4 Electricity and Magnetism Chapter 2 Electric Circuits

2 Electric Circuits (b) Current through Z

= 1.6 – 0.7 – 0.3 = 0.6 A
Practice 2.1 (p.60)
1 C Practice 2.2 (p.68)
Q = It = 0.3 × 60 = 18 C 1 B
2 D Voltage across B = 6 − 2 = 4 V
3 (a) No, the ammeter should be connected When 1 C of charge passes through B,
with the bulb in series. energy transferred = VQ = 4 × 1 = 4 J
(b) No, the positive terminal of the ammeter ∴ B is incorrect.
should be connected to the positive 2 C
terminal of the battery. 3 A
4 The potential difference across any two points
in a circuit is not affected by the earthing at A.
There is a potential difference between points
A and B, and hence a current flows through
bulb X.
∴ (1) and (3) are incorrect.
4 C
5 (a) Doubled In A, B and D, the total e.m.f. is equivalent to
(b) Halved the e.m.f. of one cell. In C, the total e.m.f. is
6 (a), (b) equivalent to that of two cells.
–
+ 5 B
electron flow
V1 = ε and V3 = V4 because of parallel circuits.
Also, V2, V3, V4 < ε.
E 2270
6 Potential difference == = 2.50 V
Q 907
E 30 × 5
7 Amount of charge = = = 50 C
(c) V 3
Q E 10 9
8 Current = = = 8 = 100 A
A t Vt 10 × 0.1
9 Energy
= QV = ItV = 0.5 × 4 × 60 × 60 × 5 = 36 000 J
720 C 10 (a) Potential difference = 8 – 3 = 5 V
7 Current = = 0.2 A
3600 s (b) 2V
–3
8 Total charge = It = 0.02 × 0.1 = 2 × 10 C 11 (a) Amount of charge
2 × 10 −3 C = It = 3000 × 10–3 × 60 × 60 = 10 800 C
No. of electrons = = 1.25 × 1016
1.60 × 10 −19 C (b) Energy = QV = 1 × 1.2 = 1.2 J
9 (a) 1.6 A

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4 Electricity and Magnetism Chapter 2 Electric Circuits

(c) Energy stored ∴ (3) is incorrect.

= QV = 10 800 × 1.2 = 13 000 J 2 D
– + l
12 (a) V By R = ρ , smaller ρ and larger A results in
– A
Y X A smaller R, hence larger current.
+ 3 D
The graph of P does not pass through the
(b) The positions of the two meters should origin.
be exchanged. Also, the terminals of ∴ (1) is incorrect.
both meters are wrongly connected. The graph of Q is a straight line passing
(c) + through the origin for I < I0.
A + ∴ (2) is correct.
– X V For the same current, the voltage across P is
Y – V
higher. By R = , P has a higher resistance.
I
13 (a) ∴ (3) is correct.
4 V = IR = 0.35 × 17 = 5.95 V
5.95
A V = 3.97
1.5
B
To provide enough voltage, 4 cells are
required.
(b) Potential difference = 6 – 2.5 = 3.5 V 5 (a) Resistivity is a measure of how strongly
(c) She is incorrect. A 6-V battery supplies a material opposes the flow of electric
6 J of energy to each coulomb of charges current at a certain temperature.
that passes through the battery, but the (b) Resistance
l
amount of charge that passes through per =ρ
A
second is not necessarily 6 C. 0.15
= 1.7 × 10 −8 ×
π × (0.2 × 10 −3 ) 2
Practice 2.3 (p.82) = 0.0203 Ω
1 B 6 (a) Decrease
Longer wire results in higher resistance, which (b) Remain unchanged
leads to smaller current.
7 (a)
∴ (1) is incorrect. V/V

By V = IR, a larger e.m.f. results in a larger

6.0
current.
4.0
∴ (2) is correct.
2.0
Reversing the terminal does not affect the
0 I /A
magnitude of the reading. 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0

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4 Electricity and Magnetism Chapter 2 Electric Circuits

