Scribd
Upload
60 views9 pages

Dhselect 5

The document summarizes key models of the atom, including Thomson's and Rutherford's models. It discusses some limitations of Rutherford's model, including not specifying electron position or ensuring stability. It also covers electromagnetic radiation, defining wavelength, frequency, speed, and their relationship. Planck's quantum theory of radiation is introduced, stating energy is absorbed and emitted in discrete quanta called photons proportional to frequency. The theory helped explain atomic structure. Some numerical problems are provided as examples.

Uploaded by

Biswanath Gouda (Biswanath)
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
60 views9 pages

Dhselect 5

The document summarizes key models of the atom, including Thomson's and Rutherford's models. It discusses some limitations of Rutherford's model, including not specifying electron position or ensuring stability. It also covers electromagnetic radiation, defining wavelength, frequency, speed, and their relationship. Planck's quantum theory of radiation is introduced, stating energy is absorbed and emitted in discrete quanta called photons proportional to frequency. The theory helped explain atomic structure. Some numerical problems are provided as examples.

Uploaded by

Biswanath Gouda (Biswanath)
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 9

PRAVAT KUMAR BEHERA

RP, CHEMISTRY
DHSE, GOVT. OF ODISHA

CHAPTER NAME

STRUCTURE OF ATOM

TOPICS-
1. Brief idea of Models of atom
2. Electromagnetic Radiation
3. Plank’s quantum theory
Models of Atom

Thomson’s Model:

Electron
Positive sphere

Rutherford’s Model

Conclusions
i) Since most of the -particles went straight through the
metal foil, it means that there must be large empty
space within the atom or the atom is extraordinarily
hollow.

ii) A few of the -particles were deflected from their


original paths through moderate angles; it was
concluded that whole of the positive charge is
concentrated and the space occupied by this positive
charge is very small in the atom. When -particles
come closer to this point, they suffer a force of
repulsion and deviate from their paths. The positively
charged heavy mass which occupies only a small
volume in an atom is called nucleus. It is supposed to
be present at the centre of the atom.

iii) A very few of the -particles suffered strong deflection


or even returned on their path indicating that the
nucleus is rigid and -particles recoil due to direct
collision with the heavy positively charged mass.

Later when neutrons and protons were discovered, it


was noted that the radius of a particular nucleus can
be expressed roughly as r (in ions) 1  10–13 XA1/3 where
A = mass number.

Defects of Rutherford’s Atomic Model

)
i Position of Electrons: The exact positions of electrons
from the nucleus are not mentioned.
ii) Stability of the atom: Neil’s Bohr
pointed out that Rutherford’s atom
should be highly unstable. According
to the law of electrodynamics, the
electron should therefore
continuously emit radiation and loose
energy.
As a result of this a moving electron
e-
will come closer and closer to the
nucleus and after passing through a
spiral path it should ultimately fall into
the nucleus. It was calculated that the
electron should fall into the nucleus in
less than 10–8 sec. But is is known that
electrons keep moving outside the
nucleus.

ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION
Wave is a periodic disturbance in space or in a medium
which involves elastic displacement of material particles or
periodic change in some physical quantities like
temperature, pressure, electrical potential, etc. Wave
motion represents the propagation of a periodic
disturbance carrying energy.

Wave length:
The distance between any two consecutive crests or
troughs or between any two consecutive identical
points in the same phase of a wave is called wave
length.

 It is represented by greek letter, ‘’ (lambda)


 Units: it is expressed in terms of angstrom units
(A) or nanometer (nm) or picometer (pm) or meter
(m) or centimeter (cm)
SI unit : meter (m)
1 A = 10–10 m = 10–8 cm
1 nm = 10–9 m = 10–7 cm
1 pm = 10–12 m = 10–10 cm

Frequency:
The number of waves passing through a given point in one second is called
frequency.
 It is represented by greek letter, v (nu)
 Units: cycles per second (cps) or reciprocal seconds (s–1) or hertz (Hz)
S.I Unit : Hertz (Hz)
1 Hz = 1 cycle / sec
Velocity / speed :
The distance traveled by the wave in one second is
called velocity or speed of the wave ()
 Units: cms–1 or ms–1
 The velocity of all electromagnetic radiations in
vacuum is a constant value.
C = 3  108 ms–1

 Wavelength frequency and speed are related as :


Wavelength  frequency = speed
=c
c


Frequency and wavelength are inversely related


Electromagnetic radiation with longer wavelength
has a lower frequency and radiation with a shorter
wavelength has a higher frequency.

Wave number:
The number of waves that can be present at any
time in unit length is called wave number.
 It is represented by  (nu bar)
 It is equal to the reciprocal of the wavelength.
 Units: cm–1 or m–1
 SI unit : m–1
1


NUMERICALS
Ex- As its closest approach, the distance between
the Mars and the Earth is found to be 60 million
km. When the planets are at this closest distance,
how long would it take to send a radio-message
from a space probe of Mars to Earth?
(A) 5 sec (B) 200 sec (C) 0.2 sec (D) 500
sec
ans. B
Planck’s Quantum Theory of
Radiations
The various postulates of quantum theory of
radiations are as follows:
(i) A radiation has energy. As light and heat are
radiations, they are also associated with energy.
(ii) Radiant energy is not emitted or absorbed
continuously but discontinuously in the form of
small packets called photons. Photon is not a
material body but is considered to be a massless
packet of energy.
(iii)The energy E of a photon is related to the
frequency of radiation,  ; the two being related as
E = h
Where h is planck’s constant.
(iv) Whenever a body emits or absorbs energy, it
does so in whole number multiples of photons,
i.e., nh where n = 1, 2, 3 and never 1.2, 2.5, 3.7
etc.
Application of theory: This theory has explained
many phenomena and helped in the researches of
atomic structure.
NUMERICALS
1. Maximum number of photons of light of wavelength
4000Å which provide 1J energy
Ans- 2  1018

2. The number of photons emitted in 10 hours by a 60 W


sodium lamp ( = 5893Å) will be
Ans- 1.6  1024

3. The value of Planck’s constant is 6.6310-34 Js. The


velocity of light is 3108 m/sec. Which value is closest
to the wavelength in nanometer of a quantum of light
with frequency of 81015 sec-1?
Ans- 40

4. Suppose 10–18 J energy is needed by interior of the


human eye to see an object. How many photons of
green light ( = 660nm) are needed to generate this
minimum amount of energy?
Ans- 3

5. The number of photons emitted by a bulb are 1.515 x


1020 per second. If wavelength of photon is 5000Å, what
is the power of bulb?
Ans. 60.2 W

6. One Cl2 molecule dissociates into atoms by absorbing


a photon. If bond dissociation energy of Cl2 is 300kJ
mole–1, what is maximum wavelength of photon
possible to cause dissociation?
Ans. 362.7 A

You might also like