Lithos 123 (2011) 218–224

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Geodynamic control on orogenic and anorogenic magmatic phases in Sardinia and

Southern Spain: Inferences for the Cenozoic evolution of the western Mediterranean
L. Beccaluva a,⁎, G. Bianchini a,b, C. Natali a, F. Siena a
a
Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, Università di Ferrara, Italy
b
Istituto di Geoscienze e Georisorse, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Sezione di Pisa, Italy

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: The genetic relationships between orogenic (i.e. subduction related) and anorogenic (i.e. intra-plate) Cenozoic
Received 13 May 2010 igneous phases have been investigated in two regions of the western Mediterranean area: Sardinia and Southern
Accepted 23 January 2011 Spain. In Sardinia the ‘orogenic’ magmatism (38–12 Ma) is followed by the ‘anorogenic’ volcanism, mostly since
Available online 31 January 2011
about 6 Ma, whereas in Southern Spain the ‘anorogenic’ volcanism follows the ‘orogenic’ phase (34–6 Ma) after a
gap of 0–4 Ma in the Betic–Calatrava districts.
Keywords:
Orogenic magmas
The older orogenic magmatism (tholeiitic, calcalkaline and more potassic products) of both areas is related to the
Anorogenic magmas subduction of the Ionian oceanic lithosphere which developed beneath the Paleo-European-Iberian continental
Mantle dynamics margin probably since Middle-Late Eocene. This subduction system migrated southeastwards with time up to its
Subduction roll-back present position in the Eolian–Calabrian Arc and the Betic–Alboran regions along the Apennine–Maghrebide
Cenozoic Mediterranean volcanism belt. Relics of subducted lithosphere are geophysically recorded as nearly-vertical bodies down to 500–600 km,
flattening for several hundreds of kilometres under the Tyrrhenian–Sardinia and Betic–Calatrava areas,
respectively. These relics of subducted slabs, which pond over large areas of the mantle transition zone, appear to
play a significant role also in the genesis of the younger anorogenic magmas, whose major volcanic fields lie
above the frontal part of the subducted slab where convective instabilities and upward mantle flow components
are geophysically supported by laboratory and 3D numerical models. This dynamic response to subduction,
involving localised mantle upwellings and remobilization of pre-existing mantle components, may have been a
fundamental factor in the generation of anorogenic magmas. Due to slab roll-back and inter-arc extension in
both Eolian–Tyrrhenian and Betic–Alboran regions, the magma sources of the previous orogenic phases can be
completely replaced by “fresh” mantle diapirs from whic\h anorogenic magmas will be generated. These
magmas are invariably characterised by OIB isotopic signatures (HIMU and EMI) which are classically
interpreted as long-term recycling of oceanic crust (plus variable sedimentary components) via ‘ancient’ pre-
Paleozoic subduction events. We propose that the ‘recent’ Cenozoic subduction from which the orogenic series
was generated, also had a dynamic influence on the younger anorogenic magmatism by remobilization of long-
term isolated mantle components which resulted in the secular evolution of OIB-type magmas.
In this view, the on-going subduction processes of the Mediterranean orogenic belts did not provide chemical
“ingredients” to the mantle sources of the anorogenic magmas, but induced reactivation of older metasomatised
mantle domains ultimately triggering magma genesis.
© 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction sources in the supra-subduction mantle wedge favoured by mantle

upwellings during slab retreat (De Ignacio et al., 2001; Duggen et al.,
The common occurrence of igneous activity with ‘anorogenic’ 2003; Gill et al., 2004; Wallace and Carmichael, 1999), 2) existence of
geochemical characteristics, following (or partially coeval with) an slab detachments/windows allowing inflow of fluids/melts from
older orogenic subduction-related magmatism, has been a matter of beneath the slab into the overlying mantle wedge (D'Orazio et al.,
considerable debate, particularly in the last decade (e.g., Beccaluva et al., 2000; Márquez et al., 1999).
