What is a crane?

How does it work?

 Work, Energy, and
Energy Conservation

https://courses.lumenlearning.com/suny-physics/chapter/7-2-
kinetic-energy-and-the-work-energy-theorem/
 MELCS:
1. Calculate the dot or scalar product of vectors( STEM_GP12WE-If-40)
2. Determine the work done by a force (not necessarily constant) acting on a system ( STEM_GP12WE-If-41)
3. Define work as a scalar or dot product of force and displacement( STEM_GP12WE-If-42)
4. Interpret the work done by a force in one-dimension as an area under a Force vs. Position curve (STEM_GP12WE-If-43)
5. Relate the work done by a constant force to the change in kinetic energy of a system (STEM_GP12WE-If-44)
6. Apply the work-energy theorem to obtain quantitative and qualitative conclusions regarding the work done, initial and
final velocities, mass and kinetic energy of a system. (STEM_GP12WE-If-45)
7. Represent the work-energy theorem graphically (STEM_GP12WE-If-46)
8. Relate power to work, energy, force, and velocity (STEM_GP12WE-If-47)
9. Relate the gravitational potential energy of a system or object to the configuration of the system (STEM_GP12WE-If-48)
10. Relate the elastic potential energy of a system or object to the configuration of the system (STEM_GP12WE-If-49)
11. Explain the properties and the effects of conservative forces (STEM_GP12WE-If-50)
12. Identify conservative and nonconservative forces (STEM_GP12WE-If-51)
13. Express the conservation of energy verbally and mathematically (STEM_GP12WE-If-52)
14. Use potential energy diagrams to infer force; stable, unstable, and neutral equilibria; and turning points
(STEM_GP12WE-If-53)
15. Determine whether or not energy conservation is applicable in a given example before and after description of a
physical system (STEM_GP12WE-If-54)
16. Solve problems involving work, energy, and power in contexts such as, but not limited to, bungee jumping, design of
roller-coasters, number of people required to build structures such as the Great Pyramids and the rice terraces; power
and energy requirements of human activities such as sleeping vs. sitting vs. standing, running vs. walking. (Conversion of
joules to calories should be emphasized at this point.) (STEM_GP12WE-If-55)
Work
• The product of force and the amount of displacement along
the line of action of that force.

W ork = F orce  displacem e nt

Units: Newton•meter (Joule)

ft . lbs (horsepower)
Work Done by a Force
• Work is the application of force on a system or an object,
which causes the latter to move along a certain distance.
• Work is a scalar quantity.
• The SI unit of work is Newton-meter (N.m) also called the joule
(J) in honor of James Prescott Joule

Conversion Factors
1J = 1 N.m
1 erg = 1 dyne.cm
1J = 107 ergs
Work as a Dot Product

Work is defined as the dot product of

force F and the displacement d in the direction
of the force.

W = F · d = Fdcos θ
Sample Problem:
A 25N block is being pushed up on a plane inclined at an angle
of 30° with the horizontal 46 N force applied parallel to the plane.
The block moves 3 m up the inclined plane. How much work is
done on the block by:
a. gravitational force?
b. Force
c. Friction force
d. Normal force
The coefficient of friction µk is 0.2 .
Given:
W = 25 N θ = 300
d=3m FA = 46N
µk = 0.2
Given:
W = 25 N θ = 300
d=3m FA = 46N µk = 0.2
Practice Exercise:
A shopper pushes her 25 kg grocery cart by a force of 225 N
inclined at an angle 600 with the horizontal through a distance of
7.5 m. Find the work done by (a) the 225 N force and (b) friction.
Assume that the coefficient of kinetic friction is 0.32.
Given:
a. W = Fdcos θ B. FN = mg
m = 25kg
=225(7.5)cos60 = 25(9.8)
Fa = 225N
= 843.75 J = 245 N
d = 7.5 m
= 844 J
θ=600 FF =µkFn
= 0.32(245)
= 78.4 N

W = Fdcos θ
=78.4(7.5)cos180
= -588 J
Try This:
Little Johnny pulls his loaded wagon 30 meters
across a level playground in 1 minute while
applying a constant force of 75 Newtons. How
much work has he done? The angle between the
handle of the wagon and the direction of motion is
40°.

d
Try:
The crate below is pushed at a constant speed
across the floor through a displacement of 10m with
a 50N force.
1. How much work is done by the worker?
2. How much work is done by friction?
3. What is the total work done?

