Register Number:

INDRA GANESAN COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

IG Valley, Manikandam, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu – 620 012, India
(Approved by AICTE, New Delhi and affiliated to Ana University, Chennai)
CAT-1 Date/Session / Marks 60
Course code CCS352 Course Title Multimedia and Animation
Regulation 2021 Duration 90 minutes Academic Year 2023-2024
Year III Semester VI Department CSE
COURSE OUTCOMES
CO1: To grasp the fundamental knowledge of Multimedia elements and systems
CO2: To get familiar with Multimedia file formats and standards
CO3: To learn the process of Authoring multimedia presentations
CO4: To learn the techniques of animation in 2D and 3D and for the mobile UI
CO5: To explore different popular applications of multimedia

Q.N Questions with Answer keys CO BTS

o.
PART A
(Answer all the Questions 9 x 2 = 18 Marks)
1. Define ‘Multimedia’.
The word multi and media are combined to form the word multimedia. The word “multi”
signifies “many.” Multimedia is a type of medium that allows information to be easily
transferred from one location to another. Multimedia is the presentation
of text, pictures, audio, and video with links and tools that allow the user to navigate,
engage, create, and communicate using a computer. Multimedia refers to the computer-
assisted integration of text, drawings, still and moving images(videos) graphics, audio,
animation, and any other media in which any type of information can be expressed, stored, C310. K
1 1
communicated, and processed digitally.
Multimedia refers to the combined use of different media types such as text, images, audio,
video, and animations to convey information or create interactive experiences.
Multimedia refers to the integration of multiple forms of media, such as text, graphics,
images, audio, video, and animations, to convey information or create an interactive
experience. It encompasses a wide range of applications, from simple presentations to
complex simulations and virtual environments.
2. C310.
What are the main characteristics of multimedia system? 1
 Multimedia systems must be computer controlled.
 They are integrated.
 The information they handle must be represented digitally.
 The interface to the final user may permit interactivity.

Here are the main characteristics of a multimedia system, briefly:

1. Integration of various media types (text, images, audio, video).
K
2. Interactivity for user engagement. 2
3. Synchronization of media elements.
4. Compression for efficient storage and transmission.
5. Scalability across devices and network conditions.
6. Real-time capabilities for live interactions.
7. Multimedia authoring tools for content creation.
8. Accessibility features for users with disabilities.
9. Integration with other software and hardware systems.

3. C310. K
Define hypermedia. 1 2
Hypermedia, an extension of the term hypertext, is a nonlinear medium of information that
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 includes graphics, audio, video, plain text and hyperlinks. This designation contrasts with the
broader term multimedia, which may include non-interactive linear presentations as well as
hypermedia.
Hypermedia is like an enhanced form of traditional media, such as books or
magazines, but in a digital format. It includes text, images, videos, and other multimedia
elements, all interconnected through hyperlinks. These hyperlinks allow users to navigate
between different pieces of content, providing a non-linear and interactive experience. In
simple terms, hypermedia is a way of organizing and presenting information that allows users
to explore and interact with it in various ways.
Hypermedia is an extension of the term hypertext, which refers to electronic
documents with links (hyperlinks) to other documents or media types. Hypermedia includes
not only text but also images, videos, and other multimedia elements that can be accessed
interactively.
4. C310.
List out the components of multimedia. 1
There are five basic elements of multimedia: text, images, audio, video and animation.
Example - Text in fax, Photographic images, Geographic information system maps, Voice
commands, Audio messages, Music, Graphics, Moving graphics animation, Full-motion
stored and live video, Holographic images.

The components of multimedia include:

1. Text: Words and characters used to convey information.
2. Graphics: Visual elements such as images, diagrams, and illustrations.
3. Audio: Sound effects, music, and spoken words. K
2
4. Video: Moving images and animations.
5. Animation: Dynamic visuals created through the manipulation of images or objects.
6. Interactivity: User engagement through input devices like keyboards, mice, or touchscreens.
7. Integration: Combination of different media types to create a cohesive experience.
8. Synchronization: Timing coordination of different media elements for a unified presentation.
9. Compression: Reduction of file sizes for efficient storage and transmission.
10. Delivery: Distribution of multimedia content through various channels like the internet or
physical media.

