Amr Action Plan Eng

Hong Kong
Strategy and Action Plan on

Antimicrobial Resistance
2017-2022
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Content
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Preface
This Hong Kong Strategy and Action Plan on Antimicrobial Resistance (2017-2022) (Action
Plan) outlines the overview of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in global and local context. It
provides a list of actions and activities that the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
Government is planning to pursue in an effort to contain the growing threat of AMR in
Hong Kong.
Mid-term and final reviews on the actions proposed will be conducted within the five-year
period by the High Level Steering Committee on Antimicrobial Resistance (HLSC). New
actions will be added as needed and existing actions may be modified or removed
depending on progress or changes to the development of AMR problem.
The HLSC and all participating bureaux, departments and organisations will continue to
keep abreast of international and local development such that the Action Plan can be
updated over time and tailored to local needs.
Hong Kong Strategy and Action Plan on Antimicrobial Resistance 1

Content
Preface 1
Abbreviations 4
Executive summary 6
Introduction 8
Global situation on antimicrobial resistance 10
Hong Kong situation 15
Local action plan 22

Key Area 1: Strengthen knowledge through surveillance and research 25
Objective 01 – Set up antimicrobial resistance surveillance system under One 27
Health for Hong Kong
Objective 02 – Build laboratory capacity to support surveillance activities in both 30
human and animal sectors
Objective 03 – Monitor antimicrobial use in humans and animals 34
Key Area 2: Optimise use of antimicrobials in humans and animals 36

Objective 04 – Strengthen regulation on over-the-counter purchase of 41
prescription-only antimicrobials
Objective 05 – Implement and enhance training in prescribing antimicrobials 43
through Antibiotic Stewardship Program in human health sector
Objective 06 – Monitor compliance with antibiotic prescription guidelines of 44
human health practitioners
Objective 07 – Ensure proper use of antimicrobials in animals 47
Key Area 3: Reduce incidence of infection through effective sanitation, hygiene and 49
preventive measures
Objective 08 – Strengthen infection prevention and control measures in healthcare 55
settings
Objective 09 – Strengthen infection control training for healthcare workers 57
Objective 10 – Develop and strengthen infection prevention and control 58
programmes in veterinary settings and along food supply chain
Objective 11 – Enhance vaccination uptake 59
2 Hong Kong Strategy and Action Plan on Antimicrobial Resistance

Content
Key Area 4: Improve awareness and understanding of antimicrobial resistance 60

through effective communication, education and training
Objective 12 – Raise awareness of antimicrobial resistance among general public, 64
students and target population
Objective 13 – Engage patients in adopting infection control measures and proper 66
use of antibiotics
Objective 14 – Include antimicrobial resistance and related topics in school 67
curricula and continuous training of human health and veterinary
professionals
Key Area 5: Promote research on antimicrobial resistance 68

Objective 15 – Promote research on innovative technology and medical science 69
Objective 16 – Promote research on behavioural science and psychology 70
Objective 17 – Promote research on health and economic burden 70
Key Area 6: Strengthen partnerships and foster engagement of relevant 71

stakeholders
Objective 18 – Strengthen international partnerships and regional collaboration 72
Objective 19 – Inform public policy and facilitate stakeholder engagement 72
Monitoring and evaluation 73

Summary table of actions 74
Making it happen 82
References 83
Annex
I. Membership of High Level Steering Committee on Antimicrobial Resistance 89
II. Terms of reference of High Level Steering Committee on Antimicrobial Resistance 90

Abbreviations
AFCD Agriculture, Fisheries and Conservation Department
AI Avian influenza
AIDS Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
AMR Antimicrobial resistance
ASP Antibiotic stewardship programme
AST Antibiotic sensitivity testing
ATC Anatomical therapeutic chemical
BCG Bacillus Calmette-Guerin
BDO Bed day occupied
CA-MRSA Community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus
CCIDER HA Central Committee on Infectious Diseases and Emergency Response
CFS Centre for Food Safety
CHP Centre for Health Protection
CLSI Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute
CPD Continuous Professional Development
CPE Carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae
CRA Carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter
DDD Defined daily dose
DH Department of Health
E. coli Escherichia coli
EDB Education Bureau
eHR Electronic health record system
ESBL Extended-spectrum β-lactamase
ESBL E. coli Extended-spectrum β-lactamase producing Escherichia coli
EUCAST European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing
FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
FEHD Food and Environmental Hygiene Department
FHB Food and Health Bureau
GLASS Global Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance System
GMP Good Manufacturing Practice
HA Hospital Authority
HIV Human immunodeficiency virus
HLSC High Level Steering Committee on Antimicrobial Resistance
HMRF Health and Medical Research Fund
HPPAR Health Protection Programme on AMR
ICID Portal Hong Kong Training Portal on Infection Control and Infectious Disease
ICN Infection control nurse

