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01 Introduction To The Body

The document provides definitions and descriptions of key anatomical and physiological concepts. It describes the 7 levels at which the human body can be organized, from chemical to organism. It also outlines the basic needs of the body, including internal transportation, intake of raw materials, elimination of waste, communication, protection, reproduction, and movement. Key anatomical terms relating to location, directionality, and body regions are defined. The major body systems and cavities are listed.

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hafaisolo37
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25 views24 pages

01 Introduction To The Body

The document provides definitions and descriptions of key anatomical and physiological concepts. It describes the 7 levels at which the human body can be organized, from chemical to organism. It also outlines the basic needs of the body, including internal transportation, intake of raw materials, elimination of waste, communication, protection, reproduction, and movement. Key anatomical terms relating to location, directionality, and body regions are defined. The major body systems and cavities are listed.

Uploaded by

hafaisolo37
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Introduction to the Body

CHAPTER 1
Definitions

◼ Anatomy
◼ The study of the structure and shape of parts
of the human body
◼ From the larger structure down to the smallest
unit
◼ The way it looks; what it is made of
◼ Physiology
◼ The study of the processes and functions of
the human body and its various units
◼ The way it works
Body Organization
◼ The human body can be organized into
seven levels:
◼ Chemical
◼ atoms and molecules

◼ Organelle
◼ small structures within cells

◼ Cell
◼ basic functional unit of the body

◼ Tissue
◼ groups of cells with similar
structure and function
◼ Organ
◼ two or more tissues that perform
one or more common functions
◼ Organ system
◼ groups of organs with common
functions
◼ Organism
◼ entire living thing; the individual
Basic Needs of the Body
INTERNAL TRANSPORTATION

◼ Purpose of internal transport:


◼ Carry oxygen and nutrients
◼ From external environment to cells
◼ Carry carbon dioxide and waste
productions
◼ To the external environment
◼Return excess interstitial fluid to the
blood
◼ Systems involved:
◼ Cardiovascular
◼ Lymphatic
Basic Needs of the Body
INTAKE OF RAW MATERIALS

◼ Raw materials:
◼ Food
◼ Energy source
◼ Oxygen
◼ Essential for
▪ The release of energy
from the nutrients
▪ All cellular activity
◼ Systems involved:
◼ Digestive
◼ Food is changed
(digested) so the body
can absorb and use it
◼ Respiratory
◼ Take in oxygen
Basic Needs of the Body
ELIMINATION OF WASTE MATERIAL

◼ Systems involved:
◼ Respiratory
◼ Removal of carbon dioxide
◼ Digestive
◼ Large intestine excretes faeces
▪ Waste, undigested food, & fibre
◼ Waste products from liver
◼ Microbes
◼ Urinary system
◼ Eliminates waste products of catabolism
◼ Keeps balance of body water and blood pH
◼ Integumentary system
◼ Minor role through sweat
◼ Also eliminates heat
Basic Needs of the Body
COMMUNICATION

◼ With the outside world


◼ Nervous and special senses
◼ Transmission of nerve
signals
◼ Respiratory
◼ Voice production
◼ Skeletal and muscular
◼ Provides movement that is
used in written and non-
verbal communication (ie
body language)
◼ Within the body (coordination)
◼ Nervous
◼ Endocrine
◼ Produce hormones
(chemical messengers)
Basic Needs of the Body
PROTECTION AGAINST THE
EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENT

◼ System involved:
◼ Integumentary system
◼ Skin
▪ External covering
▪ Protective barrier between the
internal and external
environment
▪ Temperature regulation
◼ Membranes
▪ Lines passages which open into the
surface of the body
▪ Alimentary (gastrointestinal)
tract
▪ Respiratory system
▪ Secretes mucus to keep the
membrane surface moist and
lubricated
▪ Protects from friction, dust,
and microbes
Basic Needs of the Body
REPRODUCTION

