PHONETICS PHONOLOGY VOCAL CORD The oral tract/cavity Fortis: Lenis:

Consonants Phonemes Voiced sounds Voiceless sounds Active (mobile)

Vowels Connected speech - Vocal cords come close - Vocal cords are articulators: +relatively strong energy + relatively weak energy
Supra-segmental: Stress together. drawn apart. -the lower lip
Intonation - The airstream is obstructed - The air can pass -the tongue + voiceless + voiced
partially, causing the opening out freely Passive (non-mobile)
-the physical
-the ways the sounds we and between vocal articulators: + shorten the preceding + lengthen the preceding vowels
description of the
used are organized into closing of vocal cords cords. -the upper lip vowels
actual sounds used
patterns and systems. - Pressure causes vocal cords - There is no -the teeth E.g: Court E.g: Cord
in human languages.
to vibration. -the roof of the mouth
Regional vibrate. /p/, /t/, /f/, (alveolar ridge, hard
Universial
/b/, /d/, /v/, /z/, /g/, /ð/, /ʒ/, /s/, /k/, /θ/, ʃ /, palate, soft palate,
Eg: why different [t] for /dʒ/, /m/, /n/, /ŋ/, /w/, /l/, /tʃ/, /h/ uvula)
Eg: /eɪ/
‘top’ and ‘stop’? /j/, -the pharynx wall
/ɑ/
/ɹ/
VOWELS CONSONANT VELUM Classification of English • Aspiration is a little extra puff of air that
-None of the -Two of the articulators Oral sounds Nasal sounds consonants sometimesgoes with speech sound.
articulators come come together so that the - The soft palate is raised, - The soft palate Place: • Aspirated [ h ] (diacritic):
-Bilabial: p, b, m, w
together so that the airstream is obstructed locking is lowered, -Dental: θ, đ
• Fortis plosive /p, k, t/ → [ph kh th] when
airstream is not and cannot get out freely. off the nasal cavity. partially locking - Labial-dental: f,v syllable initial of a stressed syllable
obstructed and can - The airstream can only get off the oral -Alveolar: t,d, s, z, n, l, ,r • E.g. pure [phjʊə(r)] important [ɪmˈphɔːtnt]
- Palato-alveolar: ʧ, ʃ, ʤ,ʒ
get out freely. out cavity. - Falatal: j
• Unaspirated [ = ]:
5 vowel letters in the 21 consonant letters through the oral cavity. - The airstream -Velar: k, g, ŋ, • /p, k, t/ → [p= , k=,t= ] after the sound /s/; in
alphabet. in the alphabet - The other sounds mainly gets out -Glotal: h,? the medial orfinal position of a syllable; or at the
Manner:
20 vowel sounds in 24 consonant sounds through the - Stops: p, b, t,d, k, g
initial position of anunstressed syllable.
English. in English. nasal cavity and - Affricate: ʧ, ʤ • E.g. steam [st=iːm], happy [ˈhæp=i], cap
Vowels are the Consonants have to be partially through -Fricative: θ, đ, f,v, s, z, ʃ, ʒ [khæp=]
-Nasal: m, n, ŋ
nucleus of a linked with a vowel to the oral tract. - Lateral: l, l tối
• Symbol:o dưới
syllable. form a syllable. - /n/, /m/, /ŋ/ - Appro-ximant: w, r, j • Plosive /p, k/ will be unexploded before nother
E.g. /æ/, /ʊ/, /ɪ/ E.g. /p/, /s/, /b/, /z/ plosive.• E.g. act [ækot], adapt [əˈdæpt]

