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ANALOG AND DIGITAL SIGNAL (Data Communication)

The document discusses analog and digital data and signals. [1] Analog data and signals are continuous, while digital data and signals take on discrete states represented by binary digits (0s and 1s). [2] Characteristics of analog signals include peak amplitude, period and frequency, and phase. [3] Digital signals can be represented by encoding data bits as different voltage levels and are characterized by bit rate rather than period and frequency.

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Shakibur Rahman
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15 views11 pages

ANALOG AND DIGITAL SIGNAL (Data Communication)

The document discusses analog and digital data and signals. [1] Analog data and signals are continuous, while digital data and signals take on discrete states represented by binary digits (0s and 1s). [2] Characteristics of analog signals include peak amplitude, period and frequency, and phase. [3] Digital signals can be represented by encoding data bits as different voltage levels and are characterized by bit rate rather than period and frequency.

Uploaded by

Shakibur Rahman
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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ANALOG AND DIGITAL

Analog Data: The term analog data refers to information that is continuous; For
example, an analog clock that has hour, minute, and second hands gives information
in a continuous form; the movements of the hands are continuous. Analog data, such
as the sounds made by a human voice, take on continuous values. When someone
speaks, an analog wave is created in the air.

Digital Data: Digital data refers to information that has discrete states. For
example, a digital clock that reports the hours and the minutes will change suddenly
from 8:05 to 8:06. Digital data takes on discrete values. For example, data are
stored in computer memory in the form of O s and 1s. They can be converted to a
digital signal or modulated into an analog signal for transmission across a medium.

Analog Signals: Like the data they represent, signals can be either analog or digital.
An analog signal has infinitely many levels of intensity over a period of time. As
the wave moves from value A to value B, it passes through and includes an infinite
number of values along its path.
Example: Below is a graph plotted between two physical parameters, i.e., Voltage
vs. Time (V-T). This graph shows a continuous curve without having any breaking
point or discontinuity:
Digital Signals:

A digital signal is a signal that represents data as a sequence of discrete values. A


digital signal can only take on one value from a finite set of possible values at a
given time. Although each value can be any number, it is often as simple as 1 and O.
Example:

Periodic Signals: A periodic signal completes a pattern within a measurable time


frame, called a period, and repeats that pattern over subsequent identical periods.
The completion of one full pattern is called a cycle.

Nonperiodic Signals: A nonperiodic signal changes without exhibiting a pattern or


cycle that repeats over time.
Characteristics of Analog Signals
1. Peak Amplitude: The peak amplitude of a signal is the absolute value of its
highest intensity, proportional to the energy it carries. For electric signals, peak
amplitude is normally measured in volts. Figure below shows two signals and their
peak amplitudes.

2. Period and Frequency: Period refers to the amount of time, in seconds,


a signal needs to complete 1 cycle. Frequency refers to the number of periods in I s.
Note that period and frequency are just one characteristic defined in two ways.
Period is the inverse of frequency, and frequency is the inverse of period, as the
following formulas show. f=1/T and T=1/f Period is formally expressed in seconds.
Frequency is formally expressed in Hertz (Hz), which is cycle per second.
3. Phase: The term phase describes the position of the waveform relative to time O.
If we think of the wave as something that can be shifted backward or forward
along the time axis, phase describes the amount of that shift.

A sine wave with a phase of 0° starts at time 0 with a zero amplitude. The amplitude
is increasing.
A sine wave with a phase of 90° starts at time 0 with a peak amplitude. The amplitude
is decreasing.
A sine wave with a phase of 180° starts at time 0 with a zero amplitude. The
amplitude is decreasing.
Math
Period and Frequency
Period refers to the amount of time, in seconds, a signal needs to complete 1 cycle.
Frequency refers to the number of periods in I s. Note that period and frequency are just
one characteristic defined in two ways. Period is the inverse of frequency, and frequency
is the inverse of period, as the following formulas show.

f= 1/T
and T=1/f
DIGITAL SIGNALS

In addition to being represented by an analog signal, information can also be


represented by a digital signal. For example, a 1 can be encoded as a positive voltage
and a 0 as zero voltage.

Bit Rate:
Most digital signals are nonperiodic, and thus period and frequency are not
appropriate characteristics. Another term-bit rate is used to describe digital signals.
The bit rate is the number of bits sent in 1s, expressed in bits per second (bps).
Bit Rate

The bit rate is the number of bits sent in Is, expressed in bits per
second (bps).

Example 3.18
Assume we need to download text documents at the rate of 100 pages per minute.
What is the required bit rate of the channel?
Solution
A page is an average of 24 lines with 80 characters in each line. If we assume that
one character requires 8 bits,
the bit rate is 100 x 24 x 80 x 8 =1,636,000bps=1.636 Mbps
Baud rate: How many times a signal changes per second. Baud rate is
also defined as per second number of changes in signal.
S.NO Bit Rate Baud Rate

Baud rate is also defined as per


Bit rate is also defined as per
second number of changes in
second travel number of bits.
1 signal.

Bit rate emphasized computer While the baud rate emphasized


2. efficiency. data transmission.

The formula of Bit Rate is: The formula of Baud Rate is:
= baud rate x the number of = bit rate / the number of
bit per baud bit per baud
3.

It counts the number of bits traveled


It counts how many times the
per second such as Kbps, Mbps,
state of a signal is changing.
4. Gbps, etc

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