 If the forces acting on an object are balanced, the

MODULE 1: FORCE object either stays at rest or continues to move at

constant velocity.
 If the forces acting on an object are unbalanced,
PUSH or PULL the motion of the object will change.

 It can make objects MOVE, MOVE FASTER, STOP,

or CHANGE DIRECTION of their motion.
 Forces and their resulting motions comes from the
ideas of Sir Isaac Newton.
 Forces only exist as a result of an INTERACTION. TYPES OF FORCES
 SI unit of force: NEWTON A. CONTACT FORCES - forces where objects touch or
 Symbol: N contact with each other.
 Measured by using a spring scale 1. Applied force - a force applied to an object by a person or
 Magnitude of force refers to the strength of the force another object.
 Examples: 10 Newton or 10 N EXAMPLE : a person is pushing a desk across
 Forces have both magnitude and direction therefore, the room
forces are vectors. 2. Normal force - is the force that acts perpendicular to the
Net force – when two or more forces are combined surface of the object in contact with. Its symbol is FN.
Take note:

EXAMPLE:
3. Tension –force that is transmitted through a string, rope,
cable or wire when it is pulled tight by forces acting from
opposite ends.Its symbol is T.

4. Friction – is the force acting against or opposite an

object in contact with which makes the movement of the
object slow down. Friction always opposes the motion of an
object. Its symbol is written as Ff.
5. Air resistance - acts upon objects as they travel through the
air.

NON-CONTACT FORCES – forces where objects do not

touch or contact with each other. These forces act over a zone
or area called field.

1. Gravitational (Fg) – is the force of attraction between

two objects. In the case of the Earth, this gravitational
force causes objects to fall down to the ground.
2. Magnetic– are forces exerted on a field of attraction or
repulsion as in the case of magnets and other magnetic
materials.

MODULE 2

NEWTON’S LAWS OF MOTION

BALANCED OE UNBALANCED FORCESThe tendency 1. Law of inertia - states that, “an object at
of an object to maintain its rest remains at rest, and an object in motion will continue
state of rest or of uniform velocity in a straight line is to move at constant velocity unless acted upon by a net
called inertia force.”
 one or more forces acting on an object are
stronger than others Inertia - The tendency of an object to maintain its state of rest
 cause a change in position or motion or of uniform velocity in a straight line

Mass is a measure of the inertia of an object. The greater the

mass of an object, the harder it is to move when it is at rest, or
difficult to stop when in motion.

EXAMPLE; when you are on a bus.

 Example:
Initially, the bus is at rest. When it starts to move, your body
 If two forces acting on an object are equal in
has the tendency to move backward. On the other hand,
magnitude but opposite in direction, they are
when the bus suddenly stops, your body has the tendency
considered as balanced forces.
to move forward. When the bus either starts to move or
suddenly stops, your body has the tendency to change your
state of motion. KINETIC ENERGY
*Kinetic energy (KE) is the energy of a moving object.
2. Law of acceleration - “the acceleration of an object is
directly proportional to the net force acting on it and is
inversely proportional to the object’s mass. *The word kinetic comes from the Greek word kinetikos which
means moving.
The acceleration of an object depends upon its mass and the
magnitude of the force. *Kinetic energy measures the amount of work the object can do
because of its motion.
3. Law of interaction - states that “for every action, there is
always an equal and opposite reaction.” *Kinetic energy can be computed using the formula: KE = ½
mv²
This law tells us that a force exerted on any object is always
exerted back by an equal magnitude of force but in opposite
direction. Always rememer that in this law, forces always where: KE is the kinetic energy in joule
come in (J),
pairs. These are called action and reaction forces, and m is the object's mass in kilogram
they do not act on the same body. (kg), and
v is the object's speed in meter per
MODULE 2 second (m/s).

POTENTIAL ENERGY AND KINETIC ENERGY *The kinetic energy of an object depends on its mass and
*An object requires energy to do work. speed.

Consider two objects A and B that are about to What will happen to the KE of an object if its mass is
interact with each other. When object A is pushed, an doubled but the speed remains the same? The KE of
applied force is doing work on it. Object A possesses an object is also doubled.
kinetic energy while moving towards a stationary How about if the speed is doubled but the mass
object B. In this situation, object A loses energy while remains the same? The KE of an object increases
object B gains energy. When this happens, energy is four times.
transferred from object A to object B. This indicates This means that the greater the mass, the greater the
that any object that has energy can do work. kinetic energy; and the faster the speed the higher
the kinetic energy as well.
*Energy is the ability or capacity to do work.

*Joule (J) is the unit of energy. One (1) J is the energy needed
to accomplish one (1) joule of work. A larger unit of energy
called kilojoule (kJ) is sometimes used. One (1) kJ is equal
to1000 J.

*Work is a way to transmit energy. It can be performed by

using potential energy or kinetic energy.

POTENTIAL ENERGY
*Potential energy (PE) refers to the energy that the body gains
or losses with respect to its position.

The work performed in lifting an object is equals to

the potential energy the object gains. An object
absorbs energy when lifted from the ground and when
allowed to fall, it loses energy.

*Potential energy is given by PE=mgh

where: PE is the potential energy in joules
(J);
m is the object's mass in kilograms
(kg);
g is the acceleration due to gravity
which is 9.8 m/s²; and
h is the height of the object from
the reference point (e.g., ground) in
meters (m).