PHASE CHANGES

Anne Jlaine A. Llosa, RCh

Special Science Teacher I
What phase/s
of matter exist
in the
following
image?
What phase/s
of matter exist
in the
following
image?
What phase/s
of matter exist
in the
following
image?
What are other examples
of phase changes?
 OBJECTIVES:
❑ Describe the nature of the
following changes in terms of
PHASE energy change and the increase or
CHANGES decrease in molecular order: solid-
liquid, liquid-vapor, and solid-vapor
❑Interpret the phase diagram of
water and carbon dioxide
What causes the phase
change in matter?
 are transformations of matter from one
physical state to another
they occur when energy (usually in the
form of heat) is added or removed from
Phase Change a substance
characterized by changes in molecular
order
- molecules in the solid phase have the
greatest order, while those in the gas have
the greatest randomness or disorder
Difference in
molecular
order of a
substance in
the solid,
liquid, and
gaseous states
Types of Endothermic processes
Phase
Exothermic processes
Changes
Endothermic
processes ✓Melting
- these changes
take place ✓Vaporization
when heat is
absorbed (heat ✓Sublimation
gained)
Exothermic
processes ✓Freezing
- these changes
take place ✓Condensation
when heat is
released (heat ✓Deposition
lost)
Figure 3: The different changes in state that matter undergoes (Image Source: http://
www.shmoop.com/matter-properties/test-your-knowledge.html)
Phase Changes

Least
Order

Greatest
14
Order
How does a change in
energy affect phase
changes?
 1. The added heat increases the kinetic
When a energy of the particles and the particles
substance is move faster accompanied by an increase
heated, the in temperature.
added energy 2. The added heat is used to break
is used by the attractive forces between particles. There
substance in is no observes increase in temperature
either of two when this happens. Often a change in
ways: physical appearance of the substance is
observes, such as a phase change.
 The change in
temperature of a
substance as it is
being heated can
be shown in a
graph called the
heating curve.
 1. A decrease in the kinetic energy of
When a the particles. The motion of
substance particles slow down, and a
undergoes a decrease in temperature is
removal or observed.
release of 2. Forces of attraction are formed,
heat, it results and a phase change may occur. No
in two ways:
change in temperature is
observed.
Calculations
A. Heat ➢The amount of heat received or
change with removed from the sample given a change
change in in temperature can be calculated using
temperature specific heat of substance
 - amount of heat needed to raise
the temperature of 1 gram of a
substance by 1⁰C.
Specific Heat
- also equal to the amount of heat
lost by 1 gram of substance when
its temperature drops by 1 ⁰C.
 The specific heat of a substance differs for the solid,
liquid, and gaseous states
Water as an example, has the following specific heat at
different phases:
H2O(l) = 4.18 J / g ⁰C
H2O(s) = 2.06 J / g ⁰C
Heat Change H2O(g) = 2.02 J / g ⁰C
with Change in The heat change (q) for this process is given by:
Temperature q = m S ΔT

where:
m = mass of sample in grams
S = specific heat of the sample in the appropriate
physical state
T = change in temperature
 msWT =
42 375
q
= .

You found a piece of copper metal

weighing 3.10 g imbedded in an ice
block. How much heat is absorbed by
the piece of metal as it warms in your
Sample
hand from the temperature of the ice
Problem 1
block at 1.5 ⁰C to your body
temperature of 37.0 ⁰C? The specific
heat of copper is 0.385 J/g ⁰ C.
Assume that the metal is pure copper.
 msOT
q
=

D
Hens
mDH Wtsub
DI
q trap
=

Problems Involving
Changes of State
 Problem: How much energy is required to
change 2600 gram of ice at 0˚C into water at the
same temperature?

