Psychology Notes

Chapter 1 Psychology Notes | L.L.
B Semester 4
INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOLOGY
1. Definition of Psychology
The scientific study of the human mind and its functions, especially those affecting behaviour
in a given context is called psychology.
Or
The Scientific study of mind and behaviour.
2. Nature and Application of Psychology
2.1 Specializations and branches of psychology
1) Clinical Psychology Clinical psychology deals with the study, diagnosis, and
treatment of psychological disorders.
2) Counseling Psychology Counseling psychology focuses primarily on educational,

social, and career adjustment problems.
3) Educational Psychology Educational psychology is concerned with teaching and

learning processes, such as the relationship between motivation
and school performance.
4) Industrial/Organizational Industrial/organizational psychology is concerned with the

Psychology psychology of the workplace.
5) Developmental Developmental psychology examines how people grow and

Psychology change from the moment of conception through death.
Chapter 1 Psychology Notes | L.L.B Semester 4
6) Cognitive Psychology Cognitive psychology focuses on the study of higher mental

processes.
7) School psychology This field of psychology is devoted to helping students deal with
academic, social, emotional, and behavioral issues that they face
in school settings. These professionals after work with
individual students as well as parents, educators, and school
administrators.
8) Social Psychology Social psychology is the study of how people’s thoughts,
feelings, and actions are affected by others.
9) Sport Psychology Sport psychology applies psychology to athletic activity and

exercise.
10) Health psychology Health psychology explores the relationship between

psychological factors and physical ailments or disease.
11) Forensic Psychology Forensic psychology focuses on legal issues, such as

determining the accuracy of witness memories.
12) Experimental Experimental psychology studies the processes of sensing,

psychology perceiving, learning, and thinking about the world.
13) Evolutionary Evolutionary psychology considers how behaviour is influenced

psychology by our genetic inheritance from our ancestors.
14) Environmental Environmental psychology considers the relationship between

psychology people and their physical environment.
15) Psychology of Women Psychology of women focuses on issues such as discrimination

against women and the causes of violence against women.
2.2 Applications of psychology with reference to PAKISTAN
Clinical Psychology
 Universities are offering MSc. MS, and PhD degree in Clinical Psychology.
 It makes the students eligible enough to recognize the psychological disorders in
clients/patients by knowing about their symptoms
 They can also apply in Pakistan army, air force and navy.
 They can also apply in different institutes and universities and work by showing some
teaching skills.
 If you are not able to successfully pass the MCAT test and has a desire to call yourself as
the doctor then still you are left with the alternative to be the part of the clinical psychology
field work.
 Employment Career Options - Public Hospitals, Private Hospitals and clinics, Mental
Hospitals, Career Counseling Firms, University Centres, Armed Forces, Research Centres,
and Civil Services Training Centres.
Counseling Psychology
 Highly trained mental health professionals to address trauma, addiction, depression,
academic and career concerns in clinics, hospitals, schools, and universities.
 Elderly and veterans of the armed services, are also seeking mental health care
in greater numbers.
 Insurance companies are including mental health care in their coverage.
 The students in Pakistan are very much confused and are unsure regarding the field in which
they should start their career and that is one major situation in which we need the career
counselor who can guide the students that which field or which specific area is more
suitable for them and in which they can get more success as per the situation of the state
and the skills and abilities of the individuals.
 The political instability and the ever increasing unemployment in Pakistan has
forced the students to turn towards to career counselor.
Educational Psychology
 Educational Psychologists develop instructional materials, modify teaching
strategies, and design learning environments with the goal of enhancing
performance.
 In Pakistan Educational Psychologists work in schools, business, research, teaching,
assessment, and consulting.
Organization Psychology
 Focuses on the psychology of the workforce, customer, and consumer, including issues
such as the psychology of recruitment, selecting employees from an applicant pool,
training, performance appraisal, job satisfaction, work motivation.
 Work behaviour, stress at work and management.
 Industrial psychology focuses more on the Human Resources aspects of the field.
 Organizational psychology focuses more on the personal interactions of the employee.
Developmental Psychology
 Changes across three major dimensions: physical development, cognitive, development,
and socio emotional development.
 In Pakistan a Developmental psychologists can work in a variety of settings, including
academia, government agencies, health care facilities and schools.
 Those working in colleges and universities tend to focus primarily on research or teaching.
 Others working in health care facilities or clinics, help to assess, evaluate and treat
people living with developmental disabilities.
 Also work in assisted living homes for the elderly, hospitals, mental health clinics
and centres for the homeless.

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Chapter 1 Psychology Notes | L.L.

The Scientific study of mind and behaviour.

2. Nature and Application of Psychology

2.1 Specializations and branches of psychology

2) Counseling Psychology Counseling psychology focuses primarily on educational,

3) Educational Psychology Educational psychology is concerned with teaching and

4) Industrial/Organizational Industrial/organizational psychology is concerned with the

5) Developmental Developmental psychology examines how people grow and

6) Cognitive Psychology Cognitive psychology focuses on the study of higher mental

9) Sport Psychology Sport psychology applies psychology to athletic activity and

10) Health psychology Health psychology explores the relationship between

11) Forensic Psychology Forensic psychology focuses on legal issues, such as

12) Experimental Experimental psychology studies the processes of sensing,

13) Evolutionary Evolutionary psychology considers how behaviour is influenced

14) Environmental Environmental psychology considers the relationship between

15) Psychology of Women Psychology of women focuses on issues such as discrimination

2.2 Applications of psychology with reference to PAKISTAN

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