CHAPTER 11 - PIPING Chapter 11 PIPING Section 1.0 Scope This chapter provides general and _ specific requirements not only for plant or building piping but also for general piping installations. It includes Power Piping System Design and pipe color coding for safety and proper fluid identification in the system. Section 2.0 Definitions Pipe and Tube ~ The fundamental difference between pipe and tube is the dimensional standard to which each is manufactured. A pipe is a tube with a round cross section conforming to the dimensional requirements for nominal pipe size as tabulated in table for Pipe Schedules. ‘A tube is a hollow product of round or any other cross section having a continuous periphery. Round tube size maybe specified with respect to any two, but not all three of the following: outside diameter or bell at ‘one end into which the plain or spigot end of another piece is inserted when laying. The joint is then made tight by cement, oakum, lead, or rubber caulked into the bell around the spigot. Black Pipe — Stee! pipe that has not been galvanized. Bell and Spigot Joint - The commonly used joint in cast-iron pipe. Each piece is made with an enlarged diameter or bell at one end into which the plain or spigot end of another piece is inserted when laying, The joint is then made tight by cement, oakum, lead, cor rubber caulked into the bell around the spigot. Bull Head Tee ~ A tee the branch of which is larger than the run Butt Weld Joint ~ A welded pipe joint made with the ends of the two pipes butting each other, the weld being around the periphery. (Refer to Chapter 14 Section 14.3.3.27 no. 6) Carbon Steel Pipe - Steel pipe which owes its properties chiefly to the carbon which it contains. Check Valve — A valve designed to allow a fluid to pass through in one direction only. A common type 2n1 has a plate so suspended that the reverse flow aids gravity in forcing the plate against a seat, shutting off reverse flow. Compression Joint ~ A multi-piece joint with cus shaped threaded nuts which, when tightened ‘compress tapered sleeves so that they form joint the periphery of the tubing they connect. Cross-Over - A small fitting with a double offset, or shaped like the letter U with the ends turned out. It is only made in small sizes and used to pass the flow of one pipe past another when the pipes are in the same plane. Expansion Loop ~ A large radius bend in a pipe line to absorb longitudinal expansion in the pipe line due to heat. Galvanized Pipe - Steel pipe costed with zinc to resist corrosion, Gate Valve - A valve employing a gate, often wedge- shaped, allowing fluid to flow when the gate is lifted from the seat. Such valves have less resistance to flow than globe valves. Globe Valve - One with a somewhat globe shaped body with a manually raised or lowered disc which when closed rests on a seat so as to prevent passage ofa fluid Header — A large pipe or drum inio which each of a group of boilers is connected. Also used for a large pipe from which a number of smaller ones are connected in line and from the side ofthe large pipe. Malleable Iron ~ Cast iron heat-treated to reduce its brittleness. The process enables the materials to stretch to some extent and to stand greater shock. Manifold ~ A fitting with a number of branches in line connecting to smaller pipes. Used largely as an interchangeable term with header. Medium Pressure — When applied to valves and fitings, implies they are suitable for a working pressure of from 862 to 1207 kPa, (125 to 175 psi).CHAPTER 11 - PIPING Mill Length ~ Also known as random length. Run-of- mill pipe is 4 880 mm to 6 000 mm in length. Some pipe are made in double lengths of 9 150 to 10 675 mm, Relief Valve ~ One designed to open automatically to relieve excess pressure, Run — A length of pipe made of more than one piece of pipe; a portion of a fitting having its ends in line or nearly so, in contradistinction to the branch or side opening, as of a tee. Saddle Flange ~ A flange curved to fit @ boiler or tank and to be attached to a threaded pipe. The flange is riveted or welded to the boiler or tank. Screwed Flange — A flange screwed on the pipe which itis connecting to an adjoining pipe. Socket Weld ~ A joint made by use of a socket weld fitting which has a prepared female end or socket for insertion of the pipe to which it is welded. Standard Pressure — Formerly used to designate cast-iron flanges, fittings, valves, etc., suitable for a maximum working steam pressure of 862 kPa. Street Elbow — An elbow with male thread on one end, and female thread on the other end, Stress-Relieving ~ Uniform heating of a structure or portion thereof to a sufficient temperature to relieve the major portion of the residual stresses, followed by uniform cooling Wrought Iron — Iron refined to a plastic state in a Puddling furnace, It is characterized by the presence of about 3 percent of slag irregularly mixed with pure iron and about 0.5 percent carbon Wrought Pipe This term refers to both wrought steel and wrought iron. Wrought in this sense means worked, as in the process of forming furnace-welded pipe from skelp, or seamless pipe from plates or billets. The expression wrought pipe is thus used as a distinction from cast pipe. When wrought-iron pipe is referred to, it should be designated by its complete name. Section 3.0 General Requirements 3.1 All piping shall be run parallel to building walls 3.2 Grouped piping shall be supported on racks either on horizontal or vertical planes. 212 33 34 35 36 a7 38 3.9 3.10 341 3.42 3.13 344 3.45 3.16 347 3.48 3.19 All piping to headers shall come from below rack, ‘Ail piping from headers shall go up above rack All piping above or below racks shall be supported on separate racks Al piping should run with slight inclination for drainage of main headers. All piping on racks shall have a sufficient spacing for pipe or chain wrenches so that any single line can be altered without disturbing the rest of the piping on rack. All piping 63.5 mm and above shall be flanged while smaller sizes can be screwed. On long headers a pair of flanges shall be provided for every three lengths of 6 000 mm of pipes 63.5 mm and above. On long headers a pair of unions shall be provided for every three lengths of 6 000 mm of pipes smaller than 63.5 mm. All piping subject to varying temperature shall be provided with expansion joints or expansion loops to take care of expansion. No galvanized piping shall be used for steam. No piping material shall be used that is easily corroded by material passing thru All piping shall be clamped by “U" bolts or clamps to supporting racks except steam piping Piping supports shall be placed on a 3.000 mm intervals or less. All steam piping shall be supported on rollers or sliding support for expansion, All piping carrying pressure shall be of sufficient bursting strength for the pressure applied. A minimum factor of safety of 4 for working pressure applied shall be used. ‘A minimum factor of safety of 4 for working pressure applied shall be used. For conveying liquids subject to water hammer, additional safety factor of a minimum of 100% of working pressure shall be used,CHAPTER 11 - PIPING 3.20 Piping supports shall be placed on a 3 000 mm intervals or less. wer He 3.21. All piping carrying steam, hot water or hot liquids _ shall be insulated fo prevent accidental contact. | steam and loss of heat 3.22 Drains for steam piping shall be provided with steam traps, 3.23. On all screwed joints the threaded portion shall enter fittings with three threads by hand before a pipe wrench is applied, 3,24 Pipe threads shall be lubricated by white lead, red lead graphite and oll or other approved thread lubricants before tightening. 3.25 No rubber or rubberized gaskets shall be used for steam or hot liquids. 3.26 A shut off valve shall be installed to every branch from headers, 3.27 All piping shall be reasonably cleaned before installation. 3.28 All piping shall be free from burrs or protruding metals inside. is shall be 3.29 No piping carrying steam or hot liq imbedded in concrete walls or floors. 