UNIT II

DATA PREPROCESSING AND PREPARATION

Data Munging, Wrangling - Data Visualisation Basics -Plyr packages - Cast/Melt. Tableau:
Creating Visualisations in Tableau-Data hierarchies, filters, groups, sets, calculated fields-
Map based visualisations-build interactive dashboards-Data Stories.

2.1 DATA MUNGING

What is data munging?
Data wrangling, data munging is the initial process of refining raw data into content or
formats better-suited for consumption by downstream systems and users. The term ‘Mung’
was coined in the late 60s as a somewhat derogatory term for actions and transformations
which progressively degrade a dataset, and quickly became tied to the backronym “Mash
Until No Good” (or, recursively, “Mung Until No Good”).
But as the diversity, expertise, and specialization of data practitioners grew in the internet
age, ‘munging’ and ‘wrangling’ became more useful generic terms, used analogously to
‘coding’ for software engineers.
With the rise of cloud computing and storage, and more sophisticated analytics, these terms
evolved further, and today refer specifically to the initial collection, preparation, and
refinement of raw data.

The data munging process:

With the wide variety of verticals, use-cases, types of users, and systems utilizing
enterprise data today, the specifics of munging can take on myriad forms.
Data exploration: Munging usually begins with data exploration. Whether an analyst is
merely peeking at completely new data in initial data analysis (IDA), or a data scientist
begins the search for novel associations in existing records in exploratory data analysis
(EDA), munging always begins with some degree of data discovery.

Data transformation: Once a sense of the raw data’s contents and structure have been
established, it must be transformed to new formats appropriate for downstream processing.
This step involves the pure data scientist, for example un-nesting hierarchical JSON data,
denormalizing disparate tables so relevant information can be accessed from one place, or
reshaping and aggregating time series data to the dimensions and spans of interest.

Data enrichment: Optionally, once data is ready for consumption, data mungers might
choose to perform additional enrichment steps. This involves finding external sources of
information to expand the scope or content of existing records. For example, using an open-
source weather data set to add daily temperature to an ice-cream shop’s sales figures.
Data validation: The final, perhaps most important, munging step is validation. At this
point, the data is ready to be used, but certain common-sense or sanity checks are critical if
one wishes to trust the processed data. This step allows users to discover typos, incorrect
mappings, problems with transformation steps, even the rare corruption caused by
computational failure or error.

The most basic munging operations can be performed in generic tools like Excel or Tableau
—from searching for typos to using pivot tables, or the occasional informational
visualization and simple macro. But for regular mungers and wranglers, a more flexible,
powerful programming language is far more effective.
Python is often lauded as the most flexible popular programming language, and this is no
exception when it comes to data munging. With one of the largest collections of third-party
libraries, especially rich data processing and analysis tools like Pandas, NumPy, and SciPy,
Python simplifies many complex data munging tasks. Pandas in particular is one of the fastest-
growing and best-supported data munging libraries, while still only a tiny part of the massive
Python ecosystem.
Python is also easier to learn than many other languages thanks to simpler, more intuitive
formatting, as well as a focus on legible english-language-adjacent syntax. Python’s wide
applicability, rich libraries, and online support, new practitioners will additionally find the
language useful far beyond data processing use cases, everywhere from web development
to workflow automation.Data science is the study of data. Like biological sciences is a
study of biology, physical sciences, it’s the study of physical reactions. Data is real, data
has real properties, and we need to study them if we’re going to work on them. Data
Science involves data and some signs.

2.2 DATA WRANGLING

Data wrangling is the process of cleaning and unifying messy and complex data sets for easy
access and analysis.
With the amount of data and data sources rapidly growing and expanding, it is getting
increasingly essential for large amounts of available data to be organized for analysis. This
process typically includes manually converting and mapping data from one raw form into
another format to allow for more convenient consumption and organization of the data.
The Goals of Data Wrangling
• Reveal a "deeper intelligence" by gathering data from multiple sources
• Provide accurate, actionable data in the hands of business analysts in a timely matter
• Reduce the time spent collecting and organizing unruly data before it can be utilized
• Enable data scientists and analysts to focus on the analysis of data, rather than the
wrangling
• Drive better decision-making skills by senior leaders in an organization

Key Steps to Data Wrangling

Data Acquisition: Identify and obtain access to the data within your sources.