Ff F

d = 10 m
What work is done when a 10-newton block is pulled 3 meters up and
incline with an angle of 30 degrees. Assume a frictionless contact
between the block and the incline.
FN

300

W
 Work done by a Variable Force

The total amount of work done by a

varying force may be solved
graphically or analytically by calculus.

Given a graph of force versus

displacement along the direction of
force, the work done is the area
bounded by the graph and the x – axis.
Work as an area under a Force vs.
Position curve

Given a graph of force

versus displacement along
the direction of force, the
work done is the area
bounded by the graph and
the x – axis.
Find the work done in the following:
 Work Done by a Constant Force

When the force acting

on a system is constant, or
friction when moving at a
constant speed, the force-
displacement graph is just a
horizontal line because the
force does not change.
In this case, the area under x
the graph is just a rectangle, with
a base of length x and a height of
length F.
W = Fx
The same force F pushes in three different ways on a
box moving with a velocity v, as the drawings show.
Rank the work done by the force F in ascending order
(smallest first):

Justification: Work is maximized when the force is applied in the same direction as the movement.
The greater the component of the force with the direction of motion, the greater the work. In C
there is no work being done since the direction of the force is perpendicular to the direction of
movement, and there is no component of force in the direction of movement. In A there is a
component of force with the direction of motion. In B, the full force is in the same direction as the
motion, and will therefore be doing the largest amount of work. Therefore, the correct answer is
(C, A, B).
Work and Energy

Atlas holds up the Earth

But he doesn’t move,
distance = 0

Work= Fd= 0

He doesn’t do any work!

Work-Energy Theorem
Work done to an object results in a
change in the kinetic energy of the
object. This relationship is called the
work-energy theorem.

Note: this condition is true only when there is no

friction.
Work-Energy Theorem

• Define Kinetic Energy

K = mv
1
2
2

• Then,
Wnet = ΔK
Wnet = K – K0
KE = ½ mv2 – ½ mv02
 Kinetic Energy and Work-Energy Theorem

When work is done, the value is equal to the

change in kinetic energy of a body.
KE
KE = ½ mv2 – ½ mv02
KE F
This can be graphically
represented as the given KEV
graph on the right.
O
V
Sample Problem:
A woman pushes a 2-kg car initially at rest with a
force of 350 N along a horizontal surface. The cart
moves a distance of 4.0 m. What is the final speed
of the cart assuming it starts from rest?

Practice Exercise:
The kinetic energy of a 5.0 kg object is initially 35 J.
It is then subjected to a constant force so that
after travelling 9.5 m, its speed is doubled. Find the
initial speed and its kinetic energy after travelling
9.5m, and (c) the constant force acting on it?
Practice Your Skills:
1. What change in kinetic energy does an airplane
experience on takeoff if it is moved a distance of
500 m by a sustained net force of 5000 N?
2. A 14700 N Car is traveling at 30 m/s. The brakes are
suddenly applied and the car slides to a stop. The
average braking force between the tires and the
road is 7100 N. How far will the car slide once the
brakes are applied?
3. The same 14700 N car is now traveling at 10 m/s. The
friction remains at 7100N. Now how far will the car
slide once the brakes are applied?
The Relationship of Power with Force and Speed

A quantity closely related to work is the rate at which

it is done. The rate of doing work is called power (P).
𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝐹𝑑𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
𝑃= 𝑃= 𝑃 = 𝐹𝑣𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑡

The derived unit of power is joule per second (J/s). One

joule per second is also the same as one watt (W), the SI
unit of power. This unit is adopted in honor of James Watt,
the inventor of steam engine.
Sample Problem:
A 1200-kg car can accelerate from 30.0 m/s to
50.0m/s in 10.0 s. Neglecting friction and air
resistance, what is the mechanical power that the
engine of the car provides during this time
interval?
Practice Exercise:
A force of 35 N is needed to keep a 5.0 – kg body
moving at a constant speed of 7.5 m/s. What
power is needed to sustain the ,motion of the
mass?
 Potential Energy
An object can store energy as
the result of its position.