Abbreviations
IMPACT Inter-hospital Multi-disciplinary Programme on Antimicrobial Chemotherapy

KAP Knowledge, attitude and practice
MDR-TB Multi-drug-resistant tuberculosis
MDROs Multi-drug-resistant organisms
MRL Maximum residue limits
MRSA Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus
NDM-1 New Delhi metallo-beta-lactamase-1
OECD Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
OIE World Organisation for Animal Health
PHLC Public Health Laboratory Centre
PHLSB Public Health Laboratory Services Branch
PIC/S Pharmaceutical Inspection Co-operation Scheme
PPBHK The Pharmacy and Poisons Board of Hong Kong
SENIC Study on the efficacy of nosocomial infection control
STI Sexually transmitted infections
TB Tuberculosis
TB&C Tuberculosis and Chest Service
TFCM Task Force on Clinical Management
UK United Kingdom
UN United Nations
URTI Upper respiratory tract infection
WG-ASP Working Group on Antibiotic Stewardship Programme
WHO World Health Organization
WPRO World Health Organization Regional Office for the Western Pacific
XDR-TB Extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis

Executive summary
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) occurs when microorganisms change in ways that render
the medications used to cure the infections they cause ineffective. AMR is a global public
health concern that results in reduced efficacy of antimicrobials, making the treatment of
patients difficult, costly or even impossible. While AMR in bacteria, viruses, fungi and
parasites are all significant to human health, this Action Plan focuses on resistance in
bacteria that present an urgent or serious threat to public health. For Mycobacterium
tuberculosis and sexually transmitted pathogens such as Neisseria gonorrhoeae which are
governed by disease-specific programmes, their relevant AMR control measures would be
monitored by the respective disciplines and will not be discussed in detail here.
As it is well-recognised that the health of humans is connected to the health of animals

and the environment, the ‘One Health’ approach has been distinguished as a major
element of AMR control and prevention strategies by international agencies, including the
World Health Organization (WHO), the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United
Nations (FAO) and the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE). The rising threat of
AMR should be addressed by a comprehensive framework taking a multi-sectoral and
whole-of-society approach as resistant bacteria arising either in humans or animals may
spread from one sector to another and from one country to another. Human medicine,
veterinary medicine, agriculture and the food sector should therefore take collective
actions to minimise the emergence and spread of AMR. Investment and resources should
be drawn to ensure effective implementation and sustained efforts from relevant
stakeholders.
The Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (the Administration) has
all along recognised the growing problem of AMR. Different sectors have been
implementing control measures with a common view to contain its spread. In recognition
of the major threat posed by AMR, the Administration announced in the 2016 Policy
Address the setting up of a High Level Steering Committee on Antimicrobial Resistance
(HLSC) to formulate strategies in collaboration with the relevant sectors to tackle the
threat. This Hong Kong Strategy and Action Plan on Antimicrobial Resistance (2017-2022)
(Action Plan) is developed around the following goals to provide guidance to not only
public health and veterinary partners, but also to coordinate efforts from all sectors of the
community.

Executive summary
Goals
 Adopt the principles of the WHO Global Action Plan as the main strategies to tackle
AMR in Hong Kong;
 Develop a territory-wide network across different sectors to strengthen surveillance
on AMR and antimicrobial use;
 Promote appropriate therapeutic use of antimicrobials in humans and animals under
the oversight of health and veterinary professionals and discourage misuse and
overuse;
 Encourage collaboration among different stakeholders, including the private sector, to
enhance awareness of AMR;
 Promote research for innovations in medicines, diagnostics and related interventions
and to understand drivers of resistance including operational research in the local
context; and
 Participate in global collaborative research activities.
Strategic framework
To achieve the set goals, six key areas, with a total of 19 objectives, have been identified
with an aim to slow the emergence of AMR and prevent its spread.
1. Strengthen knowledge through surveillance and research;
2. Optimise use of antimicrobials in humans and animals;
3. Reduce incidence of infection through effective sanitation, hygiene and preventive
measures;
4. Improve awareness and understanding of AMR through effective communication,
education and training;
5. Promote research on AMR; and
6. Strengthen partnerships and foster engagement of relevant stakeholders.
These actions have been made after consulting stakeholders from across sectors,
disciplines and organisations, and most importantly soliciting their support for
implementing them. The list of recommended actions is summarised in the Summary
table on pages 74-81.