Joining Data: Combine the edited data for further use and analysis.
Data Cleansing: Redesign the data into a usable and functional format and correct/remove
any bad data.

Package Managers are tools that help you manage the dependencies for your project. A
dependency is code that is required for your program to function properly. These often come
in the form of packages.
Packages can also have their own dependencies. Managing all these dependencies can be
hard because packages may require specific versions of their dependencies. It’s easy to break
something by modifying dependencies manually.
Data Science is kinda blended with various tools, algorithms, and machine learning
principles. Most simply, it involves obtaining meaningful information or insights from
structured or unstructured data through a process of analyzing, programming and business
skills. It is a field containing many elements like mathematics, statistics, computer science,
etc. Those who are good at these respective fields with enough knowledge of the domain in
which you are willing to work can call themselves as Data Scientist. It’s not an easy thing to
do but not impossible too. You need to start from data, it’s visualization, programming,
formulation, development, and deployment of your model. In the future, there will be great
hype for data scientist jobs. Taking in that mind, be ready to prepare yourself to fit in this
world.

2.3 Data Visualization Basics

Data visualization is the graphical representation of information and data. By using visual
elements like charts, graphs, and maps, data visualization tools provide an accessible way
to see and understand trends, outliers, and patterns in data.

In the world of Big Data, data visualization tools and technologies are essential to analyze
massive amounts of information and make data-driven decisions.

The advantages and benefits of good data visualization

Our eyes are drawn to colors and patterns. We can quickly identify red from blue, square
from circle. Our culture is visual, including everything from art and advertisements to TV
and movies. Data visualization is another form of visual art that grabs our interest and
keeps our eyes on the message. When we see a chart, we quickly see trends and outliers. If
we can see something, we internalize it quickly. It’s storytelling with a purpose. If you’ve
ever stared at a massive spreadsheet of data and couldn’t see a trend, you know how much
more effective a visualization can be.

Big Data is here and we need to know what it says

As the “age of Big Data” kicks into high-gear, visualization is an increasingly key tool to
make sense of the trillions of rows of data generated every day. Data visualization helps to
tell stories by curating data into a form easier to understand, highlighting the trends and
outliers. A good visualization tells a story, removing the noise from data and highlighting
the useful information. However, it’s not simply as easy as just dressing up a graph to make
it look better or slapping on the “info” part of an infographic. Effective data visualization is
a delicate balancing act between form and function. The plainest graph could be too boring
to catch any notice or it make tell a powerful point; the most stunning visualization could
utterly fail at conveying the right message or it could speak volumes. The data and the
visuals need to work together, and there’s an art to combining great analysis with great
storytelling.

2.4 plyr Package in R Programming

The dplyr package in R Programming Language is a structure of data manipulation that
provides a uniform set of verbs, helping to resolve the most frequent data manipulation
hurdles.
The dplyr Package in R performs the steps given below quicker and in an easier fashion:
By limiting the choices the focus can now be more on data manipulation difficulties.
There are uncomplicated “verbs”, functions present for tackling every common data
manipulation and the thoughts can be translated into code faster.
There are valuable backend and hence waiting time for the computer reduces.

Melting and Casting In R

Melting and Casting are one of the interesting aspects in R programming to change the shape
of the data and further, getting the desired shape. R programming language has many
methods to reshape the data using reshape package. melt() and cast() are the functions that
efficiently reshape the data. There are many packages in R that require data reshaping. Each
data is specified in multiple rows of dataframe with different details in each row and this type
of format of data is known as long format.
Melting in R
Melting in R programming is done to organize the data. It is performed using melt() function
which takes dataset and column values that has to be kept constant. Using melt(), dataframe
is converted into long format and stretches the data frame.