Sample Solution: Since the problem indicates no change

in temperature and involves a solid phase, then
Problem 1 the formula to be used is q = m ΔHfus .

q = m ΔHfus
= (2600 g) (6.01 kJ/mol)
= 867.63 kJ
 Problem: How much energy is required to change
2600 gram of water at 100˚C into steam at the same
temperature?
UHvap 40 79
.
KJ/mol
Sample Solution: Since the problem indicates no change in
temperature and involves a liquid phase, then the
Problem 2 formula to be used is q = m ΔHvap

q = m ΔHvap
= (2600 g) (40.79 kJ/mol)
= 5,888.62 kJ
 °
°

0 c> -
182 C
°

100 C
Calculate the amount of energy (in kJ)
-

needed to heat 346 gram of liquid water

from 0⁰C to 182⁰C. Assume that the
Sample
specific heat of water is 4.184 J/g ⁰C over
Problem 3 ---

the entire liquid range and the specific

heat of steam is 1.99 J/g ⁰C. Δhvap of
--

water is 40.79 kJ/mol.

 The change in
temperature of a
substance as it is
being heated can
be shown in a
graph called the
heating curve.
How can this
effect be
achieved using
CO2 or dry ice?
Because carbon dioxide cannot
exist as a liquid at atmospheric
pressure, the dry ice sublimates and
instantly produces a gas,
condensing water vapor, and
creating a thick white fog.
PHASE DIAGRAMS
 - a graphical representation of the physical
states of a substance under different
conditions of temperature and pressure.
Phase - It gives the possible combinations of
Diagram pressure and temperature at which certain
physical state or states a substance would be
observed.
- Each substance has its own phase diagram.
 a. The three areas (SOLID, LIQUID,
GAS)
b. Three lines (curves)
Features of a > melting/freezing curve,
Phase > vaporization/condensation curve,
Diagram > sublimation/deposition curve
c. Two important points
> triple point
> critical point
A. Three areas
(SOLID,
LIQUID, GAS)
B. Three Lines/Curves

➢Melting/ Freezing curve

➢Vaporization/ condensation curve
➢Sublimation/Deposition curve Liquid vapor

Solid vapor
C. Two Important Points

a. Triple point
- is the combination of
pressure and temperature
at which all three phases of
matter are at equilibrium.

- It is the point on a phase

diagram at which the three
states of matter coexist.
C. Two Important Points

b. The critical point

- The critical point terminates
the liquid/gas phase line.

- It is the set of temperature and

pressure on a phase diagram
where the liquid and gaseous
phases of a substance merge
together into a single phase.
 C. Two Important Points

b. The critical point

- Beyond the temperature of
the critical point, the merged
single phase is known as a
supercritical fluid.

- The temperature and

pressure corresponding to
this are known as the critical
temperature and critical
pressure.
This single phase
is called
a supercritical
fluid, which
exhibits many of
the properties of a
gas but has a
density more
typical of a liquid.
 Phase Diagram of Water (H2O)
 The solid-liquid equilibrium line (the melting
point curve) slopes backwards rather than
forwards.
 the melting point gets lower at higher
pressures. because solid ice is less dense
than liquid water caused by the crystal
structure of the solid phase.
 In the solid forms of water and some other
substances, the molecules crystallize in a
lattice with greater average space between
molecules, thus resulting in a solid
occupying a larger volume and
consequently with a lower density than the
liquid. When it melts, the liquid water formed
occupies a smaller volume
The normal
melting point of
water is 273 K,
and its normal
boiling point is
373 K.
 The Phase Diagram for Carbon
Dioxide
- only thing special about this phase
diagram is the position of the triple point,
which is well above atmospheric pressure.
- It is impossible to get any liquid carbon
dioxide at pressures less than 5.2
atmospheres.
- At 1 atm pressure, carbon dioxide will
sublime at a temperature of 197.5 K (-75.5
°C).
- solid carbon dioxide is often known as "dry
ice.“
- There is no liquid carbon dioxide under
normal conditions -
only the solid or the vapor.
Interpreting the phase diagram

1. In what phase is the substance at 50

°C and 1 atm pressure?

2. At what pressure and temperature

conditions will all three phases of the
substance be present?

3. What is the normal melting point of

the substance?

4. What phase(s) will exist at 1 atm

and 70 °C?