5. C310. K
Difference between linear project and non-linear project. 1 6
Linear Project Non-linear Project
1. Follows a sequential order 1. Allows branching and interactivity
2. Progression is fixed 2. Progression can vary
3. Limited user interaction 3. Offers more user control
4. Typically used in videos, slideshows 4. Common in games, interactive apps
5. Examples: Video playback 5. Examples: Interactive stories, games

Linear Project Non-linear Project

1. Follows a predetermined sequence or
timeline 1. Allows users to navigate freely
2. Content is presented in a fixed order 2. Content can be accessed in any order
3. Offers interactive elements and choices for
3. Limited user interaction the user
4. Common in traditional media like videos or 4. Common in interactive media like games or
slideshows simulations
5. Examples: A video with a beginning, middle, 5. Examples: A game with multiple paths and

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 Linear Project Non-linear Project
and end outcomes
Linear and non-linear multimedia are two different categories that are applicable to the world
of multimedia. The main difference is that linear multimedia does not feature any sort of
navigational abilities. 1. The linear multimedia will go from the start all the way through the
end point without any variation.
Linear systems have constant coefficients. Nonlinear
systems may have variable coefficients. The input-output relationship of a linear system is additive.
The input-output relationship of a nonlinear system may not be additive.
6. What is hologram? C310. K
1 1
A hologram is a physical structure that diffracts light into an image. The term
‘hologram’ can refer to both the encoded material and the resulting image.
Holography, often known as hologram technology, is a type of photography that records the
light emitted by an object and then projects it as a three-dimensional (3D) object that can be
seen without the use of any extra equipment.

In multimedia, a hologram refers to a type of digital or computer-generated holographic image

used for visual or interactive purposes. These holograms are typically created using computer
graphics and are designed to simulate the appearance of real holograms. They can be viewed
on special displays or devices that project the holographic image into space, creating the
illusion of a three-dimensional object or scene. Holograms in multimedia are often used for
visual effects, virtual reality, and augmented reality applications.

In general usage, a hologram is a

recording of any type of wavefront in the form of an interference pattern. It can be created by
capturing light from a real scene, or it can be generated by a computer, in which case it is
known as a computer-generated hologram, which can show virtual objects or scenes.

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 A hologram is a picture of a "whole" object, showing it in
three dimensions. We've all seen cheap hologram images on credit cards and ID cards (where
they help prevent copying). Far more impressive are large holograms that take the form of a
ghostly 3-D moving figure that you can walk around to see from all angles.
Holography is a technique that produces a three-dimensional image called a
hologram, which appears to be a true representation of a physical object. It uses the
interference patterns of light to create the illusion of depth, allowing the viewer to see the
object from different angles as they move around it.
Yes, "hologram" and "holography" refer to related concepts but are not
exactly the same. Holography is the technique used to create holograms, which are three-
dimensional images formed by the interference of light beams. So, while holography is the
process or technique, a hologram is the actual three-dimensional image produced by that
process.
Holography is a technique that produces a three-dimensional image called a
hologram. It involves the use of coherent light, such as a laser, to create a photographic
recording of an object. Unlike a traditional photograph, which captures only the intensity of
light, a hologram also captures the phase of light waves, allowing it to recreate the appearance
of the object in three dimensions.
7. C310.
Give the classification of metadata. 1
Metadata in multimedia can be classified into three main categories:
1. Descriptive metadata: Provides information about the content, such as title, author,
keywords, and description.
2.
3. Structural metadata: Describes how the multimedia content is organized, such as the
K
sequence of images in a slideshow or the chapters in a video. 3
4.
5. Administrative metadata: Includes information about the creation, rights, and
management of the multimedia content, such as file format, size, and copyright information.
6.
7. Three main types of metadata exist: descriptive, structural and
administrative. Descriptive metadata adds information about who created a
resource, and most importantly – what the resource is about, what it includes.
8. C310. K
List two challenges in multimedia databases. 1 2
The key challenges for multimedia database is : To implement a multimedia
database, we need to overcome some of the commonly occurring challenges. These
include: Storage: The large size of multimedia data affects its storage, retrieval, and
transmission. Hence, it requires special storage facilities, which are bigger and faster
than conventional disc storage.
Two challenges in multimedia databases are:
Large data size: Multimedia files, such as videos, images, and audio, tend to be large
in size compared to text-based data. Managing and storing such large volumes of data can be

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 challenging and requires efficient storage solutions and data retrieval mechanisms.
1. Data heterogeneity: Multimedia databases often contain diverse types of data, such as
text, images, videos, and audio. Managing and querying such heterogeneous data require
specialized techniques to handle different data formats and types effectively.
1. Storage and retrieval: Managing large volumes of multimedia data, including
images, videos, and audio files, requires efficient storage solutions and fast retrieval
mechanisms to ensure quick access to the content.
2. Indexing and search: Developing effective indexing and search algorithms for
multimedia content, which often lacks structured data, is challenging due to the
complexity of multimedia data and the need to provide relevant search results to
users.