3.30 Where piping has to be located in trenches the pipes shall be supported on steel benches on floor of trench 3.31. Where piping has to be located in trenches @ suitable drainage or sump for removal of liquid Share Citmineral vegetable or animal, Flammable or Combustible Gases in either gaseous or liquiied form, vapour and pneumatically conveyed fumes ‘and materials ‘Acid and alkalis Air ahah Other fulds, including drainage pipes unless the drain is toa particular service Fire fighting materials, including detection and suppression system Hazardous services (generally with other identification of contents) ii iat cea Ure Communications ‘accumulations shall be provided for trench. 3.32. Where piping carrying steam or hot liquids have to pass walls of concrete suitable sleeves made of pipes one size bigger shall be imbedded in conerate before piping is laid 3.33 Piping to all equipments shall not impose any stress on equipment being connected. 3.34 Pipe carrying liquids with solids shall use long radius elbows or tees with plugs in the direction of flow. Section 4.0 Identification Colors for Pipes 44 Identification of piping by color, or color bands at convenient locations shall be as follows: 213 In addition to color coding, the specific contents of piping must be identified by sticker, stencil, tag, etc. 4.2 Color bands and pipe flow identifications shall be 2s specified and installed as shown in page 192. Section 5.0 Fluid Flow Velocities 5.1 In practice, the average fluid flow velocities may be as follows: A WaRCE occ seessenne-5 —3.0 metersisec. b. High Pressure Saturated Steam..........25— 50 meters/sec.CHAPTER 11 - PIPING ©. High Pressure Supetheated Steam... 50 - 77 metersisec. d. Atmospheric Exhaust Steam ‘40 ~ 60 metersisec. fe. Low Pressure Exhaust Steam 100 - 120 metersisec. Note: See appendices for Steel Pipes, uPVC Pipes and uPVC Electrical Conduits. Section 6.0 Power Piping Systems and Design 6.1 Scope. Power piping systems include all steam, water and oil piping and the component parts such as the pipe, flanges, bolting, gaskets, valves, and fitings for steam generating plants. central heating plants and industrial plants. 6.2 Materials. Materials used shall conform to Table 11.6.2.any materials other than those specified should meet the physical & chemical requirements & test of the latest revision of the respective specifications in Table 11.6.2. 6.3. Valves. It is mandatory that valves be (a) of the design or equal to the design which the manufacturer thereof recommends for the servige, and (b) of materials allowed by the code for the pressure & temperature. All valves in nominal sizes: ‘80mm and smaller for pressures above 1724 kPa but not above 2758 kPa. ‘50mm smaller for pressures above 2578 kPa not above 4137 kPa, 40mm and smaller for pressures above 4137 kPa may have screwed, flanged, or welding ends. For all valves, larger than sizes specified in the preceding paragraph, flanged or welding ends shall be used. Insert Pipe Flow Identification p.192 (PSME) Table 11.6.2 List of Material Specifications for Bolting, Fittings, Valves and Flange, Pipe and Tubing Material | Specification Bolting Staybolt wrought-iron, sol ASTM ABA Hot-rolled carbon-stee! bars ‘ASTM A-107 Aloy-steelbolting materials for ASTM A183 high temperature Carbon and Alloy steel nuts for | ASTMA-TS4 bolts for high-prescure and high- temperature service Heat-treated carbon steel Boling ASTM A281 material ‘Steel machine bolls, nuts and tap ASTM A307 bolts (Grade By Fittings, Valves and Flanges | ‘Composition brass or ounce metal | ASTM B62 | castin "Steam or Valve bronze castings ASTM BGT ‘Gray iron casting for valves, "ASTM A125 flanges and pipe tings ‘Cast iron for bell and spigot ftings | AWWA C 100 and valves ‘Cast iron fitings, short body, 3in, | _ ASA A210 (@Omm) to 12 in. (300mm) for 250 psi (1724 kPa) water pressure plus water hammer “Cupola malleable iron ‘ASTM A187, Carbon steel castings for valves, ‘ASTM AS flanges and ftings for high- temperature service Carbon Steal casting suitable for ASTM A216 fusion weldingfor high- ‘temperature service Alloy-steel casting suitable for_| ASTMA217 fusion welding for high temperature service Forged or rolled steel pipe ‘ASTM A-105 flanges, forged ftings, and valves and parts for high temperature service Forged or rolled steel pipe ASTM A187 flanges for general service Forged or rolled alloy-steel pipe | ASTM A-182 flanges, forged fittings and valves and parts for high- temperature service Factory-made wrought carbon- | ASTM A-234 steel and carbon molybdenum- steel welding fittings 214CHAPTER 111 - PIPING 245 Ferric and austontic steal ASTM A351 [annealed casting for high temperature Seamiess copper tubes ‘ASTMB-75 service Copper and copper-alloy- ASTM B -111 = a seamless (Condenser tubes) Pipe = 1 Steel Non-Ferrous _ | ‘Seamless steel boiler tubes ‘ASTMABS ‘Copper pipe, standard sizes ‘ASTM B-42 Eloctrc-resistance-welded steal | ASTMA-178 Red Brass pipe, standard sizes | ASTM B-43 ‘and open-heart iron bolle tube_| Gastron a ‘Seamless steel boiler tubes for ASTM A-192 Pipe, water, cast-ron (Boll and | FSB WW P-427 high-pressure service spigct) Castiron, pit-cast pipe Medium-carbon seamless steei_| ASTM A-210 for water or other liquids boiler and superheater tubes Castiron, centifugally castin | ASAA2T.2 Seamless alloy-steel boiler and | ASTM A213 metal molds for water or other | supereater tubes liquids e ia ‘Seamless cold-drawn low- ASTM AAS Cast-iron, centrfugally cast in ASA ADE carbon steel heat-exchanger sand-lined molds for water or and condenser tubes _ other liquids Eloctricresistance-welded stool | ASTM A214 [| Steel and Wrought iron heat exchanger and condenser Welded wrought iron-pipe ASA ADE tubes Welded and seamless steel ‘ASTM A-53, Elecric-resistance-welded steel | ASTM A226 pipe boiler and superheater tubes for Forged or rolled steel pipe ASTMAT2 high-pressure fee flanges, forged ftings, and ‘Welded alloy-stee! boiler and ASTM A249 valves and parts for high- superheater tubes z temperature service ‘Copper brazed steel tubing ‘ASTM A254 Seamless carbor-steel pipe for | ASTM ASS high temperature service ‘Cast iron shall not be used over 232.2°C (450°F) Black and hot-dipped zine ‘ASTM A-105 and not for oll over 145°C (293°F), coated (galvanized) welded and 2Copper or brass shall not be used over 207.7°C seamless steel pipe for ordinary (406"F), sos ‘Mallelabe iron or bronze shall not be used over Electri-fusion-welded steel pipe | ASTM A-106 260°C (500°F), (750 mm and over) Elecirc-resistance-welded steel | ASTM A-120 6.4 Wall Thickness. The following formula shall be pipe used to determine pipe wall thickness: Eleciric-fusion-wolded steel pips | ASTM A-134 (100 mm to 750 mm) t= _PD_ +6 Electric-fusion-welded steel pipe | ASTM A-135 28+YP for high-temperature and high- pressure service Where: ‘Soamless ferric alloy-steel pipe | ASTMA-139 tm = minimum pipe wall thickness in mm forhigh temperatura service | P = maximum internal service pressure in kPa ‘Seamless and welded austenitic |" ASTM A-155 t= nominal pipe wall thickness in mm Stainless steel pipe utside diameter of pipe in mm Forilic alloy steel forged and ASTM A335 llowable stress in materials in kPa ‘bared pipe for high-temperature C= allowance for threading, mechanical ‘Seamless austenitic stee! pipe ASTMA-312 ed or corrosion In mm, see Table Y = co-efficient for values, see Table 11.6.4 Sprabvevedses oclengee: |e *Since all pipe furnished by the mil is subject 3 to 12 % % variation in wall thickness, the ous re MESS thickness ty should be multiplied by 87 To és ‘obtain the nominal wal thickness. Non-Ferrous Seamless copper tubing, bright_| ASTM 8-68.CHAPTER 11 - PIPING COLOR BANDS EVERY 4500mm FLOW INDICATING ARROW ‘SAME COLOR AS BANDS PYCAL PIPE RR BANDING-INSULATED NOTE: BANDSMAY BE PAINTED AS PER COLORCODE OR 38mm PLASTIC PRESSURE-SENSETIVE TAPE USED (LAPPLASTIC AT LEAST 50 mm AT JOINT) 300mm |+— 300mm ——» somm J samt FLOW DIAGRAM ARROW FOR FLOW DIAGRAM ARROW FOR PIPES 150MM & OVER INCLUDING PIPES UNDER 150mm & INCLUDING INSOLATION IF FUSED. INSOLATION IS FUSED NOTES 1. ARROWS SHALL BE STENCIL TYPE 2. ARROWS SHALL BE SAME COLOR AS PIPE BANDING 3. ARROWS SHALL BE READABLE FROM FLOOR. 