2005a,b; Bianchini et al., 2008; Lustrino et al., 2007b; Maury et al., 2000; During the Cenozoic, in the Mediterranean and surrounding areas,
Wilson and Bianchini, 1999). This debate has led to various petrogenetic the systematic evolution from orogenic to anorogenic magmatism
models which fall into two main groups: 1) heterogeneous magma occurred in the Carpathian–Pannonian region (Harangi and Lenkey,
2007 and references therein), in the Anatolian–Aegean area (Agostini
et al., 2007 and references therein), in the Maghrebian belt (Maury et al.,
⁎ Corresponding author. 2000), in Sardinia (Beccaluva et al., 2005a,b; Lustrino et al., 2007b and
E-mail address: [email protected] (L. Beccaluva). references therein) and in Southern Spain (Doblas et al., 2007 and

0024-4937/$ – see front matter © 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.lithos.2011.01.007
 L. Beccaluva et al. / Lithos 123 (2011) 218–224 219

references therein). Cenozoic suites in Sardinia and Southern Spain are affinity developed in Provence, the Ligurian–Provençal Basin, the
particularly convenient cases studies because the orogenic and Valencia Trough, Sardinia, Corsica, and the Southern Spain. In
anorogenic magmatic phases are well-constrained in space and time Provence, the Cenozoic orogenic sub-volcanic and volcanic rocks are
and are correlated with regional tectonics. Moreover geophysical data mainly represented by tholeiitic/calcalkaline microdiorites, basalts,
indicate that flattened relics of the Cenozoic Apennine–Maghrebian andesites, dacites and ignimbrites from Estèrel (~ 34–20 Ma: Bellon,
subduction still exist below Sardinia and the Betic–Calatrava districts in 1981), which are typical of the initial orogenic magmatic stages in
Southern Spain (Piromallo and Morelli, 2003; Spakman, 1990). active continental margins (Beccaluva et al., 1989, 1994, 2005a).
Therefore, we focus on the orogenic and anorogenic magmatic phases These characteristics imply that the paleo-European continental
of these two areas in order to: 1) define the tectono-magmatic margin was affected by subduction of oceanic lithosphere at least
significance of this temporal evolution, 2) clarify its causative processes from the Middle-Late Eocene. Calcalkaline (to shoshonitic) basalts,
and 3) present a geodynamic evolutionary model that accounts for the andesites and dacites have also been recovered in the Ligurian–
systematic variation from orogenic to anorogenic magmatism. Provençal Basin, with K–Ar ages spanning between 19 and 15 Ma
(Sosson et al., 1998). A southwestward extension of this magmatism
2. Cenozoic volcanism in the western Mediterranean area is represented by calcalkaline volcanics (andesites, dacites and
rhyolites) outcropping in the island of Mallorca and offshore in the
Cenozoic volcanism in the western Mediterranean, which extends Valencia Trough (~24–19 Ma; Martì et al., 1992). In Sardinia magmatic
from Provence to Sardinia and to Southern Spain, can be roughly activity started about 38 Ma (Lustrino et al., 2009), mainly developing
subdivided in two phases often overlapped in space but generally between 32 and 26 Ma with tholeiitic/calcalkaline basalt and andesite
distinct in time and magmatic affinity (Beccaluva et al., 1989, 2005a,b; lavas (Beccaluva et al., 1989, 1994, 2005a). Between 23 and 12 Ma,
Lustrino et al., 2011): 1) orogenic magmatic activity – including large eruptions of rhyodacitic ignimbrites alternated with basaltic–
tholeiitic, calcalkaline, shoshonitic and ultrapotassic products – devel- andesitic lavas marked the last period of volcanic activity in Sardinia
oped mostly during Late Eocene–Miocene times and 2) anorogenic (Beccaluva et al., 1985a; Lustrino et al., 2009). The climax of the