(b) The graph in (a) is not a straight line V2

V
through the origin after the marked
point.
V 1.0
(c) (i) Resistance == =5Ω V1
I 0.2 V
V 6.0
(ii) Resistance = = =6Ω
I 1.0 The reading of V2 is half of that of V1.
8 (a) 0.8 V 5 C
(b) No Let R1 represent the bulb connected with A1
V 3
(c) Resistance = = = 0.441 Ω and R2 represent the other bulb. The voltage
I 6.8
across the R1 and the current through it
remains unchanged after S is closed. Hence,
Practice 2.4 (p.94)
the readings of the voltmeter and A1 are
1 C
unchanged.
It is known that I4 = I1 + I2 + I3.
∴ (1) and (3) are correct.
V = I1R1 = I2R2 = I3R3 ≠ I4R3
V After S is closed, a current flows through R2
Since I1 = I2 = I3, we have R1 = R2 = R3 = .
I1 and so A2 increases.
2 D ∴ (2) is incorrect.
It is known that I1 = I2 = I3 and V1 = V2 = V3. 6 D
By V = IR, we have I1R1 = I2R2 = I3R3. Let ε be the e.m.f. of the battery.
ε
Hence, R1 = R2 = R3. Since I0 = and V0 = I0r,
r+R
Also, V = V1 + V2 + V3 = I1(R1 + R2 + R3).
when R decreases, both I0 and V0 increase.
3 A V
7 Since I = ,
When the switch is closed, Y is short-circuited R
and can be neglected. Only X lights up. If ε 6
I3 = I8 = = 6 A
1
and R are respectively the e.m.f. of the battery
6
and resistance of a bulb, I4 = I5 = I6 = I7 = = 3 A
2
Voltmeter reading V1 = ε
I1 = I2 = I9 = I10 = 6 + 3 = 9 A
ε V 6
Ammeter reading I1 =
R 8 (a) Current = = = 0.5 A
R 2 + 10
After the switch is opened, Y is not V 6
(b) Current = = = 3 A
short-circuited anymore and it lights up. R 2
Voltmeter reading V2 < ε = V1 9 The resistor network can be rearranged as
V ε follows:
Ammeter reading I2 = 2 < = I1
R R
4 B
The circuit can be rearranged as follows:

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4 Electricity and Magnetism Chapter 2 Electric Circuits

3Ω (1) VX : VY : VZ = 1 : 1 : 1
IX : IY : IZ = 6 : 3 : 2
(2) VX : VY : VZ = 1 : 1 : 1
4Ω 2Ω
IX : IY : IZ = 4 : 3 : 1
1Ω
(3) VX : VY : VZ = 1 : 1 : 1
1 1 1
IX : IY : IZ = : :
3Ω R X RY RZ
11 (a), (b)
4Ω 2Ω Let I1, I2, I3, V1, V2, V3 be the current
through and voltage across the 3-Ω,
1Ω
12-Ω and 4-Ω resistors respectively.
1
Req = 3 + =6Ω
1 1
+
3Ω 4 12
ε 6
I1 = = =1A
Req 6
4Ω 2Ω
V1 = I1R1 = 1 × 3 = 3 V
1Ω V2 = V3 = 6 – 3 = 3 V
V 3
I2 = 2 = = 0.25 A
R2 12
V 3
3Ω I3 = 3 = = 0.75 A
R3 4
2Ω
(c) The reading of A1 has decreased to 40%
1Ω of the original. Therefore the new
4Ω reading of A2 is 0.25 × 40% = 0.1 A.
12 (a) Equivalent resistance RAB
Equivalent resistance 1
1 = =4Ω
= 0.48 Ω 1 1
=
1 1 1 1 +
+ + + 8 3+ 4 +1
4 2 1 3
(b) Equivalent resistance of circuit Req
10 (a) Since IX = IY = IZ and V = IR,
= 5 + 4 + 16 = 25 Ω
(1) IX : IY : IZ = 1 : 1 : 1
(c) Overall current I0
VX : VY : VZ = 1 : 2 : 3 ε 12.5
= = = 0.5 A
(2) IX : IY : IZ = 1 : 1 : 1 Req 25
VX : VY : VZ = 3 : 4 : 12 Potential difference across 8-Ω resistor
(3) IX : IY : IZ = 1 : 1 : 1 = I0RAB = 0.5 × 4 = 2 V
VX : VY : VZ = RX : RY : RZ V 2
(d) Current = = = 0.25 A
V R 8
(b) Since VX = VY = VZ and I = ,
R 13 (a) Increases