Introduction
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Introduction
1. Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) occurs when microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses,
fungi and parasites change in ways that render the medications used to cure the infections
they cause ineffective. AMR is a global public health concern. For the past few decades,
AMR has been a growing threat to effective treatment of an ever-increasing range of
infections caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites. AMR results in reduced efficacy
of antimicrobials, making the treatment of patients difficult, costly or even impossible. The
impact is felt particularly by vulnerable patients, as it can result in prolonged illness and
increased mortality. The magnitude of the problem worldwide and its impact on animal
and human health, on costs for the relevant sectors and in wider society are still largely
unknown1.
2. The emergence and dynamics of AMR genes in bacteria circulating among humans,
the environment and animals are not entirely known. AMR develops when microorganisms
adapt and grow in the presence of antimicrobials (including properly used antimicrobials).
Resistance develops more rapidly through the misuse and overuse of antimicrobials. AMR
bacteria are often acquired through ingestion or contact (and enriched especially during
antimicrobial treatment), from colonised or infected animals/food, humans, or their
contaminated environment2 (Figure 1). The World Health Organization (WHO) stated in its
Global Report on Surveillance 2014 that ‘food-producing animals are reservoirs of
pathogens with the potential to transfer resistance to humans. The magnitude of such
transmission from animal reservoirs to humans remains unknown, and will probably vary
for different bacterial species.’. It must be emphasised that AMR has no respect for borders
and direction and can be transmitted in a bi-directional manner from animals to humans
and vice versa.

Introduction
Figure 1: Antibiotic Resistance- How it spreads
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a broader term that encompasses resistance to

drugs to treat infections caused by pathogens including bacteria, viruses, fungi and
parasites. While all are significant to human health, the discussion will focus on
resistance in bacteria that present an urgent or serious threat to public health.

Introduction
Global situation on antimicrobial resistance

3. It is estimated by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
(OECD) that about 700,000 deaths may be caused each year by AMR globally3. Morbidity
and mortality caused by these strains of microorganisms are estimated to be two to three
times those of the non-resistant strains4. The healthcare and societal cost due to loss of
productivity will also be much increased. If no effective strategies are put in place, this toll
will exceed 10 million each year by 2050 and will cost the world over 100 trillion USD in
lost output5.
WHO response
4. In response to this serious public health issue, a Global Action Plan on AMR was
drafted by WHO6 and adopted by Member States at the Sixty-eighth World Health
Assembly in May 2015. Member States agreed on the importance of developing national
action plans aligned with the WHO Global Action Plan and incorporating the strategic
objectives.
5. The World Assembly of Delegates of the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE)
adopted a resolution for Member Countries also in May 2015 to follow the guidance of the
WHO Global Action Plan by developing national action plans in respect of the use of
antimicrobials in animals and ensuring their close collaboration with public health officials7.
In June 2015, the Thirty-ninth Conference of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the
United Nations (FAO) adopted a resolution and status report on AMR. The FAO resolution
urges members to develop or strengthen national plans, strategies and international
collaboration for the surveillance, monitoring and containment of AMR in food, agriculture
and the environment, in close coordination with related plans for human health8.
6. In response, the Sixty-fifth session of the WHO Regional Committee for the Western
Pacific published in 2015 the Action Agenda for AMR in the Western Pacific Region4. The
action agenda focuses on three priority areas:
 Developing and implementing comprehensive national plans to contain AMR and
raising awareness of the issue in multiple sectors;
 Improving surveillance on AMR and the monitoring of antimicrobial use; and
 Strengthening the health system response to contain AMR.

Introduction
7. Global leaders recognised the threat of AMR to global health. At the United Nations
(UN) General Assembly in New York in September 2016, they committed to fighting AMR
together. This was the fourth time in history that a health topic was discussed at the UN
General Assembly (human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), non-communicable diseases and
Ebola were the others). Heads of State and Heads of Delegations addressed the
seriousness and scope of the situation and agreed on sustainable, multi-sectoral
approaches to addressing AMR.
One Health approach

8. The One Health concept is based on the recognition that the health of humans is
connected to that of animals and the environment, and that AMR must be tackled at all
three levels (Figure 2). The international consensus is that the selective pressure by
antibiotics on the microbiota (the ecological community of commensal, symbiotic and
pathogenic microorganisms that share our body space) of animals and humans, and their
associated environments (especially farms and healthcare institutions), sewage systems
and soil are likely to confer survival advantages upon bacteria with antimicrobial resistance
genes, which may be further disseminated through mobile plasmids or transposons with
integrons9–12. There are many examples of disease spreading between animals and humans
such as avian flu and rabies. Animals also share humans’ susceptibility to environmental
hazards. Cooperation among human, animal and environmental health communities is
therefore required for successful public health intervention13,14.
Figure 2: One Health

