Name : Mahbuba Akter Chowdhury

ID : 223014183

Course Code : EEE 1302

Course Title : Electronic Circuits I Lab

Section : 05

Experiment No: 04

Experiment Name: Study of Half wave and Full wave rectification

Study of Half wave and Full wave rectification

Objectives :

To observe the characteristics of half wave and full wave rectifier circuits which investigates
the behaviour of half- and full-wave rectifiers with filters, focusing on their smoothing and
ripple effects.

Apparatus :

Name of Apparatus Quantity

1. Step down Transformer (220V, AC, 50Hz) 1

3. Resistor (10kΩ) 4

5. CRT Oscilloscope. 1

6. Digital multi-meter. 1

7. Breadboard 1

8. Capacitor (C1= 22μF) 1

9. Capacitor (C2=470μF) 1

10. Wires as required 1

Theory:

Rectifiers are crucial regulator diode applications that convert AC signals into DC
components. They are typically half-wave or full-wave rectifiers, with half-wave rectifiers
conducting current during half of the input AC signal period and full-wave rectifiers
conducting current throughout the entire period.

This experiment explores half- and full-wave rectifiers and stuffing, focusing on factors such
as capacitor smoothing, ripple factors, and output voltage regulation with load. Rectification
is the conversion of AC voltage into DC voltage, and diodes are crucial in DC power supplies.
Receptors convert AC into DC in one direction, and diodes conduct current in one direction.

1. Half Wave Rectifier: Half-wave rectification is the technique of allowing just half of the
input AC waveform to pass, resulting in an output that pulses at the input signal frequency.
This is commonly accomplished by utilizing a diode, which conducts during the positive half-
cycle and blocks it during the negative half-cycle.
2. Full Wave Rectifier: Full-wave rectification uses both sides of the input AC waveform,
producing a smoother output. A bridge rectifier circuit with four diodes flips the negative
half-cycle to produce a constant positive output voltage.

Half Wave Rectifier:

The Hall-wave rectifier is a component of an electric circuit used to change alternating
current to discharged current. It operates on the principle that current passes freely in one
direction but only slightly or not at all in the opposite direction. The circuit consists of a
step-down transformer, a diode connected to the sineformer, and load resistance
connected to the diode's cathode. The half-wave rectifier uses only half a cycle of applied
AC voltage without a negative cycle. It uses one diode that conducts during the positive
cycle. The circuit diagram shows that during the positive half cycle, the anode of the diode is
positive, allowing current to pass through the diode and developing a positive cycle across
the load resistance R₁. Conversely, during the negative half cycle, the anode is negative,
resulting in zero output voltage.

Fig. 1: Circuit Diagram of half wave rectifier

Fig.2: Working diagram of half wave rectifier circuit

Full Wave rectification:

The bridge rectifier is a circuit that converts AC voltage to DC using both half cycles of the
input AC voltage. It consists of four connected diodes, with the AC input voltage applied to
the diagonally opposite ends and the load resistance connected between the other two
ends.

Fig.3: Working diagram of full wave rectifier circuit

Full Wave Bridge Rectifier:

Fig2: Full Wave Bridge Rectifier.

Procedure:
1. Firstly, we will measure the resistance of the resistor.
2. Then setting up the circuit for half-wave rectification as shown in Figure 1.
3. Generating a 10-volt peak-to-peak, 1 KHz sine wave signal from the signal generator
and observe it in channel 1 of the oscilloscope.
 4. Applying the signal as input to the circuit and observe the output in channel 2 of the
oscilloscope.
5. Setting the oscilloscope to dual mode to observe both the input (in channel 1) and
the output (in channel 2) signals simultaneously.
6. Measuring the peak values of the input (VIP) and output (VOP) signals and record
them.
7. Connecting the capacitor from the pre lab design in parallel with the resistance and
observe the output in DC mode of the oscilloscope. Measure the lower (VLP) and
upper (VUP) peak values.
8. Now, setting up the full-wave rectifier circuit as shown in Figure 2 with R L= 10 KΩ.
9. Measuring the peak value of the output signal and record it.
10. Measuring the time during which the output signal remains zero and record it.
11. Now, measuring a multi meter to measure the DC value of the output signal and
record it.
12. Connecting a 22μF capacitor across the resistor. Observe the output on the
oscilloscope and measure the DC value of the output using a multi meter.
13. Connecting a 470 μF capacitor across the resistor. Observe the output on the
oscilloscope and measure the DC value of the output using a multi meter.