Syntax:
melt(data, na.rm = FALSE, value.name = “value”)

Parameters:
data: represents dataset that has to be reshaped
na.rm: if TRUE, removes NA values from dataset
value.name: represents name of variable used to store values

Example:
# Required library for ships dataset
install.packages("MASS")

# Required for melt() and cast() function

install.packages("reshape2")
install.packages("reshape")

#Loading the libraries

library(MASS)
library(reshape2)
library(reshape)

# Create dataframe
n <- c(1, 1, 2, 2)
time <- c(1, 2, 1, 2)
x <- c(6, 3, 2, 5)
y <- c(1, 4, 6, 9)
df <- data.frame(n, time, x, y)
# Original data frame
cat("Original data frame:\n")
print(df)

# Organize data w.r.t. n and time

molten.data <- melt(df, id = c("n","time"))

cat("\nAfter melting data frame:\n")

print(molten.data)

Output:

Original data frame:

n time x y
11 161
21 234
32 126
42 259

After melting data frame:

n time variable value
11 1 x 6
21 2 x 3
32 1 x 2
42 2 x 5
51 1 y 1
61 2 y 4
72 1 y 6
82 2 y 9
Casting in R
Casting in R programming is used to reshape the molten data using cast() function which
takes aggregate function and formula to aggregate the data accordingly. This function is used
to convert long format data back into some aggregated form of data based on the formula in
the cast() function.

Syntax:
cast(data, formula, fun.aggregate)

Parameters:
data: represents dataset
formula: represents the form in which data has to be reshaped
fun.aggregate: represents aggregate function

Example:
# Print recasted dataset using cast() function
cast.data <- cast(molten.data, n~variable, sum)

print(cast.data)
cat("\n")
time.cast <- cast(molten.data, time~variable, mean)
print(time.cast)
Output:

nx y
119 5
2 2 7 15
 time x y
1 1 4 3.5
2 2 4 6.5

2.5 Tableau
Tableau is a leading data visualization tool used for data analysis and business intelligence.
Gartner’s Magic Quadrant classified Tableau as a leader for analytics and business
intelligence. This Tableau has lot of features including how to create different charts and
graphs, in addition to visualizing data through reports and dashboards in Tableau to derive
meaningful insights.
What is Tableau?
Tableau is an excellent data visualization and business intelligence tool used for reporting
and analyzing vast volumes of data. It is an American company that started in 2003—in June
2019, Salesforce acquired Tableau. It helps users create different charts, graphs, maps,
dashboards, and stories for visualizing and analyzing data, to help in making business
decisions.Tableau has a lot of unique, exciting features that make it one of the most popular
tools in business intelligence (BI). Let’s learn more about some of the essential Tableau
Desktop features. Now that we know what is tableau exactly, let us understand some of its
salient features.

Tableau Features
Tableau supports powerful data discovery and exploration that enables users to answer
important questions in seconds
No prior programming knowledge is needed; users without relevant experience can start
immediately with creating visualizations using Tableau
It can connect to several data sources that other BI tools do not support. Tableau enables
users to create reports by joining and blending different datasets
Tableau Server supports a centralized location to manage all published data sources within an
organization.

Installing Tableau Desktop

Knowing what is tableau is the first step, however how to install it follows right after. The
following are the steps for downloading Tableau Desktop:
Click on the Products Download and Release Notes page and select the version you want to
download.
TableauVersion
Select the DOWNLOAD TABLEAU DESKTOP version option and select your operating
system.

DownloadTableau
Once you have downloaded the file, go ahead and install it.
Launch Tableau Desktop, and it will show you the Tableau registration form, which is where
you can register and activate your product.
/ActivateTableau
Enter your product key, or sign in to Tableau Server or Tableau Online to activate your
Tableau license. Upon successful activation, you can start using Tableau Desktop.
Tableau provides us various services according to our business need Tableau Desktop,
Tableau Public, and Tableau Online, all these offer Data Visual Creation. Choice of Tableau
depends upon the type of work.

Getting Started with Data Visualization using Tableau

Once Tableau is installed in the system, let’s see some real-world Data Visualization using
Tableau.
Load Data in Tableau
• Global superstore data is used for analysis
• This link will take you to a page where you may download the dataset.
• The downloaded file is a zip file that contains an excel that looks like the given
picture below:
• Now we have an excel file and Tableau installed let’s load the data set into Tableau.