magmatism – with tholeiitic to Na-alkaline products – occurring during ignimbritic eruptions between 21 and 19 Ma in both Provence and
Late Miocene–Quaternary times. Sardinia (Beccaluva et al., 1989, 2005a; Bellon, 1981), and the
The discussion below is focussed on the petrological and occurrence of high-Mg calcalkaline basalts in Sardinia (~18 Ma;
geochemical characteristics of the various igneous associations (and Lecca et al., 1997; Morra et al., 1997) suggest remarkable extensional
their inferred mantle sources), in order to assess their tectono- tectonics, which accompanied the opening of the Ligurian–Provençal
magmatic significance. Basin and drifting and anticlockwise rotation of the Sardinia–Corsica
For orogenic magmas, the distinctive geochemical features are block (Burrus, 1984; Chamot-Rooke et al., 1999; Cherchi and
represented by subduction-related components, which variously add Montadert, 1982; Montigny et al., 1981; Vigliotti and Langenheim,
Low Field Strength Elements (LFSE, such as K, Rb, Cs, Sr, Ba, U and Th) 1995). The increasing occurrence of high-K calcalkaline and
to the supra-subduction mantle wedge also in relation to the nature shoshonitic lavas during this phase indicates a more mature stage of
and mode of the subducted slab. The gradual enrichment of these the orogenic magmatism with time (Beccaluva et al., 1989, 1994,
elements, coupled with 87Sr/86Sr increase and 143Nd/144Nd decrease is 2005a). Middle-Late Miocene volcanic activity also occurred offshore
generally recorded from tholeiitic/calcalkaline, to more potassic of Corsica, with calcalkaline (s.l.) andesites (~17–16 Ma; Rossi et al.,
magmas (high-K calcalkaline/shoshonitic/ultrapotassic), depending 1998) and shoshonitic products in the Sardinia Channel (~ 13–12 Ma;
on the mode of subduction, which becomes progressively steeper, up Mascle et al., 2001). In Southern Corsica, rhyolitic ignimbrites
to sub-vertical in the final stages of convergence (Avanzinelli et al., (~ 19 Ma) are reported by Ottaviani-Spella et al. (1996), while
2009; Beccaluva et al., 1991, 1994, 2005a; Conticelli et al., 2007). lamproites (~14 Ma) occurred at Sisco in the northern part of the
For anorogenic magmas, the geochemical characterisation (Beccaluva island, suggesting the onset of collisional tectonics (Civetta et al.,
et al., 2005b; Lustrino and Wilson, 2007) mainly relies on the 1978; Conticelli et al., 2009). In Southern Spain, orogenic volcanism
conventional OIB (Ocean Island Basalts) mantle end-members, such as took place during Oligo-Miocene times in the Betic–Alboran region
HIMU (and FOZO) and Enriched Mantle EMI and EMII (Carlson, 1995; (Benito et al., 1999; Duggen et al., 2005; Turner et al., 1999). These
Hofmann, 1997; Weaver, 1991; Zindler and Hart, 1986) which are volcanic events include arc-tholeiitic dykes (near Malaga) showing
considered to originate in the sublithospheric upper mantle as the result magmatic ages in the time span 34–27 Ma (Duggen et al., 2004;
of long-term recycling of ancient subducted slabs. HIMU would result Turner et al., 1999), calcalkaline (e.g., at Cabo de Gata) and high-K
from recycling of altered oceanic crust, whereas EMI and EMII require, in calcalkaline (e.g., at El Hoyazo, Mazarron, Mar Menor) products
addition, lower continental crust/pelagic components or terrigenous erupting between 15 and 6 Ma, as well as shoshonites (e.g., at
sediments, respectively (Carlson, 1995; Stracke et al., 2005; Weaver, Cartagena, Vera, Mazarron) and ultrapotassic lamproites (e.g., at
1991; Willbold and Stracke, 2010). Cartagena, Fortuna, Vera, Jumilla) erupting between 12 and 6 Ma
These geochemical components are also recognised in lithospheric (Benito et al., 1999; Conticelli et al., 2009; Duggen et al., 2004, 2005;
mantle xenoliths entrained in alkaline lavas from the same anorogenic Turner et al., 1999).