Introduction
National action plans

9. International strategic guidelines and operational frameworks have been developed
to provide guidance on best practice in formulating actions. In particular, all plans should
reflect the principles identified in the WHO Global Action Plan:
 Whole-of-society engagement, including One Health approach;
 Prevention first;
 Ensuring access while avoiding excess;
 Sustainability of interventions; and
 Incremental targets for implementation.
10. As different countries are at different stages combating AMR, the activity planning
and priority setting are often diverse depending on the availability of coordinating
mechanisms, existing legislation, laboratory capacity and data on the impact of AMR on
society.
Mainland China
11. In mainland China, the National Health and Family Planning Commission of the
People’s Republic of China, together with another 13 ministries/commissions issued the
National Action Plan for Containment of Bacterial Resistance (2016-2020) (《遏制细菌耐药
国家行动计划（2016-2020 年）》) in August 2016 outlining major strategies and actions in
the following nine areas with emphasis on the importance of increasing investment in
drug-resistant control-related activities and infrastructure15–17.
 Every department shall play their joint roles and perform their perspective
duties;
 Intensify antibacterial research and development efforts;
 Strengthen the assurance and management of antibacterials supply;
 Intensify efforts on developing a sound system to monitor and control the use
of antibacterials;
 Optimise the antibacterials application and AMR monitoring system;
 Enhance the medical staff abilities to prevent and control AMR;
 Strengthen prevention and control of environmental pollution caused by
antibacterials;
 Strengthen efforts on public education and publicity; and
 Carry out extensive international exchanges and cooperation.

Introduction
United Kingdom (UK)

12. The UK Five Year AMR Strategy 2013 to 2018 was published to set out actions to
address the key challenges to AMR with the following seven key areas of actions18:
 Better access to and use of surveillance data, in human and animal sectors;
 Optimise prescribing practice by technologies, through good antibiotic
stewardship;
 Improve infection prevention and control practices in human and animal
health;
 Improve professional education, training and public engagement;
 Develop new drugs, treatments and diagnostics through better collaboration
between research councils, academia, industry and others;
 Better identification and prioritisation of AMR research needs; and
 Strengthen international collaboration.
Serial reports have also been released on measuring success reporting progress in
implementation19–21.
Sweden
13. The Swedish Strategy to Combat Antibiotic Resistance was published in 2016 to curb
the development and spread of antibiotic resistance, which highlighted seven objectives as
follows22:
 Increased knowledge through enhanced surveillance;
 Continuous strong preventive measures;
 Responsible use of antibiotics;
 Increased knowledge for preventing and managing bacterial infections and
antibiotic resistance with new methods;
 Improved awareness and understanding in society about antibiotic resistance
and counter-measures;
 Supporting structures and systems; and
 Leadership within the European Union and in international cooperation.

Introduction
United States of America

14. An Executive Order was issued by the President of the United States in 2014 to
accord high priority to the rising challenge of AMR23. A national action plan was developed
in March 2015 to outline steps to control infections caused by ‘urgent and serious’
antibiotic-resistant bacteria such as Clostridium difficile, carbapenem-resistant
Enterobacteriaceae and Neisseria gonorrhoeae through24:
 Integrated One Health approach to enhance and integrate data from
surveillance systems that monitor human and animal pathogens;
 Create regional public health laboratory network to standardise testing and
enhance capacity on genetic characteristics of bacteria;
 Enhance monitoring of antibiotic sales, usage and resistance in multiple points
along food-production chain;
 Implement Antibiotic Stewardship Programme (ASP) in healthcare, animal
production and veterinary settings;
 Support development and use of rapid and innovative diagnostic tests; and
 Improve collaboration with international bodies and capacities for prevention,
surveillance, research and development.
Australia
15. In Australia, the First National Antimicrobial Resistance Strategy 2015-2019 was
released in 2015 with the following priority areas for action25:
 Develop nationally coordinated One Health surveillance on AMR and
antimicrobial usage;
 Implement effective antimicrobial stewardship practices across human health
and animal care settings;
 Improve infection prevention and control measures across human health and
animal care settings to help prevent infections and the spread of AMR;
 Increase awareness and understanding of AMR, its implications, and actions to
combat it through effective communication, education and training;
 Agree on a national research agenda and promote investment;
 Strengthen international partnerships and collaboration; and
 Establish and support clear governance arrangements at local, jurisdictional,
national and international levels to ensure leadership, engagement and
accountability for actions to combat AMR.