4, ARROWS SHALL BE INSTALLED EVERY 456 PIPE FLOW IDENTIFICATION NOTES ALL ARROWS SHALL BE PAINTED ON PIPES STICK-ON OR GLUED-ON ARROWS WILL NOT BE ACCEPT TABLE 216CHAPTER 11 - PIPING Table 11.6.4a lve of Cin in Type of Pipa vail of Gin neten Castiron Pipe, Cenirifugally 0.44 (3,556 mm) Castiron Pipe, PicCast Threaded Steel, Wrought- iron of Non-Ferrous Pipe 0.18 (4.527 mm) (10. mm ) 3/8 in, add smaller | _0.05 (7.27 mm) (15mm) % in. and larger__| Depth of Thread in mm Grooved Steel, Wroughtiron of Non-ferrous Pipe: Depth of Groove in mm Piain-end Steel or Wrought iron Pipe or tube for 1 in (25 mm) Size and smaller 0.06 (1.27 mm) Pipe or tube for sizes above (25.4 mm) 1 in 0.065 (1.651 mm) Bain-ond Norferous pipe oon Table 11.6.4 (b) "Y" Values, Type ct Stes! 900"F ané 950 1000 1050 1110 11508 above below Feritic 04 05 07 oF oF oF Austene «04-0 04 04 05 OF NOTE: °C =:F-32 18 6.5 Variations in Pressure and Temperature. Either pressure or temperature, or both, may ‘exceed the nominal design values if the computed stress in the pipe wall calculated for the pressure does not exceed the allowable S value in Table 11.6.5 and 11.6.5a for the expected temperature by more than the following allowances for the period of duration indicated: a. Upto 15 percent increase above the S value during 10 percent of the operating period. b. Up to 20 percent increase above the S value during one percent of the operating period. 66 Pressure Reducing and Ré Valve a. Where prossure reducing valves are used, one or more relief or safety valves shall be provided on the low pressure side or the Teducing valve in case the piping or 217 equipment on the low pressure side does not meet the requirements for the ful inital pressure. The relief or safety valve shall be located adjoining or as close as possible to the reducing valve. Proper protection shall be provided to prevent injury or damage caused by escaping fluid from relief or safety valves if vented to the atmosphere. The vents shall be of ample size and as short and direct as possible, The combined discharge capacity of the relief valves shall be such that the pressure rating of the lower pressure piping and equipment will not be exceeded if the reducing valves sticks open b. It is mandatory that a pressure gage be installed on the low pressure side of a reducing valve. 67 Pipe a. For pressure above 4 137 kPa, the pipe shall be: 1. Seamless steel meeting ASTM specifica-tions A-108, A-312, A-336 or A376; or 2. Forged and bored steel meeting A- 369 or 3. Automatic welded steel meeting A- 312 or Electricfusion welded steel pipe meeting with ASTM. specifications A155. b. For pressure above 1 724 kPa, but not above 4 137 kPa, pipe shall be: 4. Electricusion welded steel of ASTM specification A-134 or A-138 Electric-resistance welded _ steel pipe of ASTM specification A-135 3. Forged or bored steel meeting A- 380; or 4. Automatic welded steel meeting A312 5. Electric-Fusion welded steel pipe meeting with ASTM specifications A155CHAPTER 11 - PIPING Table 11, 65 Allowable Stresses for Pipe in Power Piping Systems = — se Sp RE PRET wicta | SE | ome | Ye eee | aw | ar | ut | wo | a | ww = SaaS eae: ead a |e aol fee | am oe [as | ee | ae [os Nias cata = a san | wen cee le lees | a eal mere a a oe, | come |e | | aes | oo $35 F159] om | tse | sn | soon | rae ms ago. | sam | arm mere A i rap [mam |i | tre | am | — | cam |-qme | due a — a 7 sir | aoe | | ao ie a in ta | jo | as | oe | aoe a | ese dia al | ae Peete | ea | ie) 2B | eave | al a es a ais, = se tes | aoe | eo | oa | oo eae Ks | au a | aa | 6 ane | as | S| at | on ‘Pipe in accordance with API Specification. The several types and grades of pipe tabulated above shall not be used at temperature in excess ofthe maximum temperatures for which the § valuos are indeated. (See also specif requirements for sarvco conaitons contmplatod ) Alowable § values for Intermediate temperatures may be obtained by interpolation, cast-iron pipe shall not be used for lubricating ol ines for machinery and in any case not for oll having a temperature above 300 F. “For steam at 250 psi (405 F) the values given may be used. Note: Multiply S in psi by 6.898 to get Sin kPa or Divide S in psi by 0.145 to get S in kPa 218CHAPTER 11 - PIPING Table 11.6.5, Allowable Stresses for Pipe in Power Piping Systems Note: Where welded construction is used, consideration should be given tothe possibilty of graphite formation in the folowing stools: Carbon steel above 775 F; Carbon-mdybdenum steal above 876 F; Chrome molybdenum steel (with chromium under 0.60) monet ast ‘eo. | a ‘aes 5p frTorperare Oop Nal coed | ome [sei] Bente [FE] a [7m | ow | os | ow | oe | vom] se [eo] vn [ae eva [te me es ania ee [ae aso | a0 Sm ao ee ote ae camera lam | aoe] | saa | aso posit |e at ae age) | Bae | ae qe] | Bae ae | fate |e eae aa | pee) | ae | as | fee] | Bae le ie | 82 | 8 axe & ae | 2s | am| a (en | Ban | nao Ey S58 |u| aa] oe | cas | bas s a |g] | tas | sae aoe a seco | ac 21] 10] sas | ree s om aac age as] oa | rae = fee | ii] 13] fi | 7s a SO [sats] tas] a Ts cccdiemed| | cs sseco | sen sen] wero] o| 20 ae sunt] tee] eae as as ye [se sae] ts] ne exccpemcs| | art ssoxn 4s] wax) sc rs0| 1.10] om | sem0 ooenee ea Etro peer pete bed bebe Be edd Pemerereess| | cee, | | es (seer ee ee ee |e a | a bet ame mm da eee eee eed rt be era |pe| a sao | sia rate] aso ‘ age | am ae] wal E sage ee ap cee sears lace| Go raoxo | newest] sa] 2360] 2:90] 200 | an] 30] 750 | oxo | a0 Sen Ey ae eee so| 4 aera | sou ser 10| a | 240 | aan isa | x saaze |u| ssce| tn | ac | 750 | san nels 2 | sons rse| ses | rags | som a ee, sno 140] | ocr | 200 | sexo on ii BA 3185 | som ssl 0 ozo] za | sn 219wines, p29 Kew eps ones Supueos ey oe rae a cops a elses Si, "renowds cv an iro ag, CHAPTER 11 - PIPING ea oor as [ears oer ee Teal [ av =" Bama EE ese aT OT ee Bev | weer warzone —|-s08s— |e —| “oo EET ry Hew. RRA — Bae aes oorar [wore ore —| aren | are [oar [eaves |e ge BS Yoga oa cov [emer | ore | owes | coe [axe | ose [om [one | om fensonoe] “Somer [RS] ew | pte | mmen Bea R BTU SUERTE SHA sim | “961 ae. tunuopgfieurowonya 4, 9 anode oes unvopasiouruegies 4, SLL anoRe Yens wogiED assed aun 0} ua oq pyneys uoneropisuaa ‘pasa 5} woanasues pepjem e1eume10N 10] sessang eigemory 220CHAPTER 11 - PIPING ‘Table 11.6.5¢ Properties of Pipe (Continued) NOM] SCHEDULE | OUTSIDE | INSIDE] WALL] WEIGHT | WT OF | OUTSIDE] INSIDE] TRANS: PIPE NO. + iam | biaM | THICK. | OF PIPE | WATER | SURFACE | SURFACE | VERSE Size Gn) (in) Ness | (bt) | INPIPE* | (equ) | (qt) | AREA n in) (i) (sain) 1 ae) 405 268 068 2a ‘0248 406 D705 (868 80%) 405 218 095 14 187 106 0563, 0364 oo 408) 540 364 088 24 ‘a5 tat 865 “041 oy | 40 02 419 535 0310, 444 0784 ort. ae 40(8) 675 483 ‘09t S67 ‘oer 77 1288 7010 20 (X) S75 423 126 738 9609 477 1106 1408, ca 208) 840 ea toa 250 1316 7 1637 040 800) 840 a6 147 4.087 1013, 220 4483 2340 wr 495) 7.050 24 113 1.130 2301 25 2168 5330 | 80.0) 4.050 742 154 1473 4875 275 908 | _a330_| T 40(8) 4315 | 1.049 133 1678 3740 m4 270 8640 80 857 179 2art 312 344 2520, 7190, Te 4018) 7380 140 2272 Bart 34 3620 | 1.495 80 X), 4278 191 2906 | ‘5563 434 -3356_| 1283 12 4018) toto | a5 arr 820 497 azis| 2036 __ | 90%) 1.500 200 3631 7648, 497 sear_| 1.767, z 4018) 2.087 154 3652) 1452 622 | _B40T | 3.355) 80x) 4999 218 502 | 1279 822 sors_| 2963 | a 40(8) 2469 208 578 2072 753 ‘eae —4.788 _ 80 x) 2.323 276 7.86 4.834 753 os | 4238 3 408) 3.088 216 757 320 ote B02 7.303 80 X) 2,900 300 10.25 2.85 916 761 8.605 31s 408) 3548 228 att 428 t0s7 926 a8 80x) 3.308 318 4251 385, 1.087 80 aes 7 4018) 4.026 237 10.73 Bat +17e | 4.085} 1273 80x) 3.826 337 14.98 4.98 sara | 1002 11.50 3 40/8) 5.047 258 1462 Bas tase | 4321 [2001 80) 5563 | 4813 375 20.78 | 7.87 14s¢_| 4260 | 18.19 @ 40(8) | 6.625 | 6.085 280 4897 | i251 | 1.735 | 1.587 | 2899 sox) | sez | set 432 zesr_| i120 | 1735 | 1510 | 2607 | 8 40(S)_| 8625 | r98t 322 2855 26 226 2080 00 sox) | e626 | 7.625 500 43.39, 198 226 2.000, 456 10 40(8)_| 10.750] 10.020 365 40.46 Bat 281 262 76g soix) | 1078 | 9750 ‘500 5470 wea 281 255 747 80 10760 _| 9.564 593 64.33 314 281 250 ng | wos) | 12.780 ~ra080 330 4380 496 ‘334 3i7 1180 | # 12750 | 11938 406 sas 405 334 313 1149 00, verso | 11.750 500 6540 408 334 3.08, 10810 |__s0 ra7s0_| 11376 687 8861 440 334 | 2.98 4016 4 301s) | 14000 | 13.250 375 ‘54.60 5a8 387 | 346 1380 0 4000 | 13-125 438 6337 585 367 344 135.3 09 +4000 | 13.000 00 7210 558 387 | 340 1330 80 14.000 | 12500 10631 | 542 367 | 327 1227 301s) | 14.000 | 15.250 6240 71 416 | 399 1830 © 40x) 16.000 | 15.000 8277 765 448 393) 187 80 16000 | 14316 13646 | 697 418 375 160.9 ° 16.000 | 17.250 Toe | 1008 an 352 2340 00, +6.000_| 17.000 93.50, 983 an 3.45 227.0 8 40 78.000 | ~16.074 10475 | 972 47 442 228.0 80 v8.00 | 16.126 707s | 988 an 422 208.2 201s) | 20000 | 19.250 760 | 1267 524 508 2310 2018) | 70.000 | 19.000 10420 | 1225 524 497, 2840 2 20 20.000 | 1aBte ta2s1 | 1204 B24 483 2780 20, 20000 | 17.098 | 4.031 | 20887 | 1094 524 470 2527 | zois) | 24000 | 23.250 375 e460 | 1846 628 | 608 4260 | 09 _| 24.000 _| 23.000 500 | 12650 | 179.0 62a | 603 4150 coy 24000 | 22.626 687 | _t7i.i7_| 1742 628 ‘52 Het 0 zaoo0 | 2158 | 121800 | 20326 | 1582 ez | 565 385.2 “To change ‘Wt of Water in Pipe (bit) fo kgimeter of water, mul by 1.488 “To change sq ff to sq meter, mult by 0.305 {Sis designation of standard wal pipe Xs designation of extra strong wall pipe 221CHAPTER 11 - PIPING 68 b. For pressure above 1724 kPa, but not above 4137 kPa, pipe shall be: 1. Seamless steel in accordance with ASTM specification A-106. 