• Tableau also gives us some flexibility to create new columns, rename, split, edit alias,
join tables, some preprocessing before loading the data into Tableau.

• The below image will demonstrate to you how to load data and perform some
preprocessing.•

Tableau supports various data formats which can be loaded by choosing those options.

• Under a file we see various options to load data from the local directory and under to
a server, we see options to load data from cloud servers.

• For loading CSV files we select Text file options, for excel and SQL files we choose
their respective options

Connect Tableau to the data file:

• To open the application, click the Tableau icon on your desktop (or in your Start
menu).

• In the Connect panel at the left side of the Start page, click the Excel link under the
“To a File” heading to the open file selection option.
• Using the file selection box, select the Excel worksheet that you want to open, and
then click the Open button to continue

• Select the Orders sheet from the navigation menu on the left and drag it ontothe Drag
Sheets Here area, as shown in the above gif.

• After loading we can perform data cleaning, data preprocessing, feature extraction to
some extent.

Understanding different Sections in Tableau

• Tableau loaded with global-superstore data and now we can see Tableau work-page.

• Tableau work-page consist of different section. Let’s understand them first before
plotting our graphs

• Menu Bar: Here you’ll find various commands such as File, Data, and Format.

• Toolbar Icon: The toolbar contains a number of buttons that enable you to perform
various tasks with a click, such as Save, Undo, and New Worksheet.

• Dimension Shelf: This shelf contains all the categorical columns under it. example:
categories, segments, gender, name, etc

• Measure Shelf: This shelf contains all numerical columns under it like profit, total
sales, discount, etc
• Page Shelf: This shelf is used for joining pages and create animations. we will come
on it later

• Filter Shelf: You can choose which data to include and exclude using the Filters shelf,
for example, you might want to analyze the profit for each customer segment, but only for
certain shipping containers and delivery times. You may make a view like this by putting
fields on the Filters tier.

• Marks Card: The visualization can be designed using the Marks card. The markings
card can be used to change the data components of the visualization, such as color, size,
shape, path, label, and tooltip.

• Worksheet: In the workbook, the worksheet is where the real visualization may be

seen. The worksheet contains information about the visual’s design and functionality

• Data Source: Using Data Source we can add new data, modify, remove data.

• Current Sheet: The current sheets are those sheets which we have created and to
those, we can give some names.

• New Sheet: If we want to create a new worksheet ( blank canvas ) we can do using
this tab.

• New Dashboard: This button is used to create a dashboard canvas.

• New Storyboard: It is used to create a new story

Creating Visuals in Tableau

Real data visualization using Tableau-

Tableau supports the following data types:

• Boolean: True and false can be stored in this data type.

• Date/Datetime:This data type can help in leveraging Tableau’s default date

hierarchybehavior when applied to valid date or DateTime fields.

• Number: These are values that are numeric. Values can be integers or floating-point
numbers (numbers with decimals).
• String: This is a sequence of characters encased in single or double quotation marks.

• Geolocation: These are values that we need to plot maps.

Follow these steps:

• Drag the dimension and measure in row and column input field and it will
automatically suggest a graph best fitted on data.
• You can change the graph by clicking on the show me button and select whichever
graph you want.

• You can also remove the axis just by dragging and dropping them under the marks
card (remove field).

• Show Me: When you click this label, a palette appears, giving you rapid access to
many options for showing the selected types of fields. The palette changes depending on the
fields in the worksheet you’ve selected or are active.

• From the above image, you might have observed that the default aggregation on the
measure is sum but you can change the aggregation to sum, avg, min, max, etc, you can also
customize the axis name, orientation, size, show-hide axis as shown in the above image.
Create a hierarchy

2.6 Data Hierarchies in Tableau

The hierarchy in Tableau is an arrangement where entities are presented at various levels. So,
there's an entity or dimension under which there are further entities present as levels. In
Tableau, we can create hierarchies by bringing one dimension as a level under the principle
dimension.

