Lecturer

NMJ11303 - Circuit Theory


Dr. Nazuhusna bıntı Khalıd
(Course Coordinator)
Introduction 
Dr. Saufiah binti Abdul Rahim
& 
AP Dr. Cheng Ee Meng
Ohm’s Law

AP Dr. Mohammad Nuzaıhan bın Md Nor

AP Dr. Shahrır Rızal bın Kasjoo

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Course Objectives Time Table

CO1: Ability to apply circuit theorems and laws Lecture
to solve simple circuit problems. Tuesday: 9:00-10:00 p.m. (async)
Thursday: 8:00-10:00 a.m. (sync)
CO2: Ability to analyze complex circuit problems
by using various analysis techniques. Lab Sessions:
Monday, 1-3 p.m. (Electronic)
Wednesday, 2-4 p.m. (Microelectronic)
Thursday, 2-4 p.m. (Biomedical Electronic)

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 Assessment Units of Measurement
●
Quizzes (3) – 15% Six basic SI units and one derived unit.
●
Lab (3) – 10%
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Assignment – 5%
●
Test 1 – 10%
●
Test 2 – 10%
●
Open Book Exam - 50%

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More Units Units of Measurement

●
One great advantage of the
SI unit is that it uses
prefixes based on the power
of 10 to relate larger and
smaller units to the basic
unit.
●
For example, the following
are expressions of the same
distance in meters (m):
●
joule: fundamental unit of work or energy
●
1 J = 2.78×10−7 kW⋅h = 2.39×10−4 kcal
‒ 600 000 000 mm
●
Since the joule is also a watt-second and the common unit for electricity sales to ‒ 600 000 m
homes is the kWh (kilowatt-hour), a kWh is thus 1000 (kilo) × 3600 seconds = 3.6
MJ (megajoules).
‒ 600 km
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 Powers of ten Powers of ten
Some important mathematical equations and ●
Addition and subtraction
relationships pertaining to powers of ten:
●
Multiplication

●
Division

●
Power

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Scientific notation vs. Engineering notation Scientific notation vs. Engineering notation
●
Scientific notation and engineering notation ●
Scientific notation example:
make use of powers of ten, with restrictions on
the mantissa (multiplier) or scale factor (power
of ten).
‒ Scientific notation requires that the decimal point
appear directly after the first digit greater than or
●
Engineering notation example:
equal to 1 but less than 10.
‒ Engineering notation specifies that all powers of ten
must be multiples of 3, and the mantissa must be
greater than or equal to 1 but less than 1000.

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 Electricity Electric current
●
Electricity is a result from the flow of electrons. ●
Electricity is similar to water flow.
= electron ‒ Water flows from high level to low level.
‒ Electricity flows from high potential to low
potential.

electricity

 Electricity flows in the opposite direction of

electron flow. High Low
Potential Potential

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Electric Potential Voltage

●
Which water drop has ●
Potential Energy-Height  Voltage is potential difference between 2 points
more impact force at the Unit: Volt (V)
ground? transform

●
Kinetic Energy-Velocity

‒ Electric potential can be compared

with the height of the water drop Vab = Va-Vb
from the reference ground

 Compare to the height of 2 water drops

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 Ground Ground
●
Earth ground is a ground that is physically ●
All circuits are electrically the same.
connected to the earth, itself.
‒ All homes have an earth ground
●
There may be multiple grounds, but represent
 a wire connected to a metal pipe that is driven into the the same point.
ground.
 Wires that have a green jacket or are bare copper are
connected to this pipe.
●
Reference ground is the reference point in the
electric circuit from which voltages are
measured.
●
Ground always has 0 volts
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Resistors Simple DC Circuit

●
A resistor is an electrical component that Current
limits or regulates the flow of electrical
current in an electric circuit.
●
Unit – ohm (Ω) 1V 1Ω

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 Ohm’s Law
●
First discussed by Georg Simon Ohm (German physicist)
●
Ohm's law states that the electrical current (I)
flowing in an circuit is proportional to the voltage
(V) and inversely proportional to the resistance (R).