Introduction
Hong Kong situation
16. Hong Kong’s population of about 7.32 million is provided with a comprehensive range
of medical and health services by the public and private sectors. The Department of Health
(DH) is the Government’s health adviser and agency to execute health policies and
statutory functions. It safeguards community health through promotive, preventive,
curative and rehabilitative services as well as fostering community partnerships and
international collaboration. The Hospital Authority (HA) is a statutory body responsible for
the management of all public hospitals. There are about 27,900 beds in 42 public
hospitals26 and institutions under HA and 4,500 beds in 12 private hospitals.
17. In Hong Kong, about 70% of out-patient consultations are provided by the private
sector. In contrast, about 20% of patients attend private hospitals and 80% attend HA
hospitals as in-patients.
18. Hong Kong, like many other developed economies, is experiencing a significant public
health threat from AMR. DH and HA regularly monitor the situation of drug resistant
organisms. According to DH statistics, the number of community-associated
methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA) cases notified to the Centre for
Health Protection (CHP) of DH has increased five-fold in the past nine years, with
approximately 1,000 reports annually in the recent three years (Figure 3).
Figure 3: Number of CA-MRSA cases recorded in Hong Kong

1400
1200
1000
Number of cases
800
600
400
200
0
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
Year
Source: Department of Health (2007-2016)

Introduction
19. When microorganisms become resistant to antimicrobials, they are often referred to
as ‘superbugs’. HA actively monitors selected superbugs with multi-drug-resistance
through their routinely collected laboratory statistics from in-patient and out-patient
microbiological investigations. The Superbug Report (2011-2016) showed different degrees
of drug resistance among bacteria (Figure 4) with around 50% of Acinetobacter resistant to
carbapenem, 40% of Staphylococcus aureus resistant to methicillin and 20% of Escherichia
coli being extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) producing. Since the implementation of
an active bacterial screening program for early detection of asymptomatic superbugs
carriers, HA also detected an increase in carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae
(CPE) cases in recent years (from 19 patients in 2011 to 340 patients in 2016).
Figure 4: Percentage of isolate cultured to be multi-drug-resistant organism

(D) E. coli & Klebsiella
(A) Carbapenem-resistant (B) Methicillin-resistant (C) ESBL producing
resistant to
Acinetobacter Staphylococcus aureus E. coli & Klebsiella
cefotaxime or ceftriaxone
75
50
25
Percentage (%)
0
2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
(E) Multi-drug-resistant (F) Multi-drug-resistant (G) Vancomycin-resistant (H) Vancomycin-resistant

Acinetobacter Pseudomonas aeurginosa Enterococcus Staphylococcus aureus
75
50
25
0
2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
Year
Source: Hospital Authority Superbug Report (2011-2016)

Introduction
20. The Public Health Laboratory Services Branch (PHLSB) of CHP also performed
bacterial isolation and antimicrobial susceptibility tests on bacterial isolates collected from
public and private out-patient settings (Figure 5).
Figure 5: Bacterial pathogen isolation and percentage of antimicrobial resistance

(out-patient setting)
(A) Methicillin-resistant (C) Beta-haemolytic Streptococcus of
(B) ESBL producing E.coli
Staphylococcus aureus Lancefield Group A, C & G resistant to
(urine specimens)
(soft tissue specimens) Erythromycin (throat swab specimens)
100
75
50
25
Percentage (%)
0
2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
(D) Streptococcus pneumoniae (E) Neisseria gonorrhoeae resistant

resistant to Erythromycin and oral to Ciprofloxacin, Ceftriaxone and
Penicillin (sputum specimens) Penicillin
100
Ciprofloxacin
75
Erythromycin
50
Penicillin
25
Penicillin
Ceftriaxone
0
2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
Year
Source: Public Health Laboratory Services Branch, Centre for Health Protection
(Note: Numbers and trends presented here should be interpreted with caution in light of the small specimen numbers
in particular categories.)
21. For Mycobacterium tuberculosis, viruses (hepatitis B, hepatitis C and HIV) and
sexually transmitted pathogens such as Neisseria gonorrhoeae, disease-specific
programmes are in place under DH.