To create a hierarchy:

 In the Data pane, drag a field and drop it directly on top of another field.
 Note: When you want to create a hierarchy from a field inside a folder, right-click
(control-click on a Mac) the field and then select Create Hierarchy.
 When prompted, enter a name for the hierarchy and click OK.
 Drag additional fields into the hierarchy as needed. You can also re-order fields in the
hierarchy by dragging them to a new position.
Drill up or down in a hierarchy

 When you add a field from a hierarchy to the visualization, you can quickly drill up or
down in the hierarchy to add or subtract more levels of detail.
 To drill up or down in a hierarchy in Tableau Desktop or in web authori ng:
 In the visualization, click the + or - icon on the hierarchy field.
 When you are editing or viewing the visualization on the web, you have the option of
clicking the + or - icon next to a field label.
Remove a hierarchy

 To remove a hierarchy:
 In the Data pane, right-click (control-click on a Mac) the hierarchy and select Remove
Hierarchy.
 The fields in the hierarchy are removed from the hierarchy and the hierarchy
disappears from the Data pane.

2.7 Filters in Tableau

Filters in a tableau that can be used to organize data based on predefined conditions and use
them for data visualization. Such ability to filter large data sets in the Business Intelligence
tool helps prepare for analysis, including removing irrelevant data records, reducing data
sizes for faster processing, and more. The filters are required to highlight any underlying
insights that can be derived from the data upon visualizing in a readable, actionable format.

Tableau performs actions on your view in a very specific order; this is called the Order of
Operations. Filters are executed in the following order:

 Extract filters
 Data source filters
 Context filters
 Filters on dimensions (whether on the Filters shelf or in filter cards in the view)
 Filters on measures (whether on the Filters shelf or in filter cards in the view)

After creating some plots you might want to use different filters, to do so follow these steps:

• On the filter shelf, you can drag any measure or dimension whichever you want to
apply a filter on.

• By dropping the field a box will appear, now you can select any particular category,
or top-n rows according to measure values or you can write some rules to select top rows or
by using some parameters.

• Now click on show filter after selecting the filter.

• Apply multiple filters, to do so you will need to add previous filters into context by
clicking on add to context here Context Filter is a Tableau filter that is applied before all
other filters.

• You can choose different options standard, fit width, fit height, entire view from the
toolbar in order to fit the visualization into the worksheet.
Select to keep or exclude data points in your view
You can filter individual data points (marks), or a selection of data points from your view.
For example, if you have a scatter plot with outliers, you can exclude them from the view so
you can better focus on the rest of the data.

To filter marks from the view, select a single mark (data point) or click and dr ag in the view
to select several marks. On the tooltip that appears, you can:

Select Keep Only to keep only t he selected marks in the view.

Select Exclude to remove the selected marks from the view.

2.8 Groups In Tableau
Create a group to combine related members in a field. For example, if you are working with
a view that shows average test scores by major, you might want to group certain majors
together to create major categories. English and History might be combined into a group
called Liberal Arts Majors, while Biology and Physics might be grouped as Science Majors.
Groups are useful for both correcting data errors (e.g., combining CA, Calif., and California
into one data point) as well as answering "what if" type questions (e.g., "What if we
combined the East and West regions?).

Create a group
There are multiple ways to create a group. You can create a group from a field in the Data
pane, or by selecting data in the view and then clicking the group icon.

Create a group by selecting d ata in the view

In the view, select one or more data points and then, on the tooltip that appears, click the
group icon .
Note: You can also select the group icon on the toolbar at the top of the workspace.
If there are multiple levels of detail in the view, you must select a level to group the
members. You can select to group all dimensions, or just one
The data which is Raw, original, and extracted directly from the official sources is known
as primary data. This type of d ata is collected directly by performing techniques such as
questionnaires, interviews, and surveys. The data collected must be acc ording to the
demand and requirements of the target audience on which analysis is perfor med otherwise
it would be a burden in the data processing.
Create a group from a field in the Data pane
In the Create Group dialog box, select several members that you want to group, and then
click Group.