provinces, thus providing additional evidence for the composition of Geochemical characteristics of the orogenic magmas suggest an
the underlying mantle section (Beccaluva et al., 2001, 2004, 2007a; evolution of the mantle sources involving subduction of oceanic
Bianchini et al., 2007, 2008, 2010a,b, in press). It should be noted that lithosphere followed by collision and recycling of continental crustal
for both orogenic and anorogenic igneous provinces, the addition of components back into the mantle. 87Sr/86Sr and 143Nd/144Nd isotopic
such components, as metasomatic agents in mantle sources, signif- ratios of these orogenic magmas show a general displacement toward
icantly lower the solidus temperature and therefore represent, higher 87Sr/86Sr and lower 143Nd/144Nd compositions with respect
together with concomitant heat transfer and diapiric decompression, to the anorogenic mantle array of the Mediterranean area (Beccaluva
the most effective mechanisms triggering magma-genesis in the et al., 2005a; Bianchini et al., 2008; Lustrino and Wilson, 2007),
mantle (Beccaluva et al., 1998, 2005a,b, 2007b,c). indicating that fluids/melts released by the slab into the overlying
mantle wedge, could be derived from subducted oceanic lithosphere
2.1. Orogenic magmatic phase with variable involvement of continental crust materials. Accordingly,
orogenic mafic rocks from Provence, characterised by 87Sr/86Sr
In the western Mediterranean area, along the European–Iberian between 0.7045 and 0.7058, and 143Nd/144Nd between 0.51292 and
margin, Cenozoic magmatic activity with orogenic geochemical 0.51265 (Galassi, 1995), are consistent with generation from mantle
220 L. Beccaluva et al. / Lithos 123 (2011) 218–224

sources solely enriched by fluids driven off the subducted oceanic HIMU imprint for Calatrava, whereas a predominant EMI component
lithosphere. On the other hand, the Sr–Nd isotopic systematics of is observed for Sardinia and Tallante. Alpine-type peridotites from
mafic volcanics from Sardinia indicate a more complex picture: the Lherz, Lanzo and Ronda massifs show enrichment trends from DM to
relatively low 87Sr/86Sr (b0.706) and high 143Nd/144Nd (N0.5126) are EM (Bodinier et al., 1991; Downes, 2001; Downes et al., 1991;
compatible with the subduction of oceanic lithosphere, whereas the Reisberg et al., 1989 and references therein), implying that the
higher 87Sr/86Sr (up to 0.7113) and lower 143Nd/144Nd (down to European lithosphere was enriched by EM metasomatic components
0.51219), cannot be due only to fluids released by oceanic lithosphere, at least since the mid-Mesozoic. On the other hand, the addition of
but imply source contamination by continental crust components HIMU-like components seems to have been present in both European
(Beccaluva et al., 1994, 2005a; Downes et al., 2001; Franciosi et al., and North-African lithosphere since the Late Cretaceous (Beccaluva
2003). Similarly, orogenic rocks from the Betic Cordillera show highly et al., 2007a,c, 2008; Wilson and Bianchini, 1999), as indicated by the
variable Sr–Nd isotopic composition (Conticelli et al., 2009; Duggen ubiquitous presence of this component in the sources of Cenozoic
et al., 2004): 87Sr/86Sr 0.70459–0.71187 and 143Nd/144Nd 0.51290– anorogenic volcanic provinces. Seismic tomography suggests that this
0.51222 for the tholeiitic Malaga dykes; 87Sr/86Sr 0.70986–0.71365 component, also referred to as the European Asthenospheric
and 143Nd/144Nd 0.51243–0.51212 for calcalkaline and shoshonitic Reservoir (EAR: Cebriá and Wilson, 1995) or Low Velocity Component
rocks; 87Sr/86Sr 0.71642–0.72259 and 143Nd/144Nd 0.51205–0.51201 (LVC: Hoernle et al., 1995), could be related to common sheet-like
for ultrapotassic lamproites. Therefore, the petrological and geochem- (Hoernle et al., 1995) or diapir-like (Granet et al., 1995) sublitho-
ical variations of orogenic magmatism in the western Mediterranean spheric mantle domains, which extend from Eastern Atlantic to
can be accounted for by: 1) heterogeneous subduction-related Europe, Mediterranean and North Africa (Piromallo et al., 2008).