Here are several challenges in multimedia databases:

1. Storage: Multimedia files can be large and require significant storage capacity.
Managing this storage efficiently is a challenge.
2. Retrieval: Searching for multimedia content can be challenging due to the lack
of standardized metadata and the need for effective indexing techniques.
3. Compression: Multimedia files often need to be compressed to reduce
storage requirements and transmission bandwidth. Finding the right balance between
compression and quality is a challenge.
4. Synchronization: In multimedia presentations or streams, synchronizing
different media types (e.g., audio and video) can be complex and requires careful
management.
5. Interactivity: Creating interactive multimedia applications involves managing
user interactions and responses, which can be challenging to implement and
maintain.
6. Security: Protecting multimedia content from unauthorized access, copying, or
modification is a significant challenge, especially for sensitive or valuable content.
7. Scalability: As the amount of multimedia data grows, databases need to scale
to handle the increased load, which can be challenging to implement and maintain.
8. Compatibility: Ensuring that multimedia content is compatible with different
devices, platforms, and software versions can be challenging due to the variety of
formats and standards.
9. Quality of Service (QoS): Providing a consistent level of service, such as
playback quality or response time, for multimedia applications can be challenging,
especially in dynamic environments.
10. Metadata Management: Managing metadata for multimedia content,
including creation, storage, and retrieval, can be complex due to the variety of
metadata types and formats.

These challenges require careful consideration and innovative solutions to build

effective multimedia database systems.
3.
2.
9. Write a short note on object linking and embedding? C310. K
1 5
Object Linking and Embedding (OLE) in multimedia is a technology that allows you to link
and embed objects (such as images, videos, or documents) from one application into another.

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 This enables users to create dynamic multimedia presentations or documents that contain
content from multiple sources.
Object linking and embedding (OLE) is a method of exchanging
information between applications. Using OLE, you can take selected objects or entire files
from one application, called the source application, and place them into another application,
called the destination application.

Object Linking & Embedding (OLE in multimedia) is a proprietary technology developed by

Microsoft that allows embedding and linking to documents and other objects. For developers,
it brought OLE Control Extension (OCX), a way to develop and use custom user interface
elements.
Embeddings are representations of values or objects like text, images, and audio that
are designed to be consumed by machine learning models and semantic search
algorithms
PART B
(Answer all the Questions 3x 14 = 42 Marks)
10a C310. K
What are the characteristics of multimedia ? Explain each one in detail. 1 6
Multimedia has several key characteristics that distinguish it from other forms of
communication. Here are some of the main characteristics, explained in detail:

1. Integration of Multiple Media Types: Multimedia combines different types

of media, such as text, images, audio, video, and animations, into a single
presentation. This integration allows for a richer and more engaging user experience,
as it can convey information in multiple formats simultaneously.
2. Interactivity: One of the defining features of multimedia is its interactivity,
which allows users to engage with the content in a meaningful way. This can include
clicking on buttons, navigating through menus, or interacting with simulations and
games. Interactivity makes multimedia more engaging and can enhance learning and
retention.
3. Synchronization: Multimedia often involves the synchronization of different
media elements to create a cohesive presentation. For example, in a video with a
soundtrack, the audio and video must be synchronized so that the sound matches the
action on screen. Synchronization ensures that the various media elements work
together seamlessly to convey the intended message.
4. Non-linearity: Unlike traditional linear media, such as books or movies,
multimedia can be non-linear, allowing users to navigate through the content in a
non-sequential manner. This non-linearity can take the form of hyperlinks in a web
page, branching paths in a game, or interactive menus in a multimedia presentation.
Non-linearity gives users more control over their experience and allows for greater
exploration and discovery.
5. Compression: Multimedia often involves the use of compression techniques to
reduce the file size of media elements without significantly compromising quality.
Compression is essential for efficient storage and transmission of multimedia content,
especially over the internet.
6. Scalability: Multimedia content should be scalable to accommodate different
display sizes and resolutions, as well as different bandwidths and processing
capabilities. Scalability ensures that the content remains accessible and usable across
a wide range of devices and platforms.
7. Real-time Capabilities: Some multimedia applications require real-time

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 processing and rendering of media elements, such as live streaming or interactive
simulations. Real-time capabilities allow for immediate feedback and interaction,
enhancing the user experience.
8. Accessibility: Multimedia should be designed to be accessible to users with
disabilities, such as those with visual or hearing impairments. This can include
providing alternative text for images, closed captions for videos, and audio
descriptions for visually impaired users.