The selected members are combined into a single group. A default name is created using
the combined member names.
To rename the group, select it i n the list and click Rename.
Include an Other Group
When you create groups in Tableau, you have the option to group all remaining, or non-
grouped members in an Other group.
The Include Other option is useful for highlighting certain groups or comparing specific
groups against everything else. For example, if have a view that shows sales versus profit
product category, you might want to highlight the high and low performing categories in
the view, and group all the other categories into an "Other" group.

To include an Other group:

In the Data pane, right-click the group field and select Edit Group.

In the Edit Group dialog box, select Include 'Other'.

Edit a Group
After you have created a group e d field, you can add and remove members from the groups,
create new groups, change the default group names, and change the name of the grouped
field. You can make some changes directly in the view, and others through the Edit Group
dialog box.

To add members to an existing group:

 In the Data pane, right-click the group field, and then click Edit Group
 In the Edit Group dialog box, select one or more members and drag them into the
group you want.
 Click OK.
 To remove members from an existing group:
 In the Data pane, right-click the group field, and then click Edit Group.
 In the Edit Group dialog box, select one or more members, and then click Ungroup.
  The members are removed from the current group. If you have an Other group, the
members are added to it.

Click OK.

 To create a new group in a group field:

 In the Data pane, right-click the group field, and then click Edit Group.

 In the Edit Group dialog box, select one or more members, and then click Group.

 Click OK

2.9 Sets Tableau

Tableau Sets are custom fields used to hold the subset of data based on a given
condition. In real-time, you can create a set by selecting members from the list
or a visualization. You can also do the same by writing custom Conditions or
Selecting Top/Bottom few records in a Measure
You can use sets to compare and ask questions about a subset of data. Sets are
custom fields that define a subset of data based on some conditions.
You can make sets more dynamic and interactive by using them in Set
Actions. Set actions let your audience interact directly with a viz or dashboard
to control aspects of their analysis. When someone selects marks in the view,
set actions can change the values in a set.
In addition to a Set Action, you can also allow users to change the membership
of a set by using a filter-like interface known as a Set Control, which makes it
easy for you to designate inputs into calculations that drive interactive
analysis. For details, see Show a set control in the view.

Create a dynamic set

There are two types of sets: dynamic sets and fixed sets. The members of a
dynamic set change when the underlying data changes. Dynamic sets can only
be based on a single dimension.
To create a dynamic set:
In the Data pane, right-click a dimension and select Create > Set.
In the Create Set dialog b o x, configure your set. You can config ure your set
using the following tabs:

General: Use the General tab to select one or more values that will be
considered when computing the set.

You can alternatively select the Use all option to always consider all members
even when new members are added or removed.

Condition: Use the Condition tab

a to define rules that determine which members to include
in the set.

For example, you might specify a condition that is based on total sales that only includes
products with sales over $100,000.
Top: Use the Top tab to define limits on what members to include in the set.

For example, you might specify a limit that is based on total sales that only includes the top
5 products based on their sales.
When finished, click OK.

The new set is added to the b ottom of the Data pane, under the Sets section. A set icon
indicates the field is a set..

Add or remove data points fr o m sets

If you created a set using specific data points, you can add more data to or subtract data
from the set.

To add or remove data points from a set:

In the visualization, select the data points you want to add or remove.

In the tooltip that appears, click the Sets drop-down menu icon, and then select Add to [set
name] or Remove from [set na me] to add or remove data from a particular set.

Show members in a set

As an alternative to showing the set using In/Out mode, you can list the members in the set.
Showing the members in the se t automatically adds a filter to the view that includes only
the members of the set.

Combine sets
You can combine two sets to compare the members. When you combine sets you create a
new set containing either the combination of all members, just the members that exist in
both, or members that exist in one set but not the other.
Combining sets allows you to answer complex questions and compare cohorts of your data.
For example, to determine the percentage of customers who purchased both last year and
this year, you can combine two sets containing the customers from each year and return
only the customers that exist in both sets.

To combine two sets, they must be based on the same dimensions. That is, you can combine
a set containing the top customers with another set containing the customers that purchased
last year. However, you cannot combine the top customers set with a top products set.

To combine sets:

In the Data pane, under Sets, select the two sets you want to combine.