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4 Electricity and Magnetism Chapter 2 Electric Circuits

(b) (i) V = IR The voltage loss due to internal resistance are

0 .8 given by
6=
1 1
+ V1′ = ε – V1, V2′ = ε – V2, V3′ = ε – V3
30 Rbulb
∴ V1′ < V2′ < V3′
Rbulb = 10 Ω
∴ (3) is correct.
The resistance of the bulb is 10 Ω. V′ V′ V′
I1 = 1 , I2 = 2 , I3 = 3
(ii) Equivalent resistance r r r
1 ∴ I1 < I2 < I3
= + 15 = 21 Ω
1 1
+ ∴ (2) is correct.
10 15
4 Fig d Fig e
Current drawn from battery
V 6 (a) No Yes
= = = 0.286 A
R 21 (b) Yes No
(c) No No
Practice 2.5 (p.105) (d) High resistance. Low resistance.
1 D In such case, the In such case, the
An ideal ammeter has zero resistance so two voltage across the current through
of the resistors are short-circuited. The ammeter is the voltmeter is
equivalent resistance of the circuit is 1 Ω. smaller and hence smaller and hence
ε 3 the error in V0 is the error in I0 is
I= = =3A
R 1 smaller. smaller.
V = IR = 3 × 1 = 3 V 5 (a) Vr = 9 – 6 = 3 V
2 B Ir = 1.2 × 2 = 2.4 A
Terminal voltage V 3
r= r = = 1.25 Ω
= voltage across the 10-Ω resistor I r 2.4
= 0.125 × 10 (b) V0 = I0R = 0.6 × 10.0 = 6 V
= 1.25 V Vr = 9 – 6 = 3 V
3 C Ir = 0.6 × 2 = 1.2 A
Let ε and r be the e.m.f. and internal resistance V
r= r =
3
= 2.5 Ω
of the battery respectively, and R be the I r 1.2
resistance of a resistor. (c) Vr = 6 – 4.8 = 1.2 V
R V 4.8
Then V1 = ε, V2 = ε , and I0 = 0 = = 0.3 A
r+R R 16.0
R Ir = 0.3 × 2 = 0.6 A
R
V3 = 2 ε = ε V 1.2
r= r = =2Ω
r+
R 2r + R I r 0.6
2
6 The circuit diagram for the camera is as
∴ V1 > V2 > V3
shown. The resistance of the camera is R. The
∴ (1) is incorrect.
internal resistance of the battery is r.

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4 Electricity and Magnetism Chapter 2 Electric Circuits

1
3.6 V
r ≥ 95
1 1
+
R RV
1
R≥
1 1
R −
95 RV
(a) At 25 °C, r = 0.1 Ω New minimum value
ε 1 1
I= = > = 95 Ω .
r+R 1 1 1
−
ε 3.6 95 RV 95
⇒R= −r= − 0.1 = 3.5 Ω
I 1
The new minimum value is larger
The resistance of the camera is 3.5 Ω.
than 95 Ω.
(b) At –20 °C, r = 0.4 Ω
(ii) Repeat the calculations in (a) with
Current drawn
5 Ω replaced by r and get
ε 3 .6
= = = 0.923 A R ≥ 19r
r + R 0.4 + 3.5
(c) Terminal voltage = voltage across R The minimum value is lower if r

= IR becomes smaller.