Calculation - Half Wave Rectifier:

When, R = 560 Ω;
Vm= 9.0 V
Vdc= (Vm/π)
= 2.87 V
Vrms = (Vm/2)
=4.5 V
Ripple factor r = √ {(Vrms2-Vdc2)/Vdc2}
= √{(4.52-2.872)/2.872}
=1.21

Efficiency η = (Pdc/Pi) * 100

= (Vdc2/Vrms2) * 100%
= (4.52/2.872)*100%
=40.68%
When, R = 1000 Ω ;
Vm= 9.06 V
Vdc= (Vm/π)
= 2.88 V
Vrms = (Vm/2)
=4.52 V
Ripple factor r = √ {(Vrms2-Vdc2)/Vdc2}
= √{(4.522-2.882)/2.882}
=1.21
Efficiency η = (Pdc/Pi) * 100
= (Vdc2/Vrms2) * 100%
= (4.522/2.882)*100%
=40.598%

Calculation For Full Wave Rectifier:

When, R= 560 Ω ;
Vm= 8.32 V
Vdc= (2Vm/π)
= 5.3 V
Vrms = (Vm/√2)
=5.89 V
Ripple factor r = √ {(Vrms2-Vdc2)/Vdc2}
= √{(5.892-5.32)/5.32}
=0.485
Efficiency η = (Pdc/Pi) * 100
= (Vdc2/Vrms2) * 100%
= (5.32/5.892)*100%
=80.97%
When, R = 1000 Ω ;
Vm= 8.48V
Vdc= (2Vm/π)
= 5.39 V
Vrms = (Vm/√2)
=5.996 V
Ripple factor r = √ {(Vrms2-Vdc2)/Vdc2}
= √{(5.9962-5.392)/5.392}
=0.487
Efficiency η = (Pdc/Pi) * 100
= (Vdc2/Vrms2) * 100%
= (5.392/5.9962)*100%
=80.81%

Table:

Table For Half Wave Rectifier:

Output Voltage (V ) 0 Ripple factor r = Efficiency η =

No. of Load √ {(Vrms2-Vdc2)/Vdc2} (Pdc/Pi) * 100
Reading Resistance V
dc Vrms

RL (Ω)

01 560 2.87 4.5 1.21 40.68%

02 1000 2.88 4.52 1.21 40.598%

Table For Full Wave Bridge Rectifier:

 Output Voltage (V ) 0 Ripple factor Efficiency η =
No. of Load r = √ {(Vrms2- (Pdc/Pi) * 100
Reading Resistance Vdc Vrms Vdc2)/Vdc2}
RL (Ω)

01. 560 5.3 5.89 0.485 80.97%

02 1000 5.39 5.996 0.487 80.81%

Observations:
A half-wave rectifier and a full-wave bridge rectifier produce different waveform shapes,
ripple, efficiency, and peak inverse voltage (PIV). A half-wave rectifier generates a
succession of half-cycles with considerable gaps between pulses, whereas a full-wave bridge
rectifier employs both halves of the input AC waveform, resulting in a smoother output.

Ripple is the deviation of the output DC voltage from its average value. A full-wave rectifier
considerably reduces ripple, resulting in smoother voltage changes. Full-wave rectification is
more efficient, producing a greater average output voltage from the same input AC voltage.

Another significant difference between the two rectifiers is their peak inverse voltage (PIV).
In a half-wave rectifier, the diode must survive the total peak inverse voltage (PIV).

Discussion:

The half-wave rectification circuit is simple; however, it has high ripple and low efficiency.
Full-wave rectification produces a smoother output with less ripple, making it appropriate
for steady DC voltage applications. Its efficiency is increased by using both input waveforms.
There are two methods for converting AC to DC: half-wave and full-wave rectification. Half-
wave rectification generates pulsations with large intervals between them, whereas full-
wave rectification utilizes both halves of the input AC waveform to provide a smoother
result. Full-wave rectification lowers ripple and smoothness by maintaining a steady output
voltage over the whole cycle. Half-wave rectification has a reduced efficiency since it only
uses one half of the input AC waveform, whereas full-wave rectification uses both halves.
Peak Inverse Voltage (PIV) and diode stress differ in both rectifications. Half-wave
rectification needs the diode to resist the entire peak inverse voltage (PIV) of the input AC
signal, which puts additional strain on the diode. Full-wave rectification is on.
Question:
1. Discuss which outputs of oscilloscope and DC values are finer within these two
rectifiers? And why? Verify your answer.
ANS: An oscilloscope's output and DC values can be used to compare half-wave and full-
wave rectifiers. Half-wave rectifiers feature more obvious ripple and distortion because they
only use half of the input AC waveform, producing a pulsating DC output. Full-wave
rectifiers, on the other hand, have a smoother output waveform that is closer to a pure DC
signal, resulting in a more stable output voltage with less ripple and distortion. The DC value
of the output signal from a half-wave rectifier is typically lower because it uses half of the
input AC waveform.
Verification: Experiments involving rectifier circuits and measuring outputs with an
oscilloscope and multimeter can compare ripple, smoothness, and average voltage. Full-
wave rectifiers produce finer outputs and higher DC values than half-wave rectifiers because
they may use both halves of the input AC waveform, resulting in a smoother output
waveform and a higher average output voltage.