●
the voltage across a
conducting material is linearly
proportional to the current
flowing through that material
●
constant of proportionality =
the resistance of the material 21

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 Ohm’s Law Electrical Power
Electrical power is the rate at which electrical energy
is converted in an electric circuit

Power (P) is exactly equal to current (I) multiplied by

Voltage (V).
P = VI

Symbol P has a unit of Watt (W), Joules/second (J/s).

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Example

Find the power of the dc motor.

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 Energy
When power is dissipated in a device there is a transfer
of energy from one kind to another. For example, a
resistor may get very hot which indicates that the
energy is being dissipated as heat. If we want to calculate
the total amount of energy we need to multiply the rate
of energy transfer by the time over which that energy
transfer took place. Thus, electrical energy is simply
power multiplied by time.

E = Pt

Symbol ‘E’ (some text use symbol ‘W’) has a unit

of Joule or Watt second.
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Resistors & Tolerance

 Real resistors are manufactured within a specific
tolerance (5%, 10%, 20%).
 The first two bands represent the first
More Related Info and second digits, respectively.
 They are the actual first two numbers that
define the numerical value of the resistor.
 The third band determines the power-
of-ten multiplier for the first two digits
 The fourth band is the manufacturer’s
tolerance, which is an indication of the
precision by which the resistor was
made.
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 Resistors & Tolerance Conductance
 Find the value of the following resistor ●
For a linear resistor, the ratio of current to voltage is
 Solution: also a constant.
 Reading from the band closest to the left edge, we find that the first
two colors of brown and red represent the numbers 1 and 2,
respectively.
 The third band is orange, representing the number 3 for the power of
the multiplier as follows:
12×103 Ω = 12 kΩ
 Now for the fourth band of gold, representing a tolerance of 5% ‒ where G is called the conductance
‒ units = siemens (S), 1 S = 1 A/V = Ω-1
 Given a 50 Ω resistor with a tolerance of 10%, what is
the minimum and maximum voltage across the resistor
when a current of exactly 2 mA flows through it?
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Open Circuit and Short Circuit General Rules

 open circuit: R = ∞, and i = 0 for any ●
All points on a same electric wire have the
voltage across the open terminals same potential.

●
A voltage source always have potential
difference of its terminals equal to its value.
 short circuit: R = 0, and v = 0 for any
current through the short ●
A current source always have current pass
 In general, wires are assumed to be through it equal to its value.
perfect conductance.
 i.e. since v = i×R and wires have R =
0, all neighboring points along a
●
Ground always has zero voltage. (0 volts)
wire have the same voltage.
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 Electric Flow Rule Conservation of Energy (Tellegen’s Theorem )
●
Electric current flows from high potential to low ●
All power instantaneously consumed/absorbed
potential when there is a path. by components must be instantly
●
Electric current can freely pass through electric generated/supplied by other components within
wire. the circuit.
●
Electric current can flow through a resistor with ●
For this reason, the algebraic sum of power in a
the amount according to Ohm’s law. circuit, at any instant of time, must be zero
●
Electric current can flow through a voltage  p 0
source with the amount depending on other ●
The energy absorbed or supplied by an element
components in the circuit. from time t0 to time t is
●
Electric current can flow pass a current source
according to its value. 37 38

Example How to Determine when the

Power has a Negative or a Positive Sign?
●
There are 4 electrical components
in the circuit shown to the right.
Using passive sign convention:
●
Component #1 is generating 2 W
of power and supplying this power
●
If the current enters through
to the circuit. the positive terminal of an
●
Components #2 and #3 are consuming
/absorb power. element, p = +vi.
●
Component #2 is dissipating 3 W of
power while Component #3 is dissipating 5 W of power.
●
Component #4 must be generating 6 W of power in order to maintain
●
If the current enters through
the Conservation of Energy. the negative terminal of an
 p  pComponent #1  pComponent # 2  pComponent# 3  pComponent # 4 0
element, p = -vi.
pComponent # 4  ( pComponent #1  pComponent #2  pComponent #3 )  ( 2 W  3 W  5 W )  6 W

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