2. Electric-fusion welded steel pipe of ASTM specification A-155. 3, Electric-resistance welded _ steel! pipe of ASTM specification A-135 or 4, Seamless or _clectric-resistance welded steel pipe of ASTM specification of A-53 c. For service up to 400°C and pressure of not over 1724 kPa, any of the following classes of pipe may be used: 4, Electric-fusion welded steel_of ASTM specification A-134 or A-139, 2. Electric-esistance welded _ steel pipe of ASTM specification A-135 or 3. Wrought-iron pipe of | ASTM specification A-72. d. Grade A seamless steel pipe of ASTM specification A-106, wrought‘iron pipe of ASTM A-72, Grade A seamless steel pipe of ASTM A.53, or grade A electric welded pipe of ASTM A-53, A-135 or A-139 shall be used for close coling, cold bending or other uses. @. Pipe permissible for the service specified in Sec. 11.6.7.3 may be used for temperature higher "than 400°C unless otherwise prohibited, if the S value in accordance with Sec. 11.6.4 is used when calculating the pipe wall thickness. {. Pipe meeting API Specification 5L. may also be used. Boltings a. The following standards shall bolting: apply to 1. For steam service pressure in excess of 1724 kPa or for steam or water service. temperature exceeding 232°C, the bolting material shall conform to ASTM 222 specifications A193. For temperature exceeding 400°C, only bolis studes are recommended. When cast iron flanges are used, botting material shail be of carbon steel conforming to ASTM specification A-307, Grade B, oF A- 107, Grade 1120, Flange bolts or bolt-studs shall be of the dimensions and material specified for the purpose in the corresponding American flange standards. Bolts or bolt-studs shall extend completely through the nuts and if desired, may have reduced shank of a iameter not less than the diameter at root of threads. Nuts shall conform to ASTM specification A- 194, 69 Flanges a Flanges shall conform to the American Standard B 16.5 for respective pressures and temperature or to the specifications set by the manufacturer. 172 kPa and class 862 kPa cast-iron integral or screwed companion flanges may be used with a full face gasket or with a ring gasket extending to the inner edge of the bolt holes. When using a full face gasket, the bolting maybe of heat-treated carbon steel (ASTM-A261), or alloy steel (ASTM A- 193). When using @ ring gasket, the bolting shall be of carbon steel equivalent to ASTM. A-307, Grade B, without heat-treatment other than stress relief. ‘When bolting together two Class 1724 kPa integral or screwed companions cast.iron flanges, having 1.6 mm raised faces, the bolting shall be of carbon steel equivalent to ASTM A-307, Grade 8. Without heat- treatment other than the stress relief. 1034 kPa steel flanges may be bolted to cast-iron valves, fittings or other parts, having either integral Class 862 kPa cast- iron flanges or screwed Class 862 kPa ‘companion flanges. When such construction is used, the 1.6 mm raised face on the steel flange shall be removed. When bolting such flanges together using a ring gasket extending to the inner edge of the bolt holes, the bolting shall be of carbon steelCHAPTER 11 - PIPING equivalent to ASTM A-307 Grade B, without heat-treatment othen than stress. relief. ‘When bolting such flanges together using full face gasket, the bolting may be heat treated carbon steel (ASTM A-261) or alloy steel (ASTM A-193} 2069 kPa steel flanges may be bolted to cast-iron valves, fittings, or other parts having either integral Class 1724 kPa cast- iron flanges or screwed Class 1724 kPa Cast-ron companion flanges without any changes in the raised faces on either flange. ‘Where such construction is used, the bolting shall be of carbon steel equivalent to ASTM ‘4-307 Grade B, without heat treatment other than stress relief, 6.10 Fittings a The minimum meal thickness of all flange or screwed fittings and the strength of factory- made welding fitings shall not be less than that specified for the pressure and temperatures in the respective American Standards. All fittings in nominal sizes above; 80 mm for pressures above 1724 kPa but not above 2758 kPa; 50 mm for pressures abave 2758, kPa but not above 4137 kPa, and 40 mm for pressures above 4137 kPa but not above 17238 kPa shall have flanged ends or welding ends. 6.11 Gaskets a Gaskets where required, shall be of material that resists attack by the fluid carried in the pipe line, shall be strong enough to hold the pressure, and perform the purpose intended throughout the temperature range encountered. Gaskets shall be as thin as the finish of the surface that will permit to reduce possiblity of blowing out Paper, vegetable fiber, rubber or rubber inserted gaskets shall not be used for temperatures in excess of 121°C. Asbestos composition gaskets may be used as permitted in the American Standard for steel pipe flanges and flange fittings. This type of gaskets shall not be used on lines carrying oil or other 6.12 Hangers, Supports, Anchors b, Piping and equipment shall be supported in thoroughly substantial and workman like manner, rigid enough to prevent excessive vibration and anchored sufficiently to Prevent undue strains on boilers and the equipment served. Hangers, supports, and anchors shall be made of durable materials, In tunnels and buildings of permanent fire proof construction, piping may be supported ‘on or hung from wood structures if all piping used for conveying fluid at temperatures ‘above 121°C us spaced or insulated from such wooden members to prevent dangerous heating Hangers and supports shall permit free expansion and contraction of the piping between anchors. All piping shali be carried on adjustable hangers properly leveled supports, and suitable springs, sway bracing, vibration dampeners, etc. shall be provided where necessary. 6.13 Pipe Sleeves a Where steam pipe pass through walls, partitions, floors, beams, etc., constructed of combustible material, protecting metal sleeves ar thimbles shall be provided to give clearance of not less than 6.35 mm under hot and cold conditions all around the pipe, or pipe and covering. When steam pipes pass through metal partitions, etc, 2 clearance of at least 6.35 mm under hot and cold conditions shall be left all around the pipe, of pipe covering. In any cases, if the uid temperature exceeds 121°C, the pipe shall be insulated inside the sleeve with a covering of at least standard thickness. Walls, floors, partitions, beams, etc., shall not be cast solidly to or built up around and in contact with a steam, hot water, or hot cil pipe. Where such pipe must be installed in a concrete floor or other building member, it shall be protected for the entire buried tength with a suitable protecting pipes sleeve of steel, cast ton, wrought iron, or tie: exception maybe taken to the preceding rules where pipes pass through walls, floors, partitions, etc., that must be kept waler tight. ins, Drips, and Steam Traps Suitable drains or drips shall be provided wherever necessary to drain the condensate from all sections of the piping andCHAPTER 11 - PIPING equipment whenever it may collect. Suitable Grains shall also be provided to empty water lines, water storage tanks, equipment containing water, etc., when such piping and equipment is out of service. At least one valve shall be placed in each drip or drain line. Drip lines from steam headers, mains, separators, and other equipment shall be properly drained by traps installed in accessible locations and below the level of the apparatus drained. Drip pumps, drip (preferably with orfice control) maybe used in lieu of traps, if they are safely installed, protected and operated under regular supervision. All drain lines shall have drip valves for free blow to the atmosphere. Drip lines from steam headers, mains, separators, and other equipment operating at different pressures shall not be connected to discharge through the same trap. Where several traps discharge into one header Which is or maybe under pressure, a stop valve and a check valve shall be placed in the discharge line from each trap. ‘Trap discharge piping shall have the same thickness as the inlet piping unless it is vented to atmosphere or operated under low pressure and has no stop valves. The trap discharge piping shall have at least the pressure rating of the maximum discharge pressure to which it maybe subjected against freezing where necessary. Drainage from steam traps, if open to atmosphere, shall be safeguarded to prevent accidents from hot discharge. 