Right-click the sets and select Create Combined Set.

In the Create Set dialog box, do the following

Type a name for the new combined set.

Verify that the two sets you want to combine are selected in the two drop-down menus.

Select one of the following options for how to combine the sets:

All Members in Both Sets - the combined set will contain all of the members from both
sets.

Shared Members in Both Sets - the combined set will only contain members that exist in
both sets.

Except Shared Members - the combined set will contain all members from the specified set
that don't exist in the second set. These options are equivalent to subtracting one set from
another. For example, if the first set contains Apples, Oranges, and Pears and the second set
contains Pears and Nuts; combining the first set except the shared members would contain
just Apples and Oranges. Pears is removed because it exists in the second set.

Optionally specify a character that will separate the members if the sets represent multiple
dimensions.
When finished, click OK.
To switch a set to list the individual members:

In the visualization workspace, right-click the set and select Show Members in Set

2.10 Calculated fields

Calculated fields allow you to create new data from data that already exists in your data
source. When you create a calculated field, you are essentially creating a new field (or
column) in your data source, the values or members of which are determined by a
calculation that you control.

Step 1: Create the calculated field

In a worksheet in Tableau, select Analysis > Create Calculated Field.

In the Calculation Editor that opens, give the calculated field a name.

In this example, the calculated field is called Profit Ratio.

Step 2: Enter a formula

In the Calculation Editor, enter a formula.

This example uses the following formula:

SUM([Profit])/SUM([Sales])

Formulas use a combination of functions, fields, and operators. To learn more about
creating formulas in Tableau, see Formatting Calculations in Tableau(Link opens in a new
window) and Functions in Tableau(Link opens in a new window).

When finished, click OK.

The new calculated field is added to the Data pane. If the new field computes quantitative
data, it is added to Measures. If it computes qualitative data, it is added to Dimensions
2.11 Map based visualisations

If you want to analyze your data geographically, you can plot your data on a map in Tableau.
This topic explains why and when you should put your data on a map visualization. It also
describes some of the types of maps you can create in Tableau, with links to topics that
demonstrate how to create each one.

Why put your data on a map?

There are many reasons to put your data on a map. Perhaps you have some location data in
your data source? Or maybe you think a map could really make your data pop? Both of those
are good enough reasons to create a map visualization, but it’s important to keep in mind that
maps, like any other type of visualization, serve a particular purpose: they answer spatial
questions.

You make a map in Tableau because you have a spatial question, and you need to use a map
to understand the trends or patterns in your data.

When should you use a map to represent your data?

If you have a spatial question, a map view might be a great way to answer it. However, that
might not always be the case.
Take for example, the first question from the list above: Which state has the most farmers
markets?

If you had a data source with a list of farmers markets per state, you might create a map view
like the one below. Can you easily tell the difference between New York and California?
Which one has more farmers markets?

What types of maps can you build in Tableau?

With Tableau, you can create the following common map types:

 Proportional symbol maps

 Choropleth maps (filled maps)
 Point distribution maps
 Heatmaps (density maps)
 Flow maps (path maps)
 Spider maps (origin-destination maps)
 Proportional symbol maps

Proportional symbol maps are great for showing quantitative data for individual locations.
For example, you can plot earthquakes around the world and size them by magnitude.

Choropleth maps (filled maps)

Also known as filled maps in Tableau, Choropleth maps are great for showing ratio data. For
example, if you want to see obesity rates for every county across the United States, you might
consider creating a choropleth map to see if you can spot any spatial trends.

Heatmaps (density maps)

Heatmaps, or density maps, can be used when you want to show a trend for visual clusters of
data. For example, if you want to find out which areas of Manhattan have the most taxi
pickups, you can create a densit ymap to see which areas are most popular.
Flow maps (path maps)

You can use flow maps to connect paths across a map and to see where something went over
time. For example, you can track the paths of major storms across the world over a period of
time.
Spider maps (origin-destination maps)

You can use a spider map to show how an origin location and one or more destination
locations interact. For example, you can connect paths between metro stations t o plot them on
a map, or you can track bike share rides from an origin to one or more destinations.
2.12 build interactive dashboa rds

You’ve created four worksheets, and they're communicating important information that needs
to know. Now you need a way to show the negative profits in Tennessee, North Carolina, and
Florida and explain some of the reasons why profits are low.