By understanding these characteristics, multimedia designers and developers can

create more effective and engaging multimedia experiences for their users.

OR
10b C310. K
Describe the elements/components of multimedia systems. 1 1
Multimedia systems consist of various elements or components that work together to create,
manage, and deliver multimedia content. Here are the main components of multimedia
systems:

1. Input Devices: These devices are used to input data into the system, such as keyboards,
mice, microphones, and cameras. They capture different types of media, such as text, audio,
images, and video, for processing and storage.
2. Processing Units: The processing units of a multimedia system include the CPU (Central
Processing Unit) and GPU (Graphics Processing Unit), which are responsible for processing and
manipulating multimedia data. They handle tasks such as decoding compressed media files,
rendering graphics, and executing multimedia applications.
3. Storage Devices: Multimedia systems require storage devices to store multimedia
content, such as hard drives, solid-state drives, and optical discs. These devices provide the
necessary storage capacity for large multimedia files and databases.
4. Memory: Memory, including RAM (Random Access Memory) and cache memory, is used
to store data temporarily for processing. Adequate memory is essential for handling multimedia
content efficiently and ensuring smooth playback and interaction.
5. Software: Multimedia systems rely on software applications and operating systems that
support multimedia processing and playback. This includes multimedia authoring tools, media
players, editing software, and multimedia frameworks.
6. Output Devices: Output devices are used to display or output multimedia content to
users, such as monitors, speakers, headphones, printers, and projectors. These devices render the
multimedia content in a form that users can perceive.
7. Network Connectivity: Network connectivity is essential for multimedia systems that
require access to remote content or collaboration between multiple users. This includes wired and
wireless networking technologies that enable data transfer and communication.
8. User Interface: The user interface allows users to interact with the multimedia system and
access its features and content. This includes graphical user interfaces (GUIs), touchscreens, and
other input methods that provide a user-friendly experience.
9. Control Devices: Control devices, such as remote controls, game controllers, and
touchpads, allow users to navigate and interact with multimedia content, especially in interactive
applications and games.
10. Integration and Interoperability: Multimedia systems often integrate with other systems
and devices, such as web browsers, databases, and multimedia servers. Interoperability ensures
that multimedia content can be shared, accessed, and used across different platforms and
environments.

These elements work together to create a cohesive multimedia experience, allowing users to

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 create, access, and interact with multimedia content in various forms.

The elements or components of multimedia include:

1. Text: Words and characters used to convey information or messages.

2. Graphics: Visual elements such as images, diagrams, illustrations, and animations.

3. Audio: Sound elements including music, speech, and sound effects.

4. Video: Moving images and animations, often accompanied by audio.

5. Animation: Dynamic visuals created by manipulating images or objects over time.

6. Interactivity: The ability for users to interact with multimedia content, such as clicking
buttons, playing games, or navigating through menus.

7. Integration: Combining different media types to create a cohesive experience, such as a

multimedia presentation or website.

8. Synchronization: Timing coordination of different media elements to ensure they play

together seamlessly, such as lip-syncing audio with video.

9. Compression: Reducing the file size of multimedia content for efficient storage and
transmission.

10. Delivery: Distributing multimedia content through various channels, such as the internet,
broadcast, or physical media.