metasomatic processes induced in the mantle wedge by fluids driven Consequently, the HIMU-like metasomatising agents rising from the
off subducted oceanic lithosphere in the early stages (tholeiitic and convecting mantle appear to have accumulated in the lower
calcalkaline magmatism), accompanied by continental crust-derived lithospheric portions (i.e. Thermal Boundary Layer), whereas older
components (probably terrigenous sediments) in the late stages of metasomatic components (e.g. EMI) may have been better preserved
convergence (high-K series) and 2) the resulting nearly coeval in the upper, more rigid lithospheric mantle (i.e., Mechanical
generation of both calcalkaline and more potassic magmas from Boundary Layer; Beccaluva et al., 1998, 2007c; Wilson et al., 1995).
different depths and source composition, beside a sub-vertical
subducted slab (Betic Cordillera). 3. Geodynamic control on magma activities

2.2. Anorogenic magmatic phase In a discussion of the geodynamic evolutionary model of the
western Mediterranean area, the space–time distribution of both
Anorogenic intra-plate volcanism developed closely related in space orogenic and anorogenic magmatism, the structure of the underlying
and time with the orogenic magmatism described above in Sardinia and lithosphere, as well as the lithospheric relics of previous subductions,
Southern Spain (Fig. 1). must first be taken into consideration (Beccaluva et al., 1985b, 1989,
In Sardinia, Late Miocene–Quaternary volcanism took place during 1994, 2005a; Carminati and Doglioni, 2004; Jolivet et al., 1999;
extensional tectonics which also involved the adjoining Tyrrhenian Malinverno and Ryan, 1986; Piromallo and Morelli, 2003; Wilson and
area, and produced a wide range of alkaline to tholeiitic basic lavas, Bianchini, 1999; Wortel and Spakman, 2000). Moreover, to highlight
covering an area of ca. 2000 km2. This activity, although sporadic, the possible genetic relationships between orogenic and anorogenic
started at 12 Ma and mainly developed in the time span 6 to b0.2 Ma magmatism in Sardinia and Southern Spain, several issues should be
(Beccaluva et al., 1985a, 1989; Lustrino et al., 2007a,b). Sr–Nd–Pb addressed regarding: 1) the significance of the temporal gap (0–6 Ma)
isotopic data for the mafic lavas show a wide compositional range after which anorogenic volcanism replaces orogenic magmatism in
(Beccaluva et al., 2005b; Gasperini et al., 2000; Lustrino et al., 2000, these regions; 2) the complete replacement of orogenic mantle
2002, 2007a,b): 87Sr/86Sr 0.70315–0.70534; 143Nd/144Nd 0.51289– sources by anorogenic magma sources; and 3) the triggering
0.51235; and 206Pb/204Pb 17.5–18.0. These data indicate an EMI mechanisms which cause the anorogenic volcanism to occur in the
affinity for most Sardinian magmas, although an HIMU-like signature same region where orogenic activity ended. These issues and the
has been recorded in few samples cropping out in the southern sector relative tectonomagmatic constraints are discussed below.
