Renewable Energy Engineering: Solar, Wind and

Biomass Energy Systems

Teaching Assistants
Mr. Mrinal Bhowmik
Ms. Makkitaya Swarna Nagraj Dr. R. Anandalakshmi
Research Scholars Department of Chemical Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati
Guwahati -781039, India Guwahati -781039, India
Email: [email protected] & Email: [email protected]
[email protected]
 Wind Energy
Lecture: Characteristics and Power Generation from Wind Energy

 Wind Data

 Airfoils

 Airfoils and General Concepts of Aerodynamics

 General Terminology Used in Wind Speed Estimation

 Formula for Velocity Probability Distribution

 Torque at Maximum Efficiency

 Wind Tunnel Performance Parameters

 Practice Problems
 Airfoils

Lift force – defined to be perpendicular to direction of the oncoming air flow.

The lift force is a consequence of the unequal pressure on the upper and lower
airfoil surfaces.

Drag force – defined to be parallel to the direction of the oncoming air flow.
The drag force is due both to viscous friction forces at the surface of the airfoil
and to unequal pressure on the airfoil surfaces facing toward and away from
the oncoming flow.

Pitching moment – defined to be about an axis perpendicular to the airfoil

cross-section

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 Airfoils and General Concepts of Aerodynamics

Lift coefficient FL / l L ift fo rc e / u n it le n g th

Cl  
1 D y n a m ic fo r c e / u n it le n g th
U C
2

2
FD / l D r a g fo rc e / u n it le n g th
Drag coefficient Cd  
1 D y n a m ic fo r c e / u n it le n g th
U C
2

2
M P itic h in g m o m e n t
Pitching moment coefficient C m  
1 D y n a m ic m o m e n t
U AC
2

where ρ is the density of air, U is the velocity of undisturbed air flow, A is the projected
airfoil area (chord, C × span, S), C is the airfoil chord length, and l is the airfoil span.

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 General Terminology Used in Wind Speed Estimation
Table: Values (approximate) of surface roughness length for
Air density various types of terrain
Terrain description zo (mm)
1 atm= 1.01325 ×105 Pa
P Very smooth, ice or mud 0.01
  Calm open sea 0.20
R T Blown sea 0.50
1 .0 1 3 2 5  1 0
5
Snow surface 3.00
  1 .2 2 6 k g /m
3
Lawn grass 8.00
287  288
Rough pasture 10.00
Fallow field 30.00
Crops 50.00
Logarithmic wind profile Few trees 100.00
Many trees, hedges, few
buildings 250.00
 z 
*
U U= velocity Forest and woodlands 500.00
U z  ln   Suburbs
o 1500.00
k z
 0  U
*
 Centers of cities with tall
 Power law profile buildings 3000.00
U*= Frictional velocity
zo= surface roughness length The power law represents a simple model for the vertical
τo= Surface shear stress value Wind speed profile. Its basic form is:
k= Von Karman’s constant (~0.4) U (z)  z 


   ; U ( z ) is w in d s p e e d a t h e ig h t z ;
U (z r ) z
 r 
 k 
ln  z    *  U  z   ln Z 0 U ( z r ) is th e r e f e r e n c e w in d s p e e d a t h e ig h t z
 U   is th e p o w e r la w e x p o n e n t 5
 Formula for velocity Probability distribution

a) Rayleigh Distribution

This is the simplest velocity probability distribution to represent the wind

resource since it requires only a knowledge of the mean wind speed, U.
Then the probability density function are :
   U  
2
  U 
P U    2  exp     
2  U   4  U  

the cumulative distribution function

 U  
2

F  U   1  exp     
 4  U  
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 Formula for velocity Probability distribution
b) Weibull Distribution
Use of the Weibull probability density function requires knowledge of two parameters:
k (shape factor), and c (scale factor). The Weibull probability density function and the
cumulative distribution function are given by:

k 1
 U  
k
kU 
P U     exp     
c c    c   k = Shape factor
c = Scale factor

  U  
k

F U   1  exp     
  c  

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 Annual Energy Production by Wind Turbine
Estimate the annual energy production from a horizontal
axis wind turbine with a 10 m diameter operating in a wind
The average wind machine power p w can be expressed
regime with an average wind speed of 7 m/s. Assume that
as the wind turbine is operating under standard atmospheric
2 
2
conditions (ρ=1.225 kg/m3) and turbine efficiency of 0.35.
  D U
3
pw
3 
Solution:
pw =average wind machine power Average power produce
2
 2 
U =average wind velocity pw   D U
3