These elements work together to create engaging and interactive multimedia experiences for
users.
11a C310. K
Discuss hardware and software requirements of multimedia playback and 1 2
production.
The hardware and software requirements for multimedia playback and production
vary depending on the complexity of the multimedia content and the desired quality
of the output. Here's a general overview of the requirements:

Hardware Requirements for Playback:

1. Computer: A computer with a sufficient processor (CPU) and memory (RAM)

to handle multimedia playback. For HD or 4K video playback, a faster processor and
more RAM may be required.
2. Graphics Card: A dedicated graphics card (GPU) is recommended for
smoother playback, especially for HD or 4K video. Integrated graphics can work but
may not provide the best performance.
3. Display: A monitor or screen capable of displaying the multimedia content at
the desired resolution. For HD or 4K video, a high-resolution monitor is
recommended.
4. Audio Output: Speakers or headphones for audio playback. For better audio
quality, external speakers or headphones may be preferred.
5. Input Devices: A keyboard, mouse, or other input devices for controlling the
playback of multimedia content.
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 Software Requirements for Playback:

1. Operating System: A compatible operating system that supports multimedia

playback, such as Windows, macOS, or Linux.
2. Media Player: A multimedia player software that can play various media
formats, such as VLC Media Player, Windows Media Player, or QuickTime Player.
3. Codec: Codec software may be required to decode specific media formats.
Many media players come with built-in codecs, but additional codecs may be needed
for certain formats.

Hardware Requirements for Production:

1. Computer: A powerful computer with a fast processor, plenty of RAM, and a

high-capacity hard drive or SSD for storing multimedia files.
2. Graphics Card: A dedicated graphics card with sufficient processing power for
rendering multimedia content, especially for 3D graphics or video editing.
3. Display: A high-resolution monitor with accurate color reproduction for
editing multimedia content.
4. Audio Input/Output: High-quality microphones for recording audio and
speakers or headphones for monitoring audio playback.
5. Input Devices: A keyboard, mouse, graphics tablet, or other input devices for
interacting with multimedia production software.

Software Requirements for Production:

1. Multimedia Authoring Software: Software for creating multimedia content,

such as Adobe Creative Suite (Adobe Premiere Pro, After Effects, Photoshop), Final
Cut Pro, or Blender (for 3D animation).
2. Audio Editing Software: Software for editing and mixing audio, such as
Adobe Audition, Audacity, or Pro Tools.
3. Video Editing Software: Software for editing and combining video clips,
adding effects, and creating visual content, such as Adobe Premiere Pro, Final Cut Pro,
or Davinci Resolve.
4. Graphics Software: Software for creating and editing graphics, such as Adobe
Photoshop, Illustrator, or CorelDRAW.
5. Codec: Codec software for encoding multimedia content into various formats
for distribution.

OR
11b C310. K
Explain about the distributed multimedia systems with its components. 1 2
Distributed multimedia systems are systems where multimedia data is distributed
across multiple nodes in a network. This allows for the sharing, processing, and
delivery of multimedia content over a network, such as the internet. Distributed
multimedia systems typically consist of the following components:

1. Client Devices: Devices such as computers, smartphones, tablets, and smart

TVs that access and consume multimedia content from the network. Clients may also

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 contribute content to the system.
2. Servers: Servers store and manage multimedia content. They may host web
pages, store video files, or provide streaming services. Servers in a distributed
multimedia system may be specialized for different tasks, such as content delivery,
storage, or processing.
3. Network Infrastructure: The network infrastructure consists of routers,
switches, and other networking equipment that allow data to be transmitted between
clients and servers. The network infrastructure plays a crucial role in ensuring the
efficient and reliable delivery of multimedia content.
4. Protocols: Protocols are used to facilitate communication between clients,
servers, and other components of the distributed multimedia system. Examples of
protocols used in distributed multimedia systems include HTTP (Hypertext Transfer
Protocol) for web content, RTP (Real-time Transport Protocol) for streaming media,
and TCP/IP for general data transmission.
5. Content Delivery Networks (CDNs): CDNs are used to distribute multimedia
content across multiple servers located in different geographical locations. CDNs help
reduce latency and improve the reliability of content delivery by caching content
closer to users.
6. Middleware: Middleware is software that provides a layer of abstraction
between the application software and the underlying hardware and operating system.
Middleware in distributed multimedia systems helps manage and coordinate the
various components of the system, such as data storage, access control, and content
delivery.
7. Data Formats and Codecs: Data formats and codecs are used to encode and
decode multimedia content. Common multimedia formats include MP4 for video,
MP3 for audio, and JPEG for images. Codecs are used to compress and decompress
multimedia data to reduce file sizes and bandwidth requirements.
8. Content Management Systems (CMS): CMSs are used to manage and
organize multimedia content. They provide tools for creating, editing, and publishing
multimedia content, as well as managing user access and permissions.

Overall, distributed multimedia systems are complex systems that require careful
design and management to ensure efficient and reliable delivery of multimedia
content over a network.