6.15 Hydrostatic Tests Before Erection. All valves, fittings, etc. shall be capable of withstanding a hydrostatic shell test made before erection equal to twice the primary steam service pressure, except that steel fitings and Valves. shall be capable of withstanding the test pressure as given in the American Standard for Steel Pipe Flanges and Flanged Fittings for the specific material, pressure standard and facing involved (cing joint facing for welding ends.) Pipe shall be copable of meeting the hydrostatic test requirements contained in the respective specifications in Table 11.6.2, under which it is purchased 6.16 Expansion and Fle: I a hydrostatic mill test pressure for pipe is not stated in any of the specifications enumerated in Table 11.6.2, the pipe shall be capable of meeting a minimum internal hydrostatic test pressure determined from the formula P=28t D Where: P= test pressure in kPa nominal pipe wall thickness in mm, D= pipe outside diameter in mm, and S= allowable stress in material in Kilopascal and which shall be taken as not less than 50 percent of the specified yield pint of the material except that hydrostatic tests shall_not exceed 17 238 kPa for sizes 80 mm and below, or 19 306 kPa for size over 80 mm nor shall the stress produced exceed 80 percent of the specified yield point. b. After Erection. All piping systems shall be capable of withstanding a hydrostatic test pressure of one and one-half times the design pressure, except that the test pressure shall in no case exceed the adjusted pressure-temperature rating for 38°C as given in the American Standard for Steel Pipe Flanges and Flange Fitings for the material and pressure standard involved For systems joined wholly with welded joints the adjusted pressure rating shall be that for ring joint facing for systems joined wholly or partly with flanged joints the adjusted pressure rating shall be that for ring joint facing. for systems joined wholly or partly with flanged joints the adjusted pressure rating shall be that for the type of facing used y a. Piping systems are subject to a diversity of loadings creating stresses of different types and pattems, of which only the followingCHAPTER 11 - PIPING more significant ones need generally be considered in piping stress analysis: 4. Pressure, internal or external 2. Weight of pipe, fitings and valves, containing fluid and insulation, and other external loadings such as wind. 3. Thermal expansion of the line, The first two loadings produce sustained stresses which are evaluated by conventional methods. The stresses due to thermal expansion on the other hand, if of sufficient initial magnitude will be relaxed as a result of local flow in the form of yielding or in the form of creep. The stress reduction which has taken place will appear as a stress or reversed sign in the cold condition. Materials. The thermal expansion range shall be determined from the Table 11.6.16.2 as the difference between the unit expansion shown for the maximum normal- operating metal temperature and that for the minimum normal-operating metal temperature (for hot lines this may usually be taken as the erection temperature). For materials not included in this table, reference shall be made to authority source data, such as publication of the National Bureau of Standards. The cold and hot moduli of elasticity, Ec and Eh, and the moduli of torsional rigidity, Go and Gh, respectively, may be taken as the values shown for the minimum and maximum normal operating metal temperatures in Table 11.6.16.2a for ferrous and Table 11.6.16.2b for non-ferrous materials. For flexibility calculations, Poisson's ratio may be taken as 0.3 a all temperatures for all ferrous materials. The S values, Sc and Sh at the minimum and maximum operating metal temperatures, respectively, to be used for determining the allowable expansion stress range SA shall be taken for the type of piping system involved from the applicable tables in the respective sections of the code. In the case of welded pipe, the longitudinal- 225 joint efficiency maybe disregarded in calculating expansion stresses. 6.17 General a. Piping systems shall be designed to have sufficient flexibility to prevent thermal expansion from causing 1. Failure from over-stress of the piping material or anchors 2. Leakage at joints 3. Detrimental distortion of connected equipment resulting from excessive thrusts and moments. b Flexibility shall be provided by changes of direction in the piping through the use of bends, loops, and off-sets; or provision shall be made to absorb thermal strains by expansion joints of the slip joints or bellows type. If desirable, flexibility may be provided by increasing or corrugating portions or all of the Pipe. in this case, anchors or ties of sufficient strength and rigidity shall be installed to provide for end forces due to fluid pressure and other causes. c. Basic Assumptions and Requirements 4, Formal calculations or model tests shall be required when reasonable doubt exists as to the adequate flexibility of a system. — Each problem shall be analyzed by a method appropriate tothe. conditions. No hard and fast rule can be given as to when as analysis should be made. However, in the absence of better information the need for a formal stress analysis for a two- anchor system of uniform pipe size is indicated when the folowing approximate criterion isnot satisfied: DY, < 003 LyCHAPTER 11 - PIPING [ee [ore] eer] 0 a Toe= 00) ose | ize] rsa] ~ v epinreddog vee | exe | zz | 909] 10s | ose toe | e0z] rt | o a eee [ere] ere | ioe |eez | exe) ioe | ers] cer) - v wou BNO, ecot|sort| ez | ers | evs | oze | ove | ors | gov | xz] zest | 0 @ coz sort] ott | vb | ob |zeor |69°04 | zvor|ezor|ooor| exe | ~ v sseig ze. |zrer| ozt | 01 | oF'6 | sez | vero | eee | gov | evz | ost | 0 a oo44Josor| wor | Zor | vor |zsor| pros | ze'oL|ezor| zor | evo.) ~ v ezu0g zoe | z69| aes) eos | iy | we) ez | vor] oso) o g 6rz|0oz|ee9| soe | ua | ezo|ore|ees| srs) ~ v twos 989 Ae eos | rz] ees | ae | o0z) 0 a ozs. |ogeL over |ezer| sez) ~ v wnuwinyy gxsi|zert coer |ostt| ror | owe | zoz | ere} ers | ay | eve | zz | a1 g NO 62 ~"IN 99 e286 | ove os | of | ore | ase | ora | ose | of'e | 608 | a6 | ao | ere v 1eu0yy zo91 jasrt srer| 244] ror | zi6 | sez | v9 | avs | cev | sze | szz|zzr| o @ 7 08~IN 49 yoo!| 986 | x6 | 2o6 | v6 | 916 | 968 | ere | ave | ove | oze| zoe | vez) ~ v euoW sovtlever|rezt|ziit| se | eve | oz | we | ces | vv | ove | arz| ize} o a are | ze | aos | 006 | zee |iea lage | zse| are | cee | aoe | zez|ore| ~ v "Noz- 30 G2. tort|rror| ozs | tee | oz | eve | ov | ev | ose | ave | vez | oss | 980] 0 @ 10 £2 puB 9 LI ose | sve | exe | zve|e99|zs9|ec9| ore |ere| oes | ies | eos |oss| ~ v ‘s[aays ssejuleis win zor |os'et oz |vezt| vis | zor | oe | sz | xz9 | 10s | ove | oz] ov | 0 a 0901 | sot |er01 |ee01| zor | oor | sor | zee | zeae | ov | aoe | eve | vee | ~ v sjaars ssolureis onuersny s0z1| 9014] o0;01| so | oe | zoz | ore | v's | rev | see | oz | 24 | v0] 0 g sz | ove | we | zez | zzz | ore | 969 | o8'9 | 999 | oss | vee | er9| to9| ~ v veet|zzzt|or'st| poor] 6s’ | 18s | ovo | 9's | oo | zoe | ovz | ze | 680 | 0 a eee | ave | ere | ze | 26 | ve | soz | ype | ezz | zou | zea | o99 | oo | ~ v dort [ooe! [oozt [oor | ooo! | 006 | 008 | oz [009 | 00s | oop | oe [oz [oz revo ae ee uo!29/009, reuse (a00} ray worsaedes jemreuL eeu] = g eumesadive, per69 4.02 Woy BuIoD U, Lani Beg uolsuedxg euouL bb sideL, Ob X voIstuedx3 [BUELL JO 1U8!04}209 UBAIN = 226ze 2-5, = 9. 