 3 
Multiplying above equation by 8760 hr will yield
an expected annual production. A n n u a l p ro d u c tio n  P A  P w  8 7 6 0 h /yr

Power output

P o u tp u t   tu rb in e  P A

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 Torque at Maximum Efficiency
There are two types of force which are acting on the blades: Determine the power in the wind if the wind speed is 18
 Circumferential force acting in the direction of wheel m/s and rotor radius is 45 m. (Wind speed, v = 18 m/s,
rotation that provides the torque. Air density, ρ = 1.23 kg/m3)

 Axial force acting in the direction of the wind stream that

provides an axial thrust, must be counteracted by proper
Solution:
mechanical design.
The circumference force or torque T can be obtained from
P P Area : A = π × 2025= 6362 m2
T  
 D N
P
The actual efficiency  
P to ta l
1 3
1 W in d p o w e r = ρAV
P   P to ta l   AV
3

2
2
T Torque 1 D V
3

T  
P Power 8 N
ω Angular velocity
As maximum efficiency = 0.593 = 59.3% =16/27 1
 1 .2 3  6 3 6 2  1 8  22817 kW
D Diameter of rotor 3
N Shaft speed
D V
3
Ptotal Total power 16 1 2
T m ax   
A Area 27 8 N
V Velocity
ρ 2 D V
Density 3
ղ Efficiency Tm ax 
27 N
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 Torque at Maximum Efficiency
Wind at 1 standard atmospheric pressure and 15°C has velocity of 10 m/s calculate :
1) The total power density in the wind steam
2) The maximum obtained power density
3) Torque at maximum efficiency

Consider turbine diameter of 100 m, and turbine operating speed of 42 rpm for a propeller type wind turbine

Solution
1 3
W in d p o w e r (P to ta l )= ρAV 3) Torque at maximum efficiency
2
 DV
3
2
T m ax  
1) Power density 27 N

2) Maximum obtained power density

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 Wind Power Vs Height

A 25 m diameter wind turbine is placed on a 40 m tower in terrain with a power law coefficient (α) of 0.18. Find
the ratio of available power in the wind at the highest point the rotor reaches to that at its lowest point.

Find the size of a wind turbine rotor that will generate 120 kW of electrical power in a steady wind of 10 m/s. (Assume: air
density is 1.225 kg/m3, Cp = 16/27 and ղ=1).

1
Po u t  AU
3
 m ech
Cp 
2

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 Wind Tunnel Performance Parameters
A 30 m diameter, three-bladed wind turbine produces 600
Power coefficient (Cp) kW at a wind speed (hub height) of 12 m/s. The air density is
1.225 kg/m3.
P o w e r o f w in d ro to r
P o w e r c o e ffic ie n t 
P o w e r a v a ila b le in th e w in d
Find:
P r o to r (a) The rotational speed (rpm) of the rotor at a tip speed ratio

1 of 4.
AU
3

2 (b) What is the tip speed (m/s)?

Tip speed ratio (λ)
Solution
B la d e tip s p e e d R
  
W in d s p e e d U R U b)   R 
a)   ; =
U R U
R= rotor radius
 = rotor angular velocity 2N U U  R

60 R
Reynolds number UL uL
Re  
  U
N   60
ρ is the density of the fluid (kg/m3) 2N
u is the flow speed (m/s)
L is a characteristic linear dimension (m)
μ is the dynamic viscosity of the fluid (Pa·s)
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 is the kinematic viscosity of the fluid (m2/s).
 Suggested Reading Materials and References

1. S. P. Sukhatme and J. K. Nayak, Solar Energy: Principles of Thermal

Collection and Storage, Tata McGraw Hill, 2015

2. S. Mathew, Wind Energy: Fundamentals Resource Analysis and Economics,

Springer-Verlag New York, Inc., 2006.

3. J. F. Manwell, J. G. McGowan and A. L. Rogers, Wind Energy Explained:

Theory, Design and Application, John Wiley & Sons Ltd., 2009

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