◼ Systems involved:
◼ Female reproductive
◼ Provides oocytes

◼ Site of fertilisation

and foetal
development
◼ Male reproductive
◼ Produces and

transfers sperm cells


to the female
Basic Needs of the Body
MOVEMENT WITHIN THE EXTERNAL
ENVIRONMENT
◼ Movement is essential to
◼ Maintain life
◼ Avoid danger
◼ Enjoy the environment and
others
◼ Communicate
◼ Most movement is voluntary
◼ Under the control of the will
◼ Involuntary movement (reflexes) are
usually protective
◼ Body elements involved in movement
include:
◼ Nerves
◼ Muscles
◼ Bones
◼ Joints
Anatomical Terms
LOCATION AND RELATION
◼ Anatomical position
◼ Upright with arms at side and legs
together; head and hands facing
forward
◼ Directional terms
◼ Medial
◼ Near the median (middle) line
◼ Lateral
◼ To the side, away from the
midline
◼ Proximal
◼ End of part (of appendage)
closest to body
▪ Usually refers to bones
◼ Distal
◼ End of part that is farthest from
the body
▪ Usually refers to bones
Anatomical Terms
LOCATION AND RELATION

◼ Anterior or ventral
◼ To the front of the body
◼ Posterior or dorsal
◼ To the back of the body
◼ Superior
◼ A part nearer the head;
higher
◼ Inferior
◼ A part farther away from the
head; lower
◼ Central
◼ At the centre of
◼ Peripheral
◼ On or toward the outer
surface
Anatomical Terms
LOCATION AND RELATION

◼ Parietal
◼ Forming the wall of a

cavity
◼ Visceral
◼ Relating to an organ

◼ Superficial
◼ Confined to a surface

◼ Transverse
◼ Across
Anatomical Terms
LOCATION AND RELATION
Anatomical Terms
LOCATION AND RELATION

◼ Planes of section of the body


◼ Median plane (sagittal)
◼ An imaginary
longitudinal line
(plane) dividing the L
and R sides of the
body
Anatomical Terms
LOCATION AND RELATION

◼ Frontal plane
◼ An imaginary

longitudinal line
dividing the front and
back of the body
Anatomical Terms
LOCATION AND RELATION

◼ Transverse plane
◼ An imaginary

horizontal line
between the upper
and lower body
Systems and Cavities
SYSTEMS

◼ A system is a group of body parts (organs) that work


together to provide an essential function.
◼ The major systems are:
◼ Circulatory
◼ Cardiovascular and lymphatic
◼ Respiratory
◼ Digestive
◼ Urinary
◼ Nervous
◼ Reproductive
◼ Endocrine
◼ Muscular
◼ Skeletal
◼ Integumentary
Systems and Cavities
CAVITIES

◼ Dorsal cavity
◼ Cranial cavity
◼ Located in the

cranium
◼ Contains the brain

◼ Spinal cavity
◼ Contains the spinal

cord
Systems and Cavities
CAVITIES

◼ Ventral cavity
◼ Thoracic cavity
◼ Located in the

chest
◼ Contains the

▪ Lower respiratory
organs
▪ Heart &
associated blood
vessels
▪ Oesophagus
▪ Lymph vessels
and nodes
Systems and Cavities
CAVITIES

◼ Abdominopelvic cavity
◼ Abdominal cavity
◼ Located in the

abdomen
◼ Contains the

abdominal organs
◼ Pelvic cavity
◼ Located in the pelvis

◼ Contains reproductive

organs, lower urinary


& digestive organs
Abdominal Regions & Quadrants
◼ Abdominal regions
◼ Right hypochondriac, epigastric, left hypochondriac
◼ Right lumbar, umbilical, left lumbar
◼ Right iliac, hypogastric, left iliac
Abdominal Regions & Quadrants
◼ Abdominal quadrants:
◼ Right upper quadrant, Left upper quadrant
◼ Right lower quadrant, Left lower quadrant
Body Regions

◼ Cervical - neck region


◼ Thoracic - chest area
◼ Lumbar - lower back
◼ Sacral - sacrum area
◼ Plantar - sole of foot
◼ Palmar -palm of hand
◼ Axilla - armpit
◼ Groin - depression between
lower abdomen and thigh
◼ Pubic - between the groins;
over pubic bone; genital
region
◼ Femoral - thigh
◼ Crural - leg

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