12a Explain in detail about multimedia databases. C310. K

1 2
Multimedia databases are databases that store and manage multimedia data, such as
text, images, audio, and video. These databases are designed to handle the unique
characteristics of multimedia data, such as large file sizes, complex data types, and
diverse formats. Here's a detailed explanation of multimedia databases:

Characteristics of Multimedia Databases:

1. Support for Different Data Types: Multimedia databases support a variety of

data types, including text, images, audio, video, and animations. Each data type has its
own characteristics and storage requirements, which must be accommodated by the
database.
2. Large Storage Capacity: Multimedia databases require large storage

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 capacities to store multimedia files, which can be significantly larger than text-based
data. Efficient storage mechanisms, such as compression techniques, are often used
to reduce storage requirements.
3. Complex Data Structures: Multimedia data is often represented by complex
data structures that include metadata, indexes, and relationships between different
media elements. These data structures must be carefully designed and managed to
ensure efficient retrieval and manipulation of multimedia data.
4. Indexing and Retrieval: Multimedia databases use indexing techniques to
enable fast and efficient retrieval of multimedia data. Indexes can be based on various
attributes of multimedia data, such as keywords, content descriptors, or spatial and
temporal information.
5. Synchronization: Multimedia databases must support synchronization of
different media elements, such as audio and video, to ensure that they are played
back together in sync. This requires careful management of timing information and
playback controls.
6. Security: Multimedia databases must implement robust security measures to
protect multimedia data from unauthorized access, copying, or modification. This can
include encryption, access control, and digital rights management (DRM)
mechanisms.
7. Scalability: Multimedia databases must be able to scale to accommodate
growing amounts of multimedia data and increasing numbers of users. This may
require distributed architectures and clustering techniques to ensure scalability and
performance.
8. Query and Analysis: Multimedia databases support querying and analysis of
multimedia data to extract meaningful information. This can include searching for
specific media elements, analyzing patterns in multimedia data, or generating reports
and summaries.

Components of Multimedia Databases:

1. Storage Subsystem: The storage subsystem is responsible for storing

multimedia data efficiently. It includes mechanisms for storing and retrieving
multimedia files, as well as managing metadata and indexes.
2. Indexing and Retrieval Subsystem: The indexing and retrieval subsystem
provides mechanisms for indexing multimedia data and retrieving it based on user
queries. It includes indexing structures, query processing algorithms, and retrieval
mechanisms.
3. Security Subsystem: The security subsystem implements security measures to
protect multimedia data from unauthorized access. This includes authentication,
encryption, access control, and DRM mechanisms.
4. Query and Analysis Subsystem: The query and analysis subsystem provides
tools and interfaces for querying and analyzing multimedia data. It includes query
languages, analysis algorithms, and visualization tools.
5. User Interface: The user interface allows users to interact with the multimedia
database. It includes interfaces for querying, browsing, and managing multimedia
data, as well as viewing and playing back multimedia content.
6. Management and Administration Subsystem: The management and
administration subsystem provides tools and interfaces for managing and

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 administering the multimedia database. This includes backup and recovery,
monitoring, and performance tuning.

Overall, multimedia databases play a crucial role in managing and retrieving

multimedia data in a variety of applications, such as digital libraries, content
management systems, and multimedia production environments.

OR
12b List various principles of multimedia learning.
Here are various principles of multimedia learning:

1. Multimedia Principle: People learn better from words and pictures than from words
alone.
2. Spatial Contiguity Principle: Place corresponding words and pictures near each other
rather than far apart on the page or screen.
3. Temporal Contiguity Principle: Present corresponding words and pictures
simultaneously rather than successively.
4. Coherence Principle: Avoid including extraneous material that does not support the
learning goal. C310. K
5. Modality Principle: Present words as audio narration rather than on-screen text. 1 6
6. Redundancy Principle: Do not present the same content in both audio narration and on-
screen text.
7. Segmenting Principle: Break a presentation into segments to manage cognitive load.
8. Pre-training Principle: Provide introductory material before a multimedia presentation to
enhance learning.
9. Signaling Principle: Highlight key content through visual or auditory cues.
10. Personalization Principle: Use conversational rather than formal language.

These principles, based on cognitive theory and empirical research, guide the design and
development of effective multimedia learning materials.

Course Faculty HoD

(Name /Sign / Date) (Name /Sign / Date)

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