of the island (Lustrino et al., 2000). Petrological and geochemical The geological evolution of the western Mediterranean may be
characteristics of Sardinian anorogenic volcanism and associated considered the result of a single subduction process of the Ionian oceanic
mantle xenoliths led to the conclusion that primary magmas, from lithosphere, which probably started in the Middle-Late Eocene beneath
tholeiites through alkali basalts to basanites, were generated by the Paleo-European continental margin and migrated southeastwards
decreasing degrees of melting of progressively deeper lithospheric with time. The progressive migration of this subduction system was
mantle sources (at depths between ca. 30 to 100 km) which were accompanied by the opening of the Ligurian–Balearic and Tyrrhenian
characterised by a prevalent EMI signature and, to much lesser extent, interarc oceanic basins (Beccaluva et al., 1989, 1994, 2005a; Lustrino et al.,
by HIMU (Beccaluva et al., 2005b). 2009). The early orogenic magmatism took place in a NE–SW belt, along
In Southern Spain, intra-plate volcanism occurred during the Late the Paleo-European-Iberian continental margin, and developed with arc
Miocene–Early Quaternary in the Calatrava district (4000 km2), where tholeiitic/calcalkaline magmas in Provence and Sardinia (~38–26 Ma),
earlier sporadic leucitite products with EM affinity were followed by an and in the Betic Cordillera (Malaga Dikes, 34–27 Ma). Petrological and
association of nephelinite, melilitite, and alkali-basaltic lavas character- isotopic characteristics of these rocks reflect initial stages of arc
ised by an HIMU isotopic fingerprint (Cebriá and Lòpez-Ruiz, 1995 and magmatism related to the subduction of oceanic lithosphere. Inter-arc
references therein). In the Betic Cordillera, anorogenic volcanism rifting of the Paleo-European-Iberian continental margin developed at
followed the orogenic igneous cycle, after a gap of ~4 Ma producing least from the Early Miocene, leading to the opening of the Ligurian–
Na-alkaline basaltic centres near Tallante (2.3 Ma; Duggen et al., 2005; Balearic oceanic basin and ultimately resulting in the southeastward
Cebriá et al., 2009), with their abundant mantle xenoliths (Beccaluva drifting and rotation of the Sardinia–Corsica block (Fig. 1A). The orogenic
et al., 2004; Bianchini et al., in press). volcanic activity gradually ended in Sardinia (about 12 Ma) and in the
Systematic investigations of mantle peridotite xenoliths entrained Betics (about 6 Ma) with high-K2O calcalkaline, shoshonite and
by alkaline lavas from Sardinia (Beccaluva et al., 2001), Calatrava ultrapotassic products, and was accompanied by a marked steepening
(Bianchini et al., 2010b) and Tallante (Beccaluva et al., 2004; Bianchini of the subduction during the late stages of convergence. From Late
et al., in press) indicate that metasomatising agents had a prevailing Miocene, southeastward slab retreat and roll-back induced rifting along
 L. Beccaluva et al. / Lithos 123 (2011) 218–224 221

Fig. 1. (A) Tectonomagmatic sketch map of the Western Mediterranean. Upper mantle cross-sections beneath the Alboran–Betic–Calatrava (B) and the Calabria–Tyrrhenian–
Sardinia (C) regions. 1 — lithosphere. 2 — Balearic and Tyrrhenian interarc basins. 3 — Cenozoic orogenic volcanism and related mantle sections. 4 — Late Miocene–Quaternary
anorogenic volcanism and related mantle sections. 5 — inferred boundary of the subduction system at different ages; open triangles refer to slab detachments/windows according to
Wortel and Spakman (2000). 6 — compressional thrust front of the Alps, Betic Cordillera and Apennines–Maghrebian chain. 7 — mantle peridotite massifs of Ronda and Beni Bousera.
8 — convective instabilities and mantle flow components triggered at the front and edges of the subducted slabs.

the Internal Apennines and the Calabrian Alps leading to the opening of Cordillera have to be related to accentuated steepening of the subducted
the Tyrrhenian basin and the southeastward migration of the Calabrian lithosphere, as well as the progressive involvement of terrigenous
arc up to its present position. The potassic character and the isotopic sediments in the supra-subduction mantle wedge (Avanzinelli et al.,
features of the orogenic magmas along the eastern peri-Tyrrhenian 2009; Beccaluva et al., 1991, 2005a; Conticelli et al., 2007). Accordingly,
border (from the Eolian arc to the Roman Province) and in the Betic relics of these subducted slabs are shown by seismic tomography images
222 L. Beccaluva et al. / Lithos 123 (2011) 218–224

(Piromallo and Morelli, 2003; Spakman, 1990; Wortel and Spakman, Apennine–Magherbian belt doesn't provide chemical “ingredients” to
2000) plunging almost vertically beneath the Eolian–Calabrian arc and the mantle sources of the anorogenic magmas, but represents a
the Betic–Alboran area. Geophysical modelling based on density and dynamic factor that triggers magma-genesis remobilizing old metaso-
viscosity contrasts (Giunchi et al., 1996) and laboratory simulations matised mantle domains.