'SSION ‘2g U! Sanjen Job 0} G68°9 Aq ARIMA ‘SION ‘9igeIEAE IED ON, CHAPTER 11 - PIPING zor ou | st |zzs| et jezt| zer | ver wou 3800 Kes 66 [901 |eor|zu| vit our| out | eu aed | e'sz | s'9z |oue| Luz | Zaz] gez | sez ‘wos! 18MIN, (9 229 Lb 21) Io9}s ss9jurejs WiniwwOsYo yYBIeNg zv | o9 | zz | ze | o6 | 96 | vor loot} gor lout] ze | rus zz | gst | gat | riz] vez) ee | ove ouz| cuz | eee) cee | ez J99}8 ssolureys onmtuaysne ‘(10 9%6 zo | ez | ez | ce | oe | oe | ze s6| 26 |o6| tor }eor| ro | oo : 946) Sloats AJow-s9 ayeIpoUUE | rer | ser | oz | 612 | ezz | sez | zz oz | woz |o'sz vez) ez] Luz | viz 40 %¢ UBNoNA Sjo=Is ‘Ajowi-10 mo §18218 Koyy-UORIED es | ez | e@ | v6 | 66 | zor} 901 |eor! ov |u| wu | out gsi | voz | oz | gz | rez 992 | viz lowe gaz o6z| sez | Ge zs | tz | ee | ze | 96 | er fzor| oor fai] vie | on zur | ost | eet | siz | eez | vse | vez |ruz) evz |oez| Sez 662 ‘080 @noge yuaqUoO UogueD YIM 8}99}S UOUED os | 6s | tz | 06 | 96 | 66 |zor| vor |oo1| vor | gor oer | wot | sai | vez | ez | rz |r9z| ouz|ru2] cuz exe 880] 10 %0E'0 yueyuoo UogleD WWM sjO0}S UOGIED wo WO WO WO WO WO US ‘oor | oor | oot | oor [oor [06 | 008 | oz | cos [00s] oor | oo | ooe | oz icieen eq “eumieduie) sninpow) 01 faq sanie, Ai {eUOISIOL jo SHINBOM = O 01 Aq sanien Aidnin — AIpasers Jo SnINPOW = 3 reyorei sno194 105 AypyOry euorss04 pue Ayonse13 Jo uNPOW evOV ob olde, 227zat Ze-d, = 9. 'S8ION ‘apt ur sonten 496 01 568°9 Aa Adlnnyy :@I0N ‘ojgeyene 21ep ON. CHAPTER 11 - PIPING zs | sox | ze | esr | 9 uz sy 'ad gue "no 98 6oL | eu var|rz|ea|oe| 7 24019 Un pePEaT osy|ors|szs|uzs| 9 wW ye ‘N09 99 eu | za ser|cer|eerjorn| 3 8819 e}o1eWLUOD sos | oss |ov9}ece| 9 nO %96'66 ver | eve vst |ost|esrjou| 7 edo ze|ee|oe|ee| 9 | zor| vor} oor} oo} 3 wununiy 2 oe 02 02-08 est | vor Lor ca|va|es|eu| 3 Jpx91N ~ 4addoo ez | ze | oe re|e6|s6|se| o Iv 'n9 6z~IN9B ove | vee | eve sz] o9z|osz|os| 3 9 08 = IN 29 ]8UONY 008 |00z | 009) oe | 002 oor [Oz ~ a eq “eunjeedure eed 401 aq sane Ai IAW — Aypi6r4 feuoIs10 1 Jo snINPOW = 9 Aidiunyy ~ Ayonsera Jo sninpow = 7 1eueyeW snoi04 UON 40} Ay a fu 1euo|si04 pue Ayonsera Jo 1InPOW ‘bE age, 228CHAPTER 11 - PIPING Where D =nominal pipe size, 1mm Y = resultant of movements to be absorbed by pipe line, mm U-= anchor distance (length of straight line joining anchors), metre. L= developed length of line axis, motte. In calculating the flexibility of a piping system between anchor points, the system shall be treated ‘as a whole. The significance of all parts of the line and of all restraints ‘such as solid hangers or guides, including intermediate restraints introduced for the purpose of reducing moments and forces on equipment or small branch lines shall be recognized. Calculations shall take into account stress-intensification factors found to exist in components other than plain straight pipe. Credit may be taken for the extra flexibility of such components. In the absence of more directly applicable data, the flexibilty factors shown in Fig 11.6.17.3(6) may be used, Dimensional properties of pipe and fitings as used in flexibiity calculations, shall be based on nominal dimensions. The pressure stresses for services subject to severe cortosion shall be based on the reduced thickness of the pipe. ‘The total expansion range from the minimum of the maximum normal- operating temperature shall be used in all calculations, whether piping is cold sprung or not. Not only the expansion of the line itself, but also linear and anguler movements of the equipment to which it is attached, shall be considered. Calculations for the expansions stresses Se shall be based on the modulus of elasticity Ec at room temperature. 229 6.18 Stresses and Reactions a. Using the foregoing assumptions, the stresses, and reactions due to the expansion shall be investigated at all significant points. The expansion stresses shall be combined in accordance with the following formula. Se= VS +487 Where: iM, / Z = resultant bending stress kPa M2z jorsional stress resultant bending moment, newton metre. M,= torsional moment, newton-metre section modulus of pipe (m") stress intensification factor b. The maximum computed expansion stress, Se based on 100 per cent of the expansion and Ec for the cold condition shall not exceed the allowable stress range, S_: Where Sa (1.25 S¢ + 0.25 5) In the above formula, Sc = allowable stress (S value) in the hot condition S)= allowable stress (S value) in the hot condition Sc and S, are to be taken from the table in the applicable sections of the code. stress-range reduction factor for yclic conditions. In the absence of more applicable date, the values of f shall be taken from the following table: Attach Fig. 11.6.1.7.3(¢) and Fig. For graph for k and i,CHAPTER 11 - PIPING Total No. of Full Temp. ‘Stress Reduction modulus of elasticity at room Cycles Over Expected life Factor f temperature E, 7.000 and 1088 sacs nsinnnnnsis 1.0 R 2c\ eR 14000 and less oe 3 Je 22.000 and l088..2..- ssn 08 45.000 and less o7 400.000 and less 2. 08 Re= OR, or 208 000 and less 05 By expected life is meant total number of Re= ( 1-S)* Ee )R years during which aystem is expected to be Ss. Ey in active operation. Whichever is greater, and with the The sum of the longitudinal stresses due to further condition that: pressure, weight and other sustained extemal loadings shall not exceed Sy, Where Where the sum of these stresses is less © = cold spring factor varying than S; the difference between Sh and this, from zero for no cold sum may be added to the term 0.25 S, in spring to one for 100 per the above formula. The longitudinal ‘cent cold spring pressure stress Sy, shall be determined by Se = maximum computed dividing the end force due to. intemal expansion stress pressure: Ec = modulus of elasticity in the Fapnd cold condition 4 By the cross-sectional area of the pipe wall E, = modulus of elasticity in hot ‘condition A= (-d) 4 R= range of reactions or corresponding to the full expansion range based on = EC. Sa E = pa, Re and Rh represent the maximum ln which reactions estimated to occur in the cold and hot conditions, Sq, = longitudinal pressure stress, kPa respectively. P= internal pressure, kPa cc. The design and spacing of support shall be checked to assure that the sum of the d= nominal outside diameter of the pipe longitudinal stress due to the weight, minus two times the normal wall pressure, and other sustained extemal thickness in mm loading does not exceed , D = nominal outside diameter of pipe, mm Section 7.0 Industrial Gas and Air Piping Systems 4. The reactions (forces and moments) Ry and Re in the hot and cold 7.4 This industrial air and gas in mines, powor conditions, respectively, shall be plants, industrial and gas manufacturing plants. obtained as folows from the reactions R_ derived from the a. Piping with metal temperature above 232°C flexibility calculations based on the ‘or below —2.9°C. 230CHAPTER 11 - PIPING Fig. 11.6.1.7.3(c) Flexibility Factor k and Stress Intensification Factor i Flexibility Stress Lot. Description lexiblty | Stress Lo Sketch Welding elbow 1, 2, 3 1.65 og a or pipe bend h = rota ROU Cosely spaced mive bend 1.2.4 | 152 | og fe ser(i+tona) re ne 2 Widely spaced mitre bend 1, 2, 4 s2r(i+tana) Welding tee 1.2 per ASAB16.9 Reinforced fabricated tee 1, 2 with pad or saddle Unreinforced i 09 ae fabricated tee 1.2 ne ‘ Butt welded joint, reducer, i; 10 or welding neck flange Double-welded joint, reducer, 4 te or socket weld flange Fillet welded joint, or single i 48 welded socket weld flange Lap joint flange (with i 46 ‘ASAB16.9 lap joint stub) ‘Screwed pipe joint i = or screwed flange Corrugated straight pipe, or i Be ‘corrugated or creased bend 231CHAPTER 11 - PIPING 72 b. Air piping systems operating at pressures of 207 kPa or less. Piping lines with firebrick or other refractory material used for conveying hot gases. Wall thickness of Pipe The minimum thickness of pipe wall required shall be determined by the following formula for the designated pressure and for temperature not exceeding 232 °C, PD 28 + 08P ¢ maximum allowable, operating pressure in kPa The value obtained maybe rounded to the next higher unit of 10. The maximum allowable operating pressure computed with S values permitted under this paragraph, shall not exceed twosthirds' of the mill test pressure for a service temperature of 38°C or less and five-ninths of the mil test pressure for @ service temperature of 232°C, maximum allowable hoop stress in kPa, see Table 1.72 For steel or wrought-iron pipe (except. butt welded-manufactured under a specification not listed in Table 11.7.2) the value of S shall be 0.6 K for a service temperature of 