eS ordinary differential Bysstions (ODEs) _- Many problems in sclence and. Angineering can be -formulated Into ordinary differential Equations (DES). — ODEs can he of @ Fivst-orew ODE and P. ii) Second —order OPE « Boia ie ele gider ardinary differentia} duration {First otder QU,3 — at fs an Gqstion that contains the derivative ef the dependent vartable » the qeneral form af First-order ook 1s, &cpessed 95, aa de. tou | coe cere Eenx fs independent variable 4 15 dependent variable. @ = order evel ahi 7 Second ~cr: linens differential sau tion Ciccone ~okler ODE): Tete cn aaustion hot confamns the “Second derivative op the dependent vartatle he> 3 ~The deners! forn q-the seaond-order oDe 1s expressedsolution of ordinary differerdt'al éoyrstors (ODES) =the elution g, an addinay differential dustion usually means, Finding Saclear—cut expre ssion fer y’ in terms of a defined numter of simple -fimerims of the Solution can be obtained based on relationship bbehicen oe! ard |! Such 2 solution 5 Knosn as the clesed form, — Numerical metheds also piovide Solution to ODES. —the ‘numerical methads fir sdving an ong ate as follonas; () Taylor’ series method. (2) Ewer's method + (2) Modified Euler methedt . (4 Picarals method ej successive approximation, (5) Runge — Kutta method. (6) Predictor corrector methods : Adams Moulton Method. = ta MATLAB environment, the. command _Asdlve. is used for obtaining a general solution. “Asolve’ Function : Se ~ For obtaining 2 general solution dan ofe, the MATLAB cowmare, alsolve, 1 Used cw agslve command has the fovm {Ssmtad) ¢ clade (ear or [aeche(o/, vr!) —Here, 27 is the €auation to be soled. Bt hac to he typed 35 3 shaing- yar is the Variable Tt hes to be ped as sting. AADLELVILI2 2Sim the dsdve(es') commana, by MAnAB to be ECdefaulty — 7 the. dsolve (‘ey "vary Command, User defines the Indepenctent Veristle as var, Hh MATLAB the letter D denotes differert’stion 1. dy, Sh tav~ 108 is tyred th matiag as, = Flid the general solution @ the fivetovder abe dy Manas sexipt. >> deolve('Dy= 4%t-4 271) = Find the general Solution of the second oveler ODE, dx SE tae trae. using dese Dasslve (pana Devx=0) ans = hlexpeo 2% exper) Ge = ate2y using —} Fo the Command winder, type ner, Y= CE 2k a ans = mn chremate)= ate <1 Ts dispiageatie WeC Bae aK’) MATLAB solves the Cavetin, dé arene set = amet "Ds Gtetaya tes MATA Sees the fauation, 4S = at. Spasavet Ds=a"%"2!, 'a'D I* re soucin 32 Lae daa] Cy (aretnf2ten ey s ey (Particular solution ef an ODE I = Tf boundary ov initial conditions ave specified, # particular 4 Solution of an ODE can be obtahed. a —A Fivst-ovdey bE reauives one_condition :, A. second ~ovder ope teauiiies so conditions. = The firsovder ote has the -form, * dese C'en!, 'conds!, 'var') = Forcthe Higher-ovcer OPE, the. Syntax 4S s \asalveCeg/ 'conds', ‘ema! =the boundary conditions ave. typed as _stzings Tver ete MATING fame yee “ytay =A Yoo 2a er D Yitay = a coeGomples. = sole the first-order OPE} di sy oé5 | Lim the Tritial Condition Y= using Matias. 8 In The MATLAB command window) type the following: edsolve Covraty=60), tyeo)25') ans= - | The onsner I5— sofexpl ate Y= (5—(o/ett) is clisplayed Exomple > Sie the Second-order ODE a durayoo|, Yeoet using Maro. DasolveC'bay-2teyrory q ns = lexpley*caste)—expins sint O}, 'ye)=4!, 'pyco) © write 2 function that computes -f,f.---~ fn for the given tnput (Xt) . Ber] — "Use the built-in ope solvers ade2a or ade4s to solve the feutztions! @ The. function written In Step-2 {S Usedd as an Tofu fo ae2s or ole as the. suntan 15: (time , solution’) = ode23('Your-function’, tspan, Xo) time. saltial conekivions: solution rear wasaie Funerion votre, Aire: Adak = \our-functin(te: This funenian comans, “the ans You Want 10 save. tine sen [to *nal] ‘Baract ‘the desired Variables frm the eutput One Ttermet the 1 results! | (@ For asystem of n €quations the output matrix solution cantatas “columns,opE23 and ODES ¢ soluing First-order equations Us = solve the frst-crcer Linear differential Euston, geewse with the initial condition xo) =o seeee: , INtite the. differential fustion(s) as set(aystern) A First-order oves Given Ope, dt x+t. = ntfs Written as, [es=rey (Zaenge! gorction ale) IS ERG (hee an Step-2: "waite a function “to com pute The statecne) derivative’, - aoe! Function xdot = simpodeCe): |” Snnre Xdot = xtt peal syntex te = simpede xalo\ ees xdot = XE sw Werite and Save the file 2s, on Mofile hit nome, |Advanced Data objects: MATLAB SupppIts Severs) date objets. — Mo of them ate + diystructumes ond Aeells Data objects ate special cases of the fundamertal data tye ,the array —Most familiay data object in MATLAB [5 sthe matrix, Shuetuses|; — A structure i, Like 2_vecord, — Record-Keeping tn MATLAB fs Implemented Using structure Deft Actucture Is a date construct with several name fields. — one Yecond (structure) cantains Information abait serious things. These. things will be Under diffeent_ heads Cfieldp re can maintain 2 fecotd kok for our relatives. —one page fthe book will be ‘alloted to tach a our relative. — Ne can malist the -fllowing information tn éacn page 2S headings () Retationship (ily Adsress, ity Name of children GV) pote of- birth of all children LLLL Example qa Structure. t Doredte 2 Structure fallsem wlth three 3 oe, Dut Hee, ne Nish to Yecord the hames of courses, Panes OF corresponding professors and GD your perfirmance in ‘tests In ‘those. courses. ¢ Hn the commend winder 4 MATLas the following pears is typed - fietds: course, ProPand: > > > ? > , > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > ’ > > > Fallem. course = ‘estat's >> Fallsem Prof >? Fallen « Score = ‘turing!s [eas a: > Faligem’ Fallsem = course ! ‘estou! prot: ‘Turing! score: Ct0 75 95) att ae =e the above. Shuchre fallSem tne fields, case. and prof comain Character StYINgS | score contains vector of numbers (Raw vedo) Multiple recocis n a struchwe array: — A etyudure can be madeas-an array (shucture av¥) . — "the complete record fs stored as one slement of the array. —Fn Structure array , fath lement must have Same. number Se fields. Sramele: The shucwe. Fallsen becomes an array then tuo 4 more. Wrecovds are added, — Fa the Command Wine type the follosing Sp Falison Go. cause ="Dhaad! ; alleen (3). course >> Fall sem(z) - Por feqenbaunt, Fallsem a+ Prop 22 Fallsem(ad » Senre . = [12 15 Te]: FallSemda) score 2 'eomanujon': = [Bs as 66]: Tahen typed Aueried), MaTLAg rol gives structuel freformetion about jhe shuchne « Pallsem 1x2 struct anray Hh Fields: prof score— Fa the command winds ‘ys [TE] >rFalisem(n> ceurse ans = Piao (El >> Palicemcad. seavect) ont as (3). >opolisem, score , ans = 2045 45 ~ ans= 2 15 48 ans = es as ce [A >pfallsemay. Prof ens Tuving TE) ppalisem(t+ seoret2) ans= as vultiple records in field armas + Te could Stove multiple vecoreis in a Single Shuchwe . Thiste done, by Keeping the shudure 2S 1X4 + xomple: : in the example. FallSem, the Courses, Names cf professes el Geotes Be Coded 25 2 4x matrk struct - etter, = Fa the cammmemel winders, the fellowing is tured Falisem. course Fallaem. Prof, allsem soe = charCestot!, 'phyzoo!, 'math2us!); = char(‘turing! 'pregenbaum! !Ramanujon'); = (Bo 4 95:72 45 Fes os 35 SE]: 09 RALLEREDEDELRR IeeeCreating structures : ares “We Can ciente A chuchie, by typing its Wome almg tity 2 Cad and Assigning values to the field ~The other Way oh cresting 2 staichte, fe With the _Sfiuct function: — shuct-function Syntax: Struck (‘Feldnames), ‘Values! 'Geldnamae', value ~The shudure_Fallsem which ts Gesied Laclier, could al be Created Using the struct -funchion. —Tt's shatn helao; Z tyes @ As 2 single struct Fallsem = struct (curse “char(testot!, ‘phyaco!, Imatn2it!).. Prop’, charC'turing!, 'eregenbaum!, ‘Ramanugan),... score, [80 15 95: 12. 15 1B: 45 35 26J); As a stucture array; Se Fallgem = Peet tourse!, tst01’, 'proe?, "Turing "score, Ceo 15 453); stuct('course, >Phy200’, ‘prof! ‘pregenbauin? ..... °score’, C12 15 Te); Struct (course), wathast’ Spo? "Ramanujan? . score”, Tas 25-6¢3));one : ‘enipulsting siefames structures : - Manfpulation of shuchies fe simlorto spe. manipulation af general arraus, ~Thete axe. Sexer2! functions to support: the rianipulation of Structures, ~ they are; () fieldnames ©@ sebfield D se ield BD vofteld, @® isfretd The names af above functions jill! Suggest, what the. function sill do: « a © ° ¢ © © e oe e 29999990