(scaled analogue models; Faccenna et al., 2001) show good
correspondence with seismic tomography (Lucente et al., 1999; 4. Conclusions
Piromallo and Morelli, 2003; Spakman, 1990; Wortel and Spakman,
2000), and depicts a nearly vertical, still seismically active subducted slab Subducted slab relics, ponding over large areas of the mantle
down to 500 km, and its bending and flattening in the upper mantle at transition zone, appear to play a significant role also in the genesis of
around the 660 km discontinuity. This model is in agreement with the anorogenic magmas, which occurred shortly after the end of an orogenic
tectonomagmatic scenario proposed by Beccaluva et al. (2005b) where magmatic activity in Sardinia and in Southern Spain.
the approximately 800-km long lithospheric slab, consumed during the In these regions, major anorogenic volcanic fields lie above the
entire subduction process since the Eocene, currently dips beneath the frontal part of the subducted slab flattening for several hundred
Aeolian–Calabrian arc as a single body flattening westward under the kilometres under the Tyrrhenian–Sardinia and the Betic–Calatrava
Tyrrhenian basin and the adjacent Sardinia block (Fig. 1C). A similar areas, suggesting that convective instabilities, originated at the edges of
configuration of subducted slab, but with lesser extension, is recorded by a retreated subducted slab, could have triggered partial melting in the
seismic tomography (Piromallo and Morelli, 2003; Wortel and Spakman, overlying upper mantle/lithosphere.
2000) dipping northwards to a depth of about 500 km and flattening Due to slab roll-back and inter-arc extension in both Eolian–
beneath Southern Spain for about 200 km toward the Calatrava district Tyrrhenian and Betic–Alboran regions, the magma sources of the
(Fig. 1B). previous orogenic cycles were completely replaced by “fresh” mantle
These relics of subducted slabs which pond over large areas of the upwellings which could have been the fundamental factor in favouring
mantle transition zone seem to play a significant role in the genesis of the formation of anorogenic magmas.
anorogenic magmas shortly after the end of an orogenic magmatic In this view the anorogenic volcanism may be interpreted to be a
cycle, as observed in Sardinia and in the Betic–Calatrava districts. In far-field dynamic (not compositional) response to recent subduction
both regions, the major anorogenic volcanic fields lie above the frontal processes characterised by roll-back and flattening of the subducted
part of the subducted slab where convective instabilities could have slab at the mantle transition zone.
played a significant role in triggering the melting process in the Therefore, in order to maturate the OIB components which
shallower mantle. Significant upward flow components close to the characterise the studied intraplate magmatism, multiple geodynamic
slab edges are indicated by laboratory and 3D numerical models, events (and deep crustal recycling into the upper mantle) are required
showing the importance of toroidal/vertical mantle flow components at least since Pre-Paleozoic times. This explains why OIB-like magma-
around the edges of a retreating subducted slab (Faccenna et al., 2010; tism becomes progressively more important during the Phanerozoic (at
Kincaid and Griffiths, 2003). Convective instabilities, generated as a least b1 Ga; Condie, 1985) in relation to the secular evolution of the
dynamic response to subduction, have recently been referred to as related mantle sources.
“splash plumes” (Davies and Bunge, 2006) involving localised mantle
upwellings and remobilization of deep mantle domains from the top
Acknowledgements
of the transition zone (410–660 km depth) to the overlying upper
mantle/lithosphere (Bianchini et al., 2010a and b; Lustrino and
The authors are grateful to M. Lustrino and an anonymous
Wilson, 2007; Wilson and Downes, 2006).
reviewer for their constructive criticism and to B. Murphy and
In Fig. 1B and C, the generation of anorogenic magmas is
J. Dostal for their encouragement and careful editorial handling.
considered the result of mantle upwelling/decompression, heat
transfer and reactivation of older (Pre-Paleozoic) metasomatising
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