38°C or less or 0.82K for a service temperature of 232°C where K is the stipulated minimum effective yield strength calculated in the manner described in Section 11.7.3 ty = minimum pipe wall thickness in mm, ic., nominal wall thickness less the manufacturing tolerance forthe thickness. Where available from on hand or in stock, the actual measured wall thickness maybe used to calculate the maximum allowable operating pressure. C= corrosion in millimetre obtained from the following: 232 ‘Type of Pipe Value of C in Inches (mm) ‘Threaded steel, wrought-iron Depth of thread or Grooved steel, wrought-iron Plain 0.05 (1.7mm) whichever is larger Depth of groove end steel or wrought-iron 0.05 (1.7mm) D = outside diameter of pipe in inches (mm) 7.3 Effective Yield Strength (K) The effective yield strength K of steel or wrought.iron pipe maybe determined by taking the product of Y, the stipulated minimum yield strength, and E, efficiency of the longitudinal joint. The value of E shall be taken from the following: Specification Number Pipe Type Factor ASTM A-53 ‘Seamless 4.00 Electric Resistance Welded 1.00 Furnace Lap Welded 0.80 Fumace Butt Welded 0.60 ASTMA-106 Seamless 4.00 ASTMA-134 Electric Fusion Welded 0.80 ASTMA-135 Electric Resistance Welded 1.00 ASTMA-139 Electric Fusion Welded 0.80 ASTMA-155 Electric Fusion Welded 1.00 API SL Seamless 1.00 Electric Resistance Welded 1.00 Electric Flash Welded 1.00 Fumace Lap Welded 0.80 Fumace Butt Welded 0.60 Seamless 7.00 Electric Resistance Welded 1.00 Electric Flash Welded 1.00 Submerged Arc Welded 1.00 Alternatively, the effective yield strength maybe determined by internal hydrostatic pressure tests on finished lengths of pipe or on cylindrical samples cut from the results of such tests in accordance with the following formula: K = Byp 2 Where: K elective yield strength in kPaCHAPTER 11 - PIPING Py =pressure at the yield strength of the pipe in kPa, This maybe taken as the pressure required to cause a volumetric offset of 0.2 per cent of as the pressure required to cause a permanent increase in circumference of 0.1 per cent at any point, but other suitable methods of determining that the stress in the steel has reached the yield strength maybe used, provided such methods conform in all respects to recognized engineering practices. t = stipulated nominal pipe wall thickness in mm D = stipulated outside diameter of pipe in mm, Table 11.7.2 Maximum Allowable Stresses for Pipe in Gas and Air Piping Systems Ts as rs att ‘Soectcaion _inPaig or Temperatures nto - e 22C Soamioe Ste ‘Grave ASTMAt0s 18.000 15600 Saves astunios 21000, 48.200 Gave ASTMASS 8000, 43600 Srece ® aSTMASS 21000, 18200 TSR 50a 307 APIS. 4.000 sse00 API. 21090 18.200, APIS aay at Fusion Welded Steet rade AsTeAts5 14400 200 Gaee AsTuniss 46.200 soso Gacec ASTMAASS 40.000, ‘500 Srcinry 4400 Brack astuns2 46009 2500 Grace 8 asruaisy Oa s4590 asta ist owe Doutlecubmergedare APISLIY oso welded ct Restance- welded sen ‘rade AsTWA4135 18000, 15800 Grese 8 SSTMAdas 21000, 13100 Gasca ssruacy 4000, 15000 Grasee ames 21000, 38.190 Grade & apse ‘eo00 35800 Grave 8 BPI 21,00 18.190 apa aby Lap. Wolds See ‘Open heath or etic ‘trace psmeass 12.000 10.400 panna Coes APISL 12.00 so00 Bessemer ASTMAS? 14400, 2500 pest 400 12500 nStwat20 42000, 300 Butt netded Stet Open het ce esne race 000 7900 ASTMASS 233 pen Pear (Giaes a 1915. 8000 700 Bossomee ASTWAS3 10.800 9380 asmvAtz 8000 700 Lape wrt on asTMar2 a0 10000 uttwelded wrought ed ass pp ASTNATZ 8880 7500 AP 8550 7500 ‘cope Pipe copper Tung ‘sf 2s0'p ste 0" 3 Gsouetcarrezdc be $,000-10,00076003,750 Bss.8.75, 7.s06 28056854 780 536 175006.250'36253.750, Section 8.0 Refrigerator Piping System at 82 Reftigeration piping shall be understood to comprise all refrigerant and brine piping, whenever used and whether erected on the premise or factory assembied. Minimum Design Pressures for Refrigerant Piping a. Piping Systems for reftigerants shell be designed for not less than the pressures given in Table 11.8.2.1 b. For refrigerants not listed in Table 11.8.2.1 the design pressure for the high-pressure side shall be not less than the saturated vapour pressure of the refrigerant at 54 °C, The design pressure for the low-pressure side shall be not less than the saturated vapour pressure of the refrigerant at 32 °C. For reftigerant not listed in Table 11.8.2.1 & having @ critical temperature below 54°C, the design pressure for the high pressure side shall be not less than 1.5 times the critical pressure and the design pressure for the low-pressure side shall be not less than the critical pressure. In no case shall be design pressure be less than 270 kPa. ©. Piping systems for brine shall be designed for the maximum pressure which can be imposed on the system in normal operation, but not less than 689.5 kPa including for cast-iron pipe, the water hammer allowance as shown in Table 11.8.2.3, d. For working temperatures below 18°C, an allowance for brittleness of castings, forgings, bolling, and pipe shall be made as follows.CHAPTER 11 - PIPING CAST IRON, WROUGHT-IRON, and CARBON STEEL ferrous materials shall have the design pressure including allowance for water hammer increased 2 percent for each degree below 18°C and Shall not be used below ~ 73°C. COPPER, adjustment, BRASS, BRONZE. No 8.3 Thickness of Pipe The minimum thickness of pipe wall required shall be determined by the following formula: ten —— ee 28 + 0.8P Where: f= minimum pipe wall thickness in mm ‘maximum intemal service pressure in kPa (plus allowance for temperatures as provide in Sec. 11.8.2.4 and water hammer allowance for cast-iron pipe as provided in Sec. 11.8.2.3). The value of P shall not be taken at less than 689.5 kPa for any condition of service or material, outside diameter of pipe in mm S= allowable stress in material due to internal pressure, kilo Pascal Table 11.83 Allowance for threading, mechanical strength, andlor corrosion, in mm obtained from the following list. ‘Type of Pipe Value of Castiron pipe cetrifugally cast or cast horizontally in green sand molds 3.556mm Castiron pipe, pit-cast 4.572mm Threaded steel, wrought-iron or non-ferrous pipe: 3/8 in, and smaller 4.27mm Yin. and larger Depth of thread Grooved stee!, wroughtiron or non-ferrous pipe Depth of groove mm Plain-end, steel or wrought- iron pipe 4 in. size and smaller 4.27mm Sizes larger than 1 in. 4.651 mm Plain-end non-ferrous pipe or tube Zero * In the case of cast-iron pipe the minimum values of the water hammer allowance to be added to P are given in Table 8.6.2.3 Table 11.8.2.4 Minimum Design pressure (Psi) for Refrigerant Piping es Mate! Ghomesl pire Presaure SoS, exp San done co, 1.500 100 Deniodfrematana — GChFy im 8 reo 1) Dctloromeinane (caren Noi}Mothyons chore) CHsCts Pr Dihitononotuorratane Creo) once m0 kde eon) oats sm eoneteriratne Groon 2) cnc, esto ‘ystercogncureone Geom) cok eB TWtlootirosthane —C.ChFy 2 # coun — i oo t50 Denlowsthyene Coho seo Elin conte coat re Neb chore cine: 6 Naty Formats feooc, =’ Sip Dose See 8 cons Bute cata sa enone cn 1000 oto Eye oa 1300 1.680 isobutane Giver 3g Propene oe oo 80 Note: Multiply value by 6.895 to obtain P in kPa. 8.4 Piping of Pressure Relieving Devices ‘The most important design factor about pressure relieving devices is the underlyingCHAPTER 11 - PIPING principle of intrinsic safety. They must “fail safe” OF not at al. Therefore, the solution to problems in pressure relief piping must be based on sound design practices. Because failure is intolerable, simplicity and directness of design should be encouraged as a mass to reliability ‘There are at least four good reasons why the installation of pressure safety valves and disc should be engineered with care: Table 118.9 ‘Allowable § Values for Fipe and Tubing in Refrigerating Systems Tata Spectaton wager Set Pp (Grado A) anton | Soames ASTA-59-Pipe ASTM A~22—Tube SIMA 120- Pipe ASTMA=179— Tube SIMA 102— Tube ASTMA 108 Pipe BPEL lee ASIA 83-Pipe 2000 Slee Pipe (GredeB) and ey te erie sirgetmmne fame Bae Sata si smiree ans — Htc re Sete” ax cues ‘oa ‘Stel, orPipe Seamieae ‘ly Grades 221 tear Stat Tube Beare Reestance Wercee ‘Moy. Gredes TP 324 (Note: 085 ont encency) Stoel Tube, esoper razed ASTMA-312-Pioe ASIA. 213 Tune 18750 astie249 15900 asTtn-254 S000 Seon Wreuoht kon Lap Weld tte ‘Wrought ron But welded 81000 Castiton Pipe, Pt ooo tion, Cnitugay Cast ‘roast nantly In Grean Sand elas Fee ww -P—421 000 Seveleas