Introduction
22. The Social Hygiene Service is responsible for the prevention and control of sexually
transmitted infections (STI). The Anti-Venereal Disease Office carries out contact tracing,
health education and outreach activities to control the spread of STI. The Social Hygiene
Service together with PHLSB has all along been monitoring the emergence of resistance in
gonococcus (Figure 5).
23. The Tuberculosis and Chest Service (TB&C) plays a key role in the prevention and
control of tuberculosis (TB). Its main activities cover the surveillance and case finding of
tuberculosis, the provision of directly observed treatment, the Bacillus Calmette-Guerin
(BCG) vaccination programme for new-borns and children aged under 15, and health
education and research. Besides coordinating TB control activities among different health
sectors, TB&C operates chest clinics in Hong Kong, providing out-patient service to patients
suffering from tuberculosis and various chest diseases. Hong Kong has been classified by
WHO as a place of intermediate TB burden with good health infrastructure. The
notification rate of TB decreased from 113.7 per 100,000 in 2000 to 60.5 per 100,000 in
2015. Bacillary resistance rates to the first-line TB drugs were also on a declining trend,
with only about 1% of all culture-confirmed TB being MDR-TB (multi-drug-resistant
tuberculosis) and about 0.1% being XDR-TB (extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis)27.
24. The Special Preventive Programme of DH is responsible for the prevention,

surveillance and clinical management of HIV/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)
and the prevention of viral hepatitis. Its four main areas of activities include clinical
programme, HIV prevention and health promotion, policy development as well as research
and epidemiology programme. A HIV Drug Resistance Working Group was set up in 2008 to
collect surveillance data on primary, transmitted HIV drug resistance, compile data on early
warning indicators from major treatment centres, monitor development of resistance upon
treatment, and report and make recommendations on the prevention and control of HIV
drug resistance in Hong Kong. Primary transmitted HIV drug resistance fluctuates at around
3% from 2010 to 201428.

Introduction
Significance of various superbugs1,29

Carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter (CRA)
Acinetobacter can cause pneumonia or blood stream infections especially among
critically ill patients. CRA’s resistance to carbapenems (often considered last-resort
antibiotics) render these infections difficult to treat with a limited drug choice.
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)

Staphylococcus aureus can be a part of normal flora on the skin and in the nose. It is one
of the commonest causes of infection of skin, soft tissue, bone and blood stream, as well
as the commonest cause of post-operative wound infection.
Resistance to methicillin renders commonly used antibiotics (as well as prophylactic
antibiotics) useless. This poses significant risk to orthopaedics and surgical procedures.
Second-line antibiotics to treat MRSA are not without significant side-effects.
Extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli (ESBL E. coli)

E. coli is part of the gut flora, as well as the commonest cause of urinary tract infection
and blood stream infection.
Resistance to third-generation cephalosporins means the use of second-line, often last
resort, antibiotics such as carbapenems is needed. This drives the development of
resistance towards these last-resort antibiotics and could lead to future untreatable
infection.
Carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae (CPE)

CPE are bacteria (which include gut flora such as the Klebsiella species and E. coli) that
can produce enzyme(s) which can inactivate carbapenems and other beta-lactams such
as penicillins. These enzymes, such as NDM-1 (New Delhi Metallo-beta-lactamase-1), are
usually encoded on plasmids that harbour multiple resistance determinants and are
transmitted easily from one bacterium to another. CPE are commonly resistant to
multiple antimicrobials, limiting therapeutic options and rendering severe clinical
infections difficult to treat. Infections vary from being asymptomatic to potentially
life-threatening or fatal. The level of risk depends on which part of the body is affected
by the infection, and the general health of the patient.

Introduction
25. When compared to mainland China and overseas countries, the proportions of AMR
in both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, represented by HA’s data on
Staphylococcus aureus resistant to methicillin and E. coli resistant to third-generation
cephalosporins and fluoroquinolones respectively, are both at a high level in Hong Kong
(Figure 6).
Figure 6: Percentage of resistant bacterial isolates in mainland China and overseas countries
Staphylococcus aureus E. coli resistant to E. coli resistant to