Potential energy is the stored energy of

position possessed by an object.
Gravitational Potential Energy
Gravitational potential
energy is the energy
stored in an object as the
result of its vertical position
or height. The energy is
stored as the result of the
gravitational attraction of
the Earth for the object.
 Work and Gravitational Potential Energy

Gravitational potential energy is the energy due to

the position of an object relative to Earth’s ground. A
raised object possesses gravitational potential energy. If it
falls back to its original level, it can do work.

UG = mgh
Where:
UG - Gravitational potential energy
m – mass
g – gravity
h – height
Sample Problem:
1. A 35-kg child climbs a 6.00 m long slide that is
inclined 300 with the horizontal. What is the
gravitational potential energy of the child with
respect to the ground when she reaches the
top of the slide?
2. Which has a greater kinetic energy : a 2.0 kg
body moving at 3.0 m.s or a 3.0 kg body
moving at 2.0 m/s?
Practice :
1. A 25-kg child sits in a swing that is attached to the
ropes 1.6 m long. Find the potential energy of the
child relative to his lowest position when the ropes are
(a)horizontal, (b)vertical and ©make a 300 angle with
the horizontal.
2. Jane is initially walking at a certain speed so that her
kinetic energy is 150 J. Then, the rain starts to fall and
Jane runs at a rate of 4.2 m/s. She has a mass of 50.0
kg. What is her initial speed before the rain starts?
Find the change in her kinetic energy when she starts
running.
Work Done on a Spring and Elastic Potential Energy

Gravitational potential energy is just one of the

several kinds of potential energy (or energy stored in the
objects at rest). For instance, the potential energy of the
spring system is referred to as the elastic potential energy.

Elastic potential energy is the energy stored in elastic

materials as the result of their stretching or compressing.
Springs
Springs are a special
instance of a device that can
store elastic potential energy due
to either compression or
stretching. A force is required to
compress a spring; the more
compression there is, the more
force that is required to compress
it further.
Fspring = k • x
where, k – spring constant
x – displacement along the x – axis (change in length)
What is the spring constant k?

The spring constant tells you the stiffness of the

spring. The spring constant k is a property of the
spring itself. It does not change when the spring is
deformed.

The spring constant has units of N/m,

or newtons per meter.
Springs
In terms of potential
energy, the equilibrium position
could be called the zero-
potential energy position. There
is a special equation for springs
that relates the amount of
elastic potential energy to the
amount of stretch (or
compression) and the spring
constant.
𝟏
PEspring = kx2
𝟐
Hooke’s Law
When a spring is
compressed or stretched
by a length x, the
magnitude of the
compressive force acting
upon it is quantified by
Hooke’s Law:
The negative sign indicates that
F = -kx the force applied to the spring is
always opposite its displacement.
Sample Problem (Springs)
A coiled spring in a waist trimming exerciser
requires a force of 54N to compress it by 0.20m.
(a)Find the force constant of the spring
(b)How much force is needed to compress the
spring by 0.50m?
(c)How much work is done in compressing the
spring by 0.50m?
A block with a mass of 2 kg is
suspended from a spring and
produces the displacement
shown. What is the spring
constant?
Try the following:

1. A force of 37.0 N is required stretch a spring 20 cm

from its equilibrium position. What force is needed to
compress the same spring 7.0 cm from its equilibrium
position?
2. If the spring constant is 200 N/m and the spring is
deflected by 1.0 cm, how much energy is stored?
3. How strong a spring is needed to get 1.0 joule of
energy from a 1.0 cm deflection?
Conservative Force
A conservative force
is a force that allows the
transformation of potential
energy to kinetic energy
and vice versa.

The work that this

force produced is
considered reversible.
Conservative Force and Nonconservative Force
• Examples of conservative • Examples of
forces Nonconservative forces
• Gravitational Force • Friction
• Elastic Spring Force • Air resistance
• Electric Force • Tension
• Normal force
• Propulsion force of things
like rocket engine

• Each of these forces

depends on the path
 Law of Conservation of Energy

The law of conservation of energy states that energy

can neither be created nor destroyed - only
converted from one form of energy to another. This
means that a system always has the same amount of
energy, unless it's added from the outside.

When you throw a stone upward, its potential energy

at rest transformed into kinetic energy again.
Law of Conservation of Energy