asmp-43 7000 be Seaniess ASTMB 42 S00 "oper ng Seartess ASIN 38 Som ‘ASTM 2067 8000 *Castiron is allowed only fr non-volatile rerigerants ‘Brass pipe, copper pipe seamless copper tubing seamless, lemperaiire limit 250 0 (12160). NOTE: Multiply values by 6.895 to get Sin kPa, 235 85 a. The inlet and outlet piping can reduce the capacity of the device below a safe value. b. The operation of the device maybe adversely affected to the point where the ‘opening or closing pressure is altered. In the case of safety valves‘, premature leaking or “simmering” may occur at pressures less than the set pressure or chattering may ‘occur after the valve opens. ©. The reaction thrust at the same time the device starts to discharge can cause mechanical failure of the piping. d. Good design saves maintenance peses. Safety Valve Inlet Piping In order to operate satisfactorily, a safely valve ‘must be mounted vertically. It should be directly fon the vessel nozzle or on a short connection fiting that provides direct and unobstructed flow between the vessal and the valve. Safety valves protecting piping systems should of course be ‘mounted in a similar manner. The device may never be installed on a fitting having a smaller inside diameter than the safety valve inlet connection Water Hammer Pipe Diameter Sizes Alownnce Ke 100mm to 250mm incl. 827 kPa 300mm to 350mm incl 758 kPa 400mm to 450mm incl 689.5 kPa ‘500mm, 621 kPa 600mm, 586 kPa 750mm 552 kPa 900mm 517 kPa 1050mm to 150mm. 483 kPa 86 Pressure Drop The pressure drop between the vessel and safety valve inlet flange should not be so large that the valve is “starved” or chattering will result. The following limitations are suggested: a. The pressure drop due to friction should not exceed 1 percent of the accumulated relieving pressure. b. The pressure drop due to velocity head loss should not exceed 2 percent of the accumulated relieving pressure.CHAPTER 11 - PIPING ‘Some safety valve manufacturers suggested a maximum total pressure drop of 2 percent of set pressure. In the absence of test data, it is recommended that this more conservative limit be used. ‘These recommendations are based on a blowdown of a4 percent. Within this limits if the blowdown setting is increased, the pressure drop maybe _ increased proportionately. Remember however, that pressure lost in the inlet piping must be taken into consideration when sizing the safety valve. Pressure loss in the discharge piping should be minimized by running the line as directly as possible. Use long-radius bends and avoid close-up fittings. In no case may the cross-sectioned area of the discharge pipe be less than that of the valve outlet. Piping Supports Safety valves, although they may not be included under heading of “delicate instruments", nonetheless instruments. They are required to measure within three percent and to perform a specific control function. Excessive strain on the valve body adversely affects its ability to measure and control Supports for discharge piping shouldbe designed to keep the load on the valve to a minimum. In high temperature service, high loads will cause permanent distortion of the valve because of creep in the metal. Even at low temperature, vaive distortion will cause the valve to leak at pressures lower than the set pressure and result in fauity operation. The discharge piping should be supported free of the valve and Carefully aligned so that the forces acting on the vaive will be at minimum wien the equipment is under normal operating conditions. Expansion joints or long radius bends of proper design and. cold spring should be provided to prevent excessive strain The major stresses to which the discharge pipe is subjected are usually due to thermal expansion and discharge reaction forces. The sudden release of compressible fluid into a multi-directional discharge pipe produces an impact load and bourdon effect at each charge of direction. The piping must be adequately anchored to prevent sway or vibration while the valve is discharging, Table 11.8.7 Standard Pipe Support Spacing (unless otherwise specified) “Pipe Sie anger Spacing RodS@ Max WesSpan Uptotin Shonconlers One %in. 18.0 bs. ‘-tidinto Zin. BRonceniers One Bin, 60.0 bs, Zaintosin. 1OfLenceniors One ein. 200.0 bs BintoGin {Of onceniers TwoSBin. 4000 bs 236 Bin.to 10in, 10fL oncantere TwoS/Bin. _800.0ibe {2in.to14in, 10 fLonoeniers Two%in. 1,500.0 ibs. i6in.t018in, 10 fLonconioe © Two%in, 2.0000 ibe Din to24in__10fLoneentars_Two%in__ 9,500.0 ibe NOTES: A. The maximum weight per span is based on bigger steel pipe size weight full of water fittings and insulated 4. The copper tubing and fittings: (for instrument air lines) shall be supported not more than 5 feet on centers or as shown on the drawings. 2. Vertical risers shall be supported from the building construction by means of approved pipe clamps of U-boits at every fioor. Provide slide guides for pipes subject to thermal expansion, Supports shall be of adequate size structural steel shapes or sections where pipe clamps are too short to connect to the building B. Pipe Anchors and Restraints: 1. Where piping is subject to thermal expansion and where expansion loops, expansion joints and offsets are indicated, provide suitably designed pipe anchors to limit pipe thermal ‘expansion and over stressing of pipe and adjacent connecting structures, a. Rigid pipe anchors shall either be welded type construction or clamp bolted type whichever is suitable to the requirement b. Directional type pipe anchors where pipe movement is allowed in any one plate shall be designed to prevent excessive stresses to the pipe and interference with adjacent pipes or structure. 2. Piping restraints shall be provided to prevent unnecessary pipe movementsCHAPTER 11 - PIPING 88 due to vibration and seismic forces and damage to pipe joints such as cast iron pipe, soldered copper pipes and others as required. Reaction Forces The total stress imposed on a safety valve or its piping is caused by the sum of these forces: a. Intemal pressure b. Dead weight of piping ¢. Thermal expansion or contraction of either the discharge line of the equipment upon which the valve is mounted and 89 d. The bending moment cause by the reaction thrust of the discharge. All of these stresses except the latter are ‘common to practically every problem. in Piping stress analysis, The magnitude of the reaction force resulting from the instantaneous release of a compressible fluid maybe calculated from the two simple formuias given below. For safety valve: Fi=(K+0.2) AP, For safety disc: F,= 0.63 (K +0.2) AP, Where: F, = Reaction force, Kg A= Area of valve orifice or disc., sq, = inlat pressure at time of opening kPa (set pressure plus 14.7) K = ratio of specific heats, CpiCv. Note: Psi x 6.89 kPa. IF itis possible for air to be relieved from the system under special conditions, use a minimum valve of K = 1.4 for design Calculation of the reaction force for liquid service demonstrates that this force is 237 negligible. However, since it is usually Possible to trap air or gas in any pressure system, it is recommended that K = 104 be used in the above formulas as a basis design for liquid service. Here are values of K which can be safely used for common fl Fluids K Re Air and diatomie gases 14 083 Steam 13 085 NHs, CO2, CHy, and SO, vapors 1.3 0.55 Helium, Argon ter 049 Compressor Piping Piping in a compressor circult should connect directly point to point: bends instead of elbows give less friction loss and less vibration; angular branch connections eliminate hard tees and give a smoother flow double offsets for directional change should be avoided; closely integrated intercoolers with the machine minimizes piping; pulsation. dampeners should be located on the cylinders without any. interconnecting pipe; knockout drums. should be adjacent to the machine; several aftercoolers or exchangers in. the Gircuit should be stacked as much as possible for a direct gas flow; and equipment in the Circuit should be in process flow sequence. Because of the ever present vibration problems at reciprocating compressors, pipe Supports have a very important role in piping design. Supports independent of any other foundation or structure is almost mandatory. Pipe systems “nailed down” ciose to grade is a much preferred arrangement. If badly designed compressor piping has to be corrected after start-up of the plant, it can become very expensive