

    Following are the properties of waveguides.

    • High SNR
    • Low attenuation
    • Lower insertion loss

    Waveguide Microwave Functions

    Consider a waveguide having 4 ports. If the power is applied to one port, it goes
    through all the 3 ports in some proportions where some of it might reflect back
    from the same port. This concept is clearly depicted in the following figure.
    Scattering Parameters

    For a two-port network, as shown in the following figure, if the power is applied at
    one port, as we just discussed, most of the power escapes from the other port,
    while some of it reflects back to the same port. In the following figure,
    if V1 or V2 is applied, then I1 or I2 current flows respectively

    If the source is applied to the opposite port, another two combinations are to be
    considered. So, for a two-port network, 2 × 2 = 4 combinations are likely to occur.

    The travelling waves with associated powers when scatter out through the ports,
    the Microwave junction can be defined by S-Parameters or Scattering Parameters,
    which are represented in a matrix form, called as "Scattering Matrix".

    Scattering Matrix

    It is a square matrix which gives all the combinations of power relationships


    between the various input and output ports of a Microwave junction. The elements
    of this matrix are called "Scattering Coefficients" or "Scattering S Parameters".

    Consider the following figure.


    Here, the source is connected through ith line while a1 is the incident wave and b1 is
    the reflected wave.

    If a relation is given between b1 and a1,

    b1 = (reflection coefficient) a1 = S1i a1

    Where

    • S1i= Reflection coefficient of 1st line


    Where I is the input port and $1 is the output port
    • 1 = Reflection from 1st line
    • i = Source connected at ith line

    If the impedance matches, then the power gets transferred to the load. Unlikely, if
    the load impedance doesn't match with the characteristic impedance. Then, the
    reflection occurs. That means, reflection occurs if
    ZL ≠ Zo

    However, if this mismatch is there for more than one port, example ′n′ ports,
    then i=1 to n since i can be any line from 1 to n.

    Therefore, we have

    b1=S11a1+S12a2+S13a3+...............+S1nan

    b2=S21a1+S22a2+S23a3+...............+S2nan

    bn=Sn1a1+Sn2a2+Sn3a3+...............+Snnan

    When this whole thing is kept in a matrix form,

    The column matrix [b] corresponds to the reflected waves or the output, while the
    matrix [a] corresponds to the incident waves or the input. The scattering column
    matrix [s] which is of the order of n×n contains the reflection coefficients and
    transmission coefficients. Therefore,
    Properties of [S] Matrix The scattering matrix is indicated as [S] matrix. There are
    few standard properties for [S] matrix. They are
    - ]S[ is always a square matrix of order nxn
    [S]n×n
    - ]S[ is a symmetric matrix
    i.e., Sij=Sji
    - ]S[ is a unitary matrix
    i.e., [S][S]∗=I
    - The sum of the products of each term of any row or column multiplied by the
    complex conjugate of the corresponding terms of any other row or column is
    ,.zero.i.e

    If the electrical distance between some kth port and the junction is βkIk then the
    coefficients of Sij involving k will be multiplied by the factor e−j βkIk

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