ve Ser Ee eeh!lhlUl EXPERIMENT No. 4 Diffraction Grating Objective: To determine the wavelength of spectral lines using plane transmission grating. Apparat Mercury lamp, Spectrometer, spirit level, grating with stand, table lamp, reading lens Formula used: The wavelength of any spectral line can be obtained from the formula. (a + b)sin ® 2 Where, (a+b) = grating element @=angle of diffraction n=the order of spectrum p=! (4) aud order (2) 2nd order incident ight normal tothe grating Istorder zero order Ist order “2nd order 3rd order Fig. (1) Schematic diagram of plane transmission grating experiment and (2) order of spectrum formed grating Procedure: 1. Set the spectrometer by adjusting the position of the eyepiece of the telescope so that the crosswire is clearly visible. Focus the telescope on a distant object for parallel rays. Level the spectrometer and prism table with a spirit level. 2, Set the grating stand on the prism table with help of two screws P and Q provided on the table. Take out the grating from the box carefully, holding it from the edge and without couching its surface towards the telescope. 3. The telescope is rotated by 900 towards the left side of the direct image and the grating is placed on the grating table. 4. The grating should be adjusted by rotating the grating table without touching the telescope such that the slit gets appeared at the crosswire ofthe eyepiece. 5, When the slit is seen clearly we rotate the grating table 45° towards the right. So the diffraction grating become normal to the incident light and ruled surface focus the telescope. 6. Now, the telescope should be again brought in its original position by rotating it 900 towards the right. fraction —_—— Department of Basic Science and Humanities Page 25PSIT - Pranveer Singh Institute of Technology Kanpur-Delhi National Highway (NH- ), Bhar 7. Focus the telescope on different colours violet, telescope slowly on either side fro1 8. Now, the second-order s} direction, 9. After measuring the first-order and Vernier scale), focused on the same recorded, Breen, red, etc. (VIBGYOR) by moving the m the normal position, It was the first-order spectrum. Pectrum may be viewed by further rotating the telescope in the same spectrum on both sides, i.e.; by nothing Vi and V2(main scale We tum the telescope to the other side (say, right or left). It is now Colours or spectral lines and the reading of the crosswire on the scale is 10. Finally, the same procedure is repeated for other colours (spectral lines) as well as for the 2™order spectrum. Observations: Table for determination of the angle of diffraction: Least count of spectrometer = Number of lines per inch on the grating N= Grating element (a +6) = 754 em N Reading of telescope for direct image = Reading of telescope after image = colour | Kind Spectrumonlef | Spectrum on right Mean Order | of of side reading of side reading of in of light Vernier | telescope (a) telescope (b) degree spectrum i MS. | v.s. | Total | Ms. | v.s. | Total Violet Mi 42 [o-sd}snr-3} 24 [0-018 [ios rly V2 163 [0-03} te3-03/tq1-5 fiqi-58 [191-53 d Green Vi 3d6 ] O16 [336K] 16 || y v2 [158 [9-05 {153.05 [196.5 146 0 First Red Vi [3345]o-16 4 19-03 > v2 | 155 [0-05 149 22 d Violet Mi V2 Green M Second Ve Red Vi Va CALCUATON: 2.54 Grating element (a+ 6) =~" em N N=15000PSIT - Pranveer Singh Institut F e of T Kanpur-Delhi National Highway (NI Bhauti, Ki ‘echnology PSI For Second order n=2 a = (atb)sind 3, = (a+Dsind 1 2 Error = (Standard value- measured value) «99 Standard value Result: Standard value of wavelength (A) for the colours Violet = 4047A, Green= 5469A Red= 69084 (A) The observed wavelength (A) from the first-order spectrum Violet = A Green= “A Red=. Percentage error in measuring the wavelength (A) for these colours in first order: Violet =2:46% Green=..5..5...% Red=.2..2..% (B) The observed wavelength (A) from the second-order spectrum A Green= Violet =-— Percentage error in measuring the wavelength (A) for these colours in second order: Violet % Green=, Yo RED= sere % Precautions: 1. The ruled surface of the grating should face towards the telescope. 2. The slit should be as narrow as possible 3. Grating should be set normal to the incident light. Viva voce: 1. What is diffraction? 2, What are the conditions necessary for diffraction of 3. Define grating element. 4. What isthe condition for maxima in a transmission grating experiment? 3. Calculate the maximum possible order of diffraction observed from a grating with 15000 li per inch. ; 6. Why the central maxima observed in the plane transmission grating experiment is white in colour? 7. Name two types of diffraction. 8. What kind of diffraction are we studying in this experiment?