= 0.923 × 3.5
= 3.23 V Revision exercise 2
(d) At a low temperature, the terminal Concept traps (p.110)
voltage across the battery is lower than 1 F
normal and may not be able to supply Resistivity depends only on the composite
the operating voltage for the camera. material of the conductor, but not the
R dimensions.
7 (a) Vm = × 12
R+5 2 F
Vm 12
= When a light bulb is short-circuited, little or
R R+5
no current flows through it and it will not
percentage error
glow or burn out.
12 12
−
= R R+5 = 1 –
R
12 R+5 Multiple-choice questions (p.110)
R 3 B
R
∴1– ≤ 0.05 The voltmeter measures the voltage across the
R+5
battery and is not affected by the replacement.
R ≥ 95 Ω.
4 D
The minimum value of R is 95 Ω.
The voltmeter reading accurately shows the
(b) (i) Repeat the above calculations with
1 voltage across R. If the resistance of the
R replaced by and get
1 1 voltmeter is much higher than that of R, the
+
R RV current through it is very small, and so the

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4 Electricity and Magnetism Chapter 2 Electric Circuits

ammeter reading accurately shows the current The combined resistor should have a higher
through R. resistance than either of X and Y, so its V–I
5 B graph is a straight line through the origin with
V–I graphs of both components should pass a slope greater than that of both X and Y.
through the origin since they are ohmic. 10 C
6 B Similar to the above, but the combined resistor
The circuit is equivalent to the one below. should have a lower resistance than X and Y.
P 11 B
The reading in D is smaller than that in C
because the circuits have the same equivalent
V resistance but only half of the overall current
is measured in D. For A, B and C, the reading
A1 A A2 A S
is largest when the equivalent resistance is
smallest, which is when all the resistors are
Q
connected in parallel.
When S is closed, the voltage across PQ
12 C
remains unchanged, so the voltmeter reading
If R is the resistance of one bulb, the
and the reading of A2 remains unchanged. R
equivalent resistance of K, L and M is .
As a current now flows through the resistor 3
connected with S, the reading of A1 increases. After K is removed, the equivalent resistance
7 B R
of L and M is . The equivalent resistance
Let Rʹ be the equivalent resistance of resistors 2

other than the 15-Ω resistor. Then of the circuit increases and the overall current
1 1 1 1 1 decreases. By V = IR, the potential difference
= + ⇒ =
10 15 R ′ R' 30 across J decreases.
Let Req be the new equivalent resistance across 13 C
XY. The voltmeter measures the p.d. across both
1 1 1 1 1 2
= + = + = the ammeter and the resistor, so its reading is
Req 10 R ′ 10 30 15
larger than the p.d. across the resistor.
⇒ Req = 7.5 Ω ∴ (1) is correct.
8 A The current through the ammeter and the
2
V V VA d 
I= = = , where A = π  resistor is always the same, so the ammeter
R ρ l ρl 2 reading is equal to the current through the
A
resistor.
Increasing V, increasing d or decreasing l can
∴ (2) is incorrect.
increase the current. V
By R = , the measured resistance is larger
9 A I
than the actual resistance.

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4 Electricity and Magnetism Chapter 2 Electric Circuits

