The document discusses transformer elements that modify efforts and flows without storing or dissipating power. It defines transformers and gyrators as generalized transducer elements that convert energy between domains while conserving power. Transformers relate effort to effort and flow to flow with proportional relationships, while gyrators relate effort to flow and flow to effort. Common examples of transformers and gyrators discussed include levers, gears, electrical transformers, and hydraulic pumps.
The document discusses transformer elements that modify efforts and flows without storing or dissipating power. It defines transformers and gyrators as generalized transducer elements that convert energy between domains while conserving power. Transformers relate effort to effort and flow to flow with proportional relationships, while gyrators relate effort to flow and flow to effort. Common examples of transformers and gyrators discussed include levers, gears, electrical transformers, and hydraulic pumps.
The document discusses transformer elements that modify efforts and flows without storing or dissipating power. It defines transformers and gyrators as generalized transducer elements that convert energy between domains while conserving power. Transformers relate effort to effort and flow to flow with proportional relationships, while gyrators relate effort to flow and flow to effort. Common examples of transformers and gyrators discussed include levers, gears, electrical transformers, and hydraulic pumps.
The document discusses transformer elements that modify efforts and flows without storing or dissipating power. It defines transformers and gyrators as generalized transducer elements that convert energy between domains while conserving power. Transformers relate effort to effort and flow to flow with proportional relationships, while gyrators relate effort to flow and flow to effort. Common examples of transformers and gyrators discussed include levers, gears, electrical transformers, and hydraulic pumps.
ENGI9496 Modeling and Simulation of Dynamic Systems
Transformer Elements
From Close, Frederick and Newell and Karnopp et al.
Transformer and Gyrator Elements
The generalized inductor and capacitor store energy. The generalized dissipator removes energy from the system. Generalized sources add prescribed effort or flow to a system. Generalized Kirchoff’s loop and nodes laws are associated with energy or power flow within a system, but do not store energy (power-conserving). There exists another class of elements that are power-conserving – generalized transformers and gyrators.
Multi-Energy-Domain Transducers Generalized transducer elements convert energy from one domain to another.
Obviously, energy and power can be transferred among mechanical, electrical, hydraulic, etc. elements. motors fluid pistons hydraulic pumps rack and pinion voice coil
These elements, in their ideal form, have two equations: one relating efforts and the other relating flows, with each equation sharing a modulus; or two equations relating efforts and flows with a common modulus.
Single Domain Transducers
Within a single energy domain, certain elements modify efforts and flows without storing or dissipating power: lever gears electrical transformer venture (change in cross-sectional area of pipe)
Transformers Relate effort to effort, and flow to flow. General form of equations for linear transformer:
e2 = n e1 f1 = n f2
Power in = e1f1 = (e2/n)(nf2) = e2f2 = power out.
Gyrators Relate effort to flow, and flow to effort. General form of equations for linear gyrator:
1 ENGI9496 Modeling and Simulation of Dynamic Systems Transformer Elements
e2 = n f1 e1 = n f2
Power in = e1f1 = (nf2)(e2/n)= e2f2 = power out.
Common Transformers and Gyrators
Lever:
Transformer:
Gears:
2 ENGI9496 Modeling and Simulation of Dynamic Systems Transformer Elements
Rack and Pinion:
Fluid Piston:
Voice Coil:
Hydraulic Pump or Motor
3 ENGI9496 Modeling and Simulation of Dynamic Systems Transformer Elements
DC Motor or Generator:
Massless Link (can be modeled as power-conserving transformer)