resistant to methicillin 3rd gen cephalosporins fluoroquinolones
Norway Sweden Sweden
Sweden Norway Norway
Denmark Finland Estonia
Netherlands Netherlands Australia
Estonia Belgium Finland
Finland Croatia Lithuania
Iceland Iceland Iceland
Lithuania Lithuania Croatia
Slovenia Germany Denmark
Austria France Netherlands
Latvia Luxembourg Latvia
Croatia Denmark United Kingdom
United Kingdom Slovenia France
Czech Republic Ireland Slovenia
Germany Austria Belgium
Belgium Canada Austria
France Australia Ireland
Luxembourg United Kingdom Czech Republic
Canada Portugal Germany
Bulgaria Czech Republic Luxembourg
Spain Poland Greece
Ireland Spain Canada
Thailand Estonia Portugal
Poland Malta Poland
Slovakia United States Bulgaria
Hungary Greece Romania
Australia Hungary Hungary
China Latvia Malta
Italy Japan United States
Greece Hong Kong Italy Japan
Hong Kong
Cyprus (46%) Romania Spain
Malta Hong Kong (35%)
Bulgaria South Korea
Romania South Korea (31%) Italy
United States Slovakia Slovakia
Japan Cyprus Cyprus
Portugal Thailand Thailand
South Korea China China
0 20 40 60 80 0 20 40 60 80 0 20 40 60 80
Percentage (%)
Source: Hospital Authority Laboratory Data (2014)
(Note: These data should be interpreted with caution due to variation in study methodology among different
1
countries .)

Introduction
Food animal production

26. Hong Kong has a relatively small scale food animal (including pigs, poultry and fish)
farming sector, comprising 72 livestock farms (43 pig farms and 29 chicken farms) and
some 1,300 marine and freshwater fish farms. The total production of these farms
accounts for around 2% of livestock and fresh meat and around 1% of live and fresh fish
consumed in Hong Kong. As such, Hong Kong relies heavily on food imported from
elsewhere, including mainland China and overseas countries.
27. All livestock farms are subject to licensing control in accordance with the Public
Health (Animals and Birds) (Licensing of Livestock Keeping) Regulation (Cap. 139L). The
Agriculture, Fisheries and Conservation Department (AFCD) conducts regular inspection of
these farms to ensure their compliance with the licensing conditions and provisions under
Cap. 139L and other relevant regulations. AFCD also enforces the Public Health (Animals
and Birds) (Chemical Residues) Regulation (Cap. 139N), which aims to regulate the feeding
of drugs and chemicals to food animals. Cap. 139N stipulates a list of seven prohibited
chemicals and a list of 37 veterinary chemicals with the respective maximum residue limits
(MRL) in meat and tissues.
28. Currently, there is very little surveillance being done in terms of AMR in animals.
Serum, urine, faecal and environmental samples are taken regularly from pigs and poultry
farms to monitor animal diseases and chemical residues to safeguard human health.
Necessary actions will be taken for any positive findings on the samples. For fish farms,
regular farm visits are made by AFCD to provide technical assistance to fish farmers in good
aquaculture practices including the proper use of antibiotics. Fish and feed samples are
collected from farms during the visits for surveillance on antimicrobial usage.
29. The Centre for Food Safety (CFS) has put in place a food surveillance programme and
collects about 65,000 food samples each year at the import, wholesale and retail levels to
ensure that food is fit for human consumption. The food samples undergo microbiological
examinations, chemical analyses and radiation level tests to assess their compliance with
legal standards. The overall satisfactory rate of these tests has consistently been above
99%. The current food regulatory regime is not designed for addressing the issue of AMR
and CFS’s food surveillance programme does not collect data on AMR in food. Specifically,
as far as meat, poultry and other non-ready-to-eat foods are concerned, the current focus
of CFS’s surveillance and enforcement work understandably rests with food safety and
fitness for human consumption (such as the presence of veterinary drug residues and
preservatives). As a natural corollary, even if such non-ready-to-eat foods detected with
bacteria or pathogens (regardless of whether the bacteria/pathogens are AMR or
non-AMR) exceed the levels under CFS’s Microbiological Guidelines for Food, follow up and
enforcement actions are not warranted under the existing mechanism.

Local action plan
30. The Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (the Administration)
has all along recognised the growing problem of AMR. Different sectors have been
implementing control measures with a common view to contain its spread. In recognition
of the major threat posed by AMR, the Administration announced in the 2016 Policy
Address the setting up of a High Level Steering Committee on Antimicrobial Resistance
(HLSC) to formulate strategies in collaboration with the relevant sectors to tackle the
threat. The One Health approach, in which the human and veterinary health, agricultural
and food production sectors work together, is identified by the Administration for
containing the spread of AMR. As such, the HLSC which is chaired by the Secretary of Food
and Health, includes representatives from the Administration, public and private sectors,
academia and professional bodies in the above fields.
31. Under the HLSC, an Expert Committee on Antimicrobial Resistance was established in
October 2016 to provide expert opinions on priority areas for actions for the HLSC’s
consideration when drawing up the local action plan. The Expert Committee on
Antimicrobial Resistance comprises local and overseas experts in the fields of human and
veterinary medicine, microbiology, public health, pharmacology and agriculture.
32. Since its establishment in October 2016, the Expert Committee on Antimicrobial
Resistance has met twice to discuss the following in making a Recommendation to Combat
AMR in Hong Kong to the HLSC:
 The effect of AMR on population health;
 The global burden of AMR;
 Overseas strategies and interventions in reducing AMR-related harm and
evidence of their effectiveness; and
 The current Hong Kong situation in relation to AMR and its interventions.