∴ (3) is correct. 17 (HKALE 2008 Paper 2 Q15) A

14 C 18 (HKCEE 2010 Paper 2 Q17) D
Since ρ1 > ρ2 and the thickness of the wire is 19 (HKDSE 2012 Paper 1A Q26) B
uniform, the left part of the V–I graph should 20 (HKDSE Practice Paper 2012 Paper 1A Q26)
have a greater slope. D
15 B 21 (HKDSE 2014 Paper 1A Q24) C
Let there be n bulbs and R be the resistance of
each bulb. When connected in series, the Conventional questions (p.113)
equivalent resistance is nR. By V = IR, 22 (a) (i) Remains unchanged 1A
10 = 0.01 × nR (1) (ii) Increases 1A
When connected in parallel, the equivalent (b) When the voltage increases, the wire
R heats up and its resistance increases. 1A
resistance is . By V = IR,
n V 1
R 23 Resistance of R1 = = =4Ω 1M
10 = 1 × (2) I 0.25
n
Total resistance R = R1 + R2 = 4 + 20 = 24 Ω
(1) ÷ (2),
E.m.f. of the battery = IR = 0.25 × 24 = 6 V
1 = 0.01n2
1A
n = 10
Or P.d. across R2 = IR2 = 0.25 × 20 = 5 V 1M
16 D
E.m.f. of the battery = V1 + V2 = 1 + 5 = 6 V
For A,
−1 1A
1 1
Equivalent resistance = 2 +  +  = 3 Ω 24 (a) Resistance of R1 =
V
1M
2 2 I
V 12 9
Total current = = =4A = = 4.5 Ω 1A
R 3 2
4 (b) Let R be the equivalent resistance of R1
Ammeter reading = = 2 A
2
and R2.
For B and C, 1 1 1 7
−1 = + =
1 1 R 4.5 6 18
Equivalent resistance =  +  = 1 Ω
2 2 R = 2.57 Ω 1A
V 4
Total current = = = 4 A The equivalent resistance of R1 and R2 is
R 1
4 2.57 Ω.
Ammeter reading = = 2 A
2 Current drawn from the battery
V 9
For D, = = = 3.50 A 1A
−1 R 2.57
1 1
Equivalent resistance =  +  = 1 Ω (c) Current through R2
2 2
V 12 = 3.50 – 2 = 1.50 A 1A
Total current = = = 12 A RA
R 1 25 (a) ρ= 1M
12 l
Ammeter reading = =6A 5 × 2 × 10 −6
2 = = 0.001 Ω m 1A
10 × 10 −3
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4 Electricity and Magnetism Chapter 2 Electric Circuits

The resistivity is 0.001 Ω m. Connect the circuit as shown.

l
(b) R = ρ ∝ l (ρ and A constant) Use the sliding contact C to vary the
A
length l of the wire on which voltage is
When l is doubled,
measured. 1A
new resistance = 5 × 2 1M
Record respectively the voltmeter
= 10 Ω 1A
reading V and ammeter reading I. The
26 (a) V
resistance R is then given by R = .
I
1A
Plat a graph of R against l, and it is
expected to obtain a straight line passing
(b)
through the origin. 1A
(b) Direct proportion 1A
(c) (i) Wire P 1A
(c)
(ii) Wire Q 1A
l 1
R=ρ ∝ (ρ and l costant)
A A
(d) 1A
4 × 1A A↑⇒R↓ 1A
27 (a) If the balloon accidentally touches a V
29 (a) Apply R = . 1M
power cable, it may cause a short circuit I
1A For circuit 1,
12
and results in a large current in the cable. R= = 500 Ω 0.5A
24 × 10 − 3
1A
For circuit 2,
This will trigger a circuit breaker which 12
R= = 1000 Ω 0.5A
shuts down the power system. 1A 12 × 10 − 3
(b) Plastic is a good insulator of electricity. (b) Circuit 2 gives a more accurate value of
1A R. 1A
If they accidentally touch the power The resistance of the voltmeter is
cables, a current cannot flow from the comparable to that of the resistor. 1A
cables to the earth through their body, so Therefore, a significant part of the
an electric shock is prevented. 1A current measured in circuit 1 is
28 (a) contributed by the current through the
voltmeter. 1A
A
R On the other hand, the resistance of the
contact C ammeter is much smaller than that of the
V
resistor. 1A
(Correct circuit) 1A

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4 Electricity and Magnetism Chapter 2 Electric Circuits

Thus, only a small part of the voltage The lamps are connected in parallel and
measured in circuit 2 is contributed by current can still flow through other
the voltage across the ammeter. 1A lamps when one of the branches is
30 (a) (i) The brightness of P decreases and broken. 1A
that of Q increases. 1A Therefore, the other lamps still light.
(ii) P goes out and Q attains maximum (b) No, 1A
brightness. 1A the potential difference across each
(iii) P attains maximum brightness and branch remains the same even if more
Q goes out. 1A lamps are connected. 1A
(b) Bulb Q is short-circuited, so XY and bulb (c) Assume that n lamps are connected in
P are connected in parallel to the battery. the chain.
By V = IR , 1M Equivalent resistance of all the lamps
1 −1
1.5 = 2 × 1M  1  360
1 1 = × n = Ω 1M
+  180 + 180  n
3 RP
V
RP = 1 Ω 1A By I = ,
R
1M