Decide whether the statements below are TRUE or FALSE Decide whether the statements below are TRUE or FALSE
6. The English consonants which are usually articulated with 6. Phonology is the description of the systems and
relatively strong energy are defined as fortis. patterns of sounds in a language, involving studying a
A. TRUE FALSE language to determine its distinctive sounds and to establish
7. Lenis consonants are often voiced and often shorten the a set of rules that describe the set of changes taking place in
preceding vowels. these sounds when they occur in different relationships with
A. TRUE FALSE others.
8. A retroflex sound involves tongue front and hard palate. A. TRUE FALSE
A. TRUE FALSE 7. When we speak, we produce a continuous
9. A palato-alveolar sound involves the tongue blade and the segment of sounds.
area immediately behind alveolar ridge. A. TRUE FALSE
A. TRUE FALSE 8. Phonemes are the smallest segments of sound
10. Velar sounds (e.g. /g/) are pronounced by using the velum that can be distinguished by their contrast within words.
as its passive articulator and tongue back. A. TRUE FALSE
A. TRUE FALSE 9. Allophonic transcription is called broad
transcription which shows different phonemes. An example
of allophonic transcription is /ˈbredwɪnər/.
A. TRUE FALSE
10. In transcription of English, one symbol only
represents one sound even if it occurs in different contexts.
A. TRUE FALSE
Vowels are longer in the syllable final position. Unit 1: Introduction Just relax, take it easy (trong bài hát Father and / wen aɪ lʊk bæk । ɒn maɪ ʧaɪldhʊd ॥ aɪ wʌndə haʊ
e.g. me [mi:] -Types of phonetics: articulatory, auditory, acoustic son). aɪ səˈvaɪvd ət ɔːl ॥ ɪt wɒz əf kɔːs । ə mɪzərəbl ̩
• Vowels are longer when followed by a voiced -Airstream mechanisms: Cách 1: [dʒʌs rɪˈlæks| teɪkɪtˈiːzi] ʧaɪldhʊd ॥ ðə hæpɪ ʧaɪldhʊd । ɪz hɑːdlɪ wɜːθ jɔː waɪl
consonant. + pulmonic (lungs), glottalic (glottis), velaric (velum) Cách 2: just relax. /t/ is elided because in a ॥ wɜːs ðən ðiː ɔːdɪnərɪ mɪzərəbl ̩ ʧaɪldhʊd । ɪz ðə
e.g. seed [si:d] vs. seat [si:t] + egressive vs. ingressive consonant cluster of 3, the middle consonant mɪzərəbl ̩ aɪrɪʃ ʧaɪldhʊd ॥ ənd wɜːs jet । ɪz ðə
• Vowels are longer in stressed syllable than Unit 2: Consonants (24) should be elided. mɪzərəbl ̩ aɪrɪʃ kæθəlɪk ʧaɪldhʊd ॥ /
unstressed syllable. -Place of articulation: bilabial, labiodental, dental, take it easy. there is liaison between /k/ When I look back on my childhood I wonder how I
e.g. cite [saɪt], citation [saɪ’t alveolar, palate-alveolar, palatal, velar, glottal, retroflex and /i/, and between /t/ and /i:/ because there survived at all. It was, of course, a miserable
heɪʃn] -Manner of articulation: plosive, fricative, affricate, should be links between a consonant and the childhood: the happy childhood is hardly worth
• Vowels are nasalized when standing before approximant, lateral, nasal following vowel. your while. Worse than the ordinary miserable
nasal -Voicing: voiced vs. voiceless */p, k, t/ → [ph kh th] important [ɪmˈphɔːtnt] childhood is the miserable Irish childhood, and
 THOÁT ÂM ASPIRATED
sounds. -State of the velum: nasal vs. oral */p, k, t/ → [p= , k=,t= ] SAU /s/; Ở GIỮA HOẶC CUỐI CỦA 1 ÂM or
worse yet is the miserable Irish Catholic childhood.
e.g. sing [sɪŋ̃ ], in [ɪñ ] -Force of articulation: fortis (voiceless) vs. lenis đầu của âm k nhấn
(voiced) • E.g. steam [st=iːm], happy [ˈhæp=i], cap [khæp=]
*Plosive /p, k/ chưa nổ trc .• E.g. act [ækot], adapt [əˈdæpo trênt] o
Unit 5: Allophones Unit 3: Vowels (20) = monophthongs (12) + diphthongs trên
- Aspirated [Xh] vs. unaspirated [X=] (8) + triphthongs (5) * /l w r j/ -> /l w r j/o dưới sau [ph kh th] plodướiei
- Unexploded [Xo] -Height of the tongue: high, mid, low *Alveolar /t d s z n l/ → [ ] before a dental sound
/θ, ð/ tenth [ ] vs ten [then]
- Devoiced [Xo] -Position/backness of the tongue: front, central, back • Nasals /m n/ → [ ] when at the end of a word and after an
- Dentalised -Shape of the lips: spread, neutral, round obstruent / b, d, ɡ, v, z/, e.g.: leaden [ˈ ], criticism
- Nasalised -Vowel length: long vs. short • Liquids /l, r/ → [l̩, r̩] when at the end of a word and after another
consonant, e.g.: kennel [ˈ
- Velarized -Degree of muscular tension: tense vs. lax ̩], table
- Fronted articulation Unit 4: Phonology * Velars /k, g/ are pulled to the more frontal part of the tongue
-Phoneme (44) vs. segment when standing before /iː, ɪ, e, æ/
• E.g. car [khɑː(r)], key [k̟iː], kept [k̟ept]
Unit 6: Connected speech processes -Minimal pair * Symbol: [ ɫ ]
- Assimilation + different in meaning • /l/ → [ɫ] when after a vowel and before another consonant
- Elision + same number of segments or the end of words.
• E.g. fail [feɪɫ], talk [tɔːɫk]
- Liaison/linking sounds + only one different segment in the same position
Unit 7: Stress -Phonemic transcription vs. phonetic transcription
- Features of stress: loudness, pitch, + phonemic: /xxx/, phonemic symbols, no allophonic
length, vowel quality details
- Functions of stress + phonetic: [xxx], phonemic symbols, allophonic
Unit 8: Intonation details
- Intonation patterns: rising, falling
- Tone unit
+ tonic syllable: primary stressed syllable of the
LAST lexical word
+ tail: everything after the TS
+ head: primary stressed syllable of the FIRST
lexical word up until the TS
+ prehead: everything before the head
Steps to identify TS
- Identify all lexical words (N, V, A, Adv)
- Last lexical word
- Primary stressed syllable