Local action plan
Feasibility and practicality considerations

33. The assessment in various sectors has provided remarkable insight into the local
situation and revealed that major information gaps exist which imply huge resource and
policy implications. In this connection, an incremental stepwise approach would be more
practical in the battle against AMR. As a start, fact-finding, research and gap analysis
should proceed alongside stakeholder engagement and consultation, with a view to
gauging the difficulties faced by the stakeholders, and which in turn would facilitate the
formulation of a pragmatic and feasible implementation plan that can optimally combine
support and pressure in inducing sustainable and progressive improvement by the
stakeholders. Such could also provide a congenial backdrop to the introduction of a
statutory regulatory regime with enforcement and sanction powers.
Goals
34. The following goals are identified by the Administration to guide strategies and
actions:
 Adopt the principles of the WHO Global Action Plan as the main strategies to
tackle AMR in Hong Kong;
 Develop a territory-wide network across different sectors to strengthen
surveillance on AMR and antimicrobial use;
 Promote appropriate therapeutic use of antimicrobials in humans and animals
under the oversight of health and veterinary professionals and discourage
misuse and overuse;
 Encourage collaboration among different stakeholders, including the private
sector, to enhance awareness of AMR;
 Promote research for innovations on medicines, diagnostics and related
interventions and to understand drivers of resistance including operational
research in the local context; and
 Participate in global collaborative research activities.

Local action plan
Strategic framework
35. To achieve the set goals, six key areas, in accordance with the objectives of the WHO
Global Action Plan, have been adopted for action. A total of 19 objectives are identified
with an aim to slow the emergence of AMR and prevent its spread (Figure 7).
 Strengthen knowledge through surveillance and research;
 Optimise use of antimicrobials in humans and animals;
 Reduce incidence of infection through effective sanitation, hygiene and
preventive measures;
 Improve awareness and understanding of AMR through effective communication,
education and training;
 Promote research on AMR; and
 Strengthen partnerships and foster engagement of relevant stakeholders.
Figure 7: Framework of Hong Kong Strategy and Action Plan on Antimicrobial Resistance
Goals and
strategies
Action plan 6 Key Areas 19 Objectives
Monitor and
Evaluation
36. These actions have been made after consulting stakeholders from across sectors,
disciplines and organisations, and most importantly soliciting their support for
implementing them. The list of recommended actions is summarised in the Summary
table on pages 74-81.

Key Area 1
Strengthen knowledge through surveillance and research
37. Research and surveillance on AMR and antimicrobial use help inform evidence-based
interventions, prioritise action, steer the direction of policy and evaluate programmes on
the containment of AMR. To echo the WHO’s call for a harmonised surveillance system in
the region and globally, the current local situation and recommended interventions are
described in this chapter.
Objective 1
Set up antimicrobial resistance surveillance system under One Health for Hong Kong
Objective 2
Build laboratory capacity to support surveillance activities in both human and animal
sectors
Objective 3
Monitor antimicrobial use in humans and animals

Key Area 1: Strengthen knowledge through surveillance and research
Surveillance on antimicrobial resistance

Background
38. A comprehensive surveillance system is essential for determining the size and nature
of the AMR problem in Hong Kong and for monitoring the effectiveness of measures
implemented. Currently, data relevant to AMR are being collected through various systems
under different sectors.
39. CHP collects AMR data from medical practitioners, laboratories and private hospitals
through different platforms. CA-MRSA, a statutory notifiable disease, is required by law to
be reported to DH. Sentinel points have also been set up at general out-patient clinics in
public sector and private clinics to collect AMR data. Some private hospitals voluntarily
report data on the occurrence of resistant strains of pathogens through collaborative
projects with CHP. PHLSB of CHP supports public and private health service providers in
bacterial isolation and antimicrobial susceptibility testing.
40. HA routinely collects laboratory statistics on in-patient and out-patient

microbiological investigations in public hospitals and out-patient clinics. Seven selected
multi-drug-resistant organisms (MDROs) are being actively monitored by HA and the
results are presented in media briefs regularly. HA has also set MRSA as one of their key
performance indicators, and developed an MRSA surveillance system which provides
information on epidemiology and