The resistance of P is 1 Ω. V
I < 20 ⇒ < 20
31 (a) No, 1A R
220
the cable, although having a very high < 20
360
potential, is not connected to other n
objects of lower potential through the
n < 32.7
bird. 1A The maximum number of lamps that can
Therefore, there is no current passing
be connected is 32. 1A
through the bird. 1A
(d) (i)
(b) If the kite touches the cable, it will A
connect the cable with the earth through X

the person flying it. 1A

220 V
Since the potential of the cable is much
higher than the earth, 1A
a large current will flow from the cable
(correct circuit symbol and position)
to the earth through the kite and the
1A
person and he/she will get an electric
(ii) An ammeter is connected in series
shock. 1A
with other circuit components. 1A
32 (a) The bulbs in one lamp are connected in
The total resistance of the circuit is
series, so the circuit within the lamp is
the sum of resistance of the
broken when a bulb burnt out. 1A
ammeter and the equivalent

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4 Electricity and Magnetism Chapter 2 Electric Circuits

resistance of other circuit Experiment questions (p.118)

components. 1A 37 (a)
If the ammeter has high resistance,
the total resistance of the circuit
will be significantly increased and
the current flowing in the circuit
will be significantly reduced. 1A
(e) Current through each lamp
V
=
R
(Complete circuit) 1A
220
= (Ammeter in series and voltmeter in
180 + 180
= 0.611 A 1M parallel with the resistor) 1A

By E = Pt = I2Rt, 1M (Wires connected to correct terminals)

Energy converted into other forms in 1A

V
each bulb (b) R= 1A
I
= 0.611 × 180 × (60 × 60)
2
(c) In addition to the current flowing
= 242 000 J (= 242 kJ) 1A
through X, there is a significantly large
33 (a) A 1A
current through the voltmeter. 1A
(b) (i) By V = IR, 1M
Thus, the ammeter reading is larger than
4.5
24 = 3 × ( 20 × + RQ ) 1M the actual current through the resistor.
15
RQ = 2 Ω 1A 1A

The resistance of Q is 2 Ω. The voltmeter reading is accurate. 1A

V
(ii) At the limiting voltage, the current By R = , the experiment value is
I
is 3 A when S points at A.
lower than the actual resistance. 1A
Voltage limit
(d)
= IR = 3 × 2 = 6 V 1A
X
(c) (i) B A
(ii) Advantage: The bulb can be turned
V
off completely. 1A
Disadvantage: The bulb burns out (Ammeter in series with resistor) 1A
more easily. 1A (Voltmeter across ammeter and resistor)
34 (HKCEE 2006 Paper 1 Q11) 1A
35 (HKALE 2009 Paper 1B Q5) 38 Connect P and Q in series to the battery. 1A
36 (HKDSE 2013 Paper 1B Q10) Connect the voltmeter across P and Q in turn
and measure the voltage across each of them.
1A

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4 Electricity and Magnetism Chapter 2 Electric Circuits

The resistor with a larger voltmeter reading

has a larger resistance. 1A
39 (a) When the current through the bulb
increases, the temperature of the
filament also increases. 1A
Moving the sliding contact quickly can
reduce the temperature change. 1A
(b) Yes, 1A
by extending the V–I graphs, both graphs
follow straight lines passing through the
origin. 1A
(c) Graph X. 1A
The range of voltages across the bulb in
X is larger than that in Y. 1A

Physics in article (p.119)

40 (a) The statement is incorrect. 1A
Free electrons keep moving at high
speeds with or without a cell. 1A
(b) When a cell is connected across a metal,
electrons moves faster 1A
and transfer more kinetic energy to the
positive ions by collision. 1A
This causes an increase in temperature.

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34 (HKCEE 2006 Paper 1 Q11)

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35 (HKALE 2009 Paper 1B Q5)

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36 (HKDSE 2013 Paper 1B Q10)

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