To do this, you can use dashboards to display multiple worksheets at once, and—if you
want—make them interact with one another.

Set up your dashboard

You want to emphasize that certain items sold in certain places are doing poorly. Your bar
graph view of profit and your map
a view demonstrate this point nicely.

 Click the New dashboard button.

 The New Dashboard ico n
  In the Dashboard pane on the left, you'll see the sheets that you created. Drag Sales in
the South to your empty dashboard.
 Drag Profit Map to your dashboard, and drop it on top of the Sales in the South view.

Your view will update to look like this:

Arrange your dashboard

It's not easy to see details for each item under Sub-Category from your Sales in the South bar
chart. Also, because we have the map in view, we probably don't need the South region
column in Sales in the South, either.

Resolving these issues will give you more room to communicate the informatio n you need.

On Sales in the South, right-click in the column area under the Region column header, and
clear Show header.

Repeat this process for the Category row header.

You've now hidden unnecessary columns and rows from your dashboard while preserving the
breakdown of your data. The extra space makes it easier to see data on your dashboard, but
let's freshen things up even more.

Right-click the Profit Map title and select Hide Title.

The title Profit Map is hidden fr om the dashboard and even more space is created.

Repeat this step for the Sales in the South view title.

Select the first Sub-Category filter card on the right side of your view, and at the top of the
card, click the Remove icon The Remove From Dashboard icon.

Repeat this step for the second Sub-Category filter card and one of the Year of Order Date
filter cards.

Click on the Profit color legend and drag it from the right to below Sales in the South.

Finally, select the remaining Year of Order Date filter, click its drop-down arrow, and then
select Floating. Move it to the w hite space in the map view. In this example, it is placed just
off the East Coast, in the Atlantic Ocean.
Try selecting different years on the Year of Order Date filter. Your data is quickly filtered to
show that state performance varies year by year. That's nice, but it could be made even easier
to compare.

Click the drop-down arrow at the top of the Year of Order Date filter, and select Single Value
(Slider).

Your view updates to look like this:

Add interactivity

Wouldn't it be great if you could view which sub-categories are profitable in specific states?
Select Profit Map in the dashboard, and click the Use as filter icon The Use as Filter icon in
the upper right corner.

Select a state within the Southern region of the map.

The Sales in the South bar chart automatically updates to show just the sub-category sales in
the selected state. You can quickly see which sub-categories are profitable.

Click an area of the map other than the colored Southern states to clear your selection.

You also want viewers to be able to see the change in profits based on the order date.

Select the Year of Order Date filter, click its drop-down arrow, and select Apply to
Worksheets > Selected Worksheets.

In the Apply Filter to Worksheets dialog box, select All in dashboard, and then click OK.

This option tells Tableau to apply the filter to all worksheets in the dashboard that use this
same data source

Rename and go

You show your boss your dashboard, and she loves it. She's named it "Regional Sales and
Profit," and you do the same by double-clicking the Dashboard 1 tab and typing Regional
Sales and Profit.

In her investigations, your boss also finds that the decision to introduce machines in the North
Carolina market in 2021 was a bad idea.

Your boss is glad she has this dashboard to explore, but she also wants you to present a clear
action plan to the larger team. She asks you to create a presentation with your findings.
2.13 Data Stories

In Tableau, a story is a sequence of visualizations that work together to conve y information.

You can create stories to tell a data narrative, provide context, demonstrate how decisions
relate to outcomes, or to simply make a compelling case.

A story is a sheet, so the meth ods you use to create, name, and manage worksheets and
dashboards also apply to stories (for more details, see Workbooks and Sheets). At the same
time, a story is also a collection of sheets, arranged in a sequence. Each individual sheet in a
story is called a story point.

When you share a story —for example, by publishing a workbook to Tableau Public, Tableau
Server, or Tableau Online—users can interact with the story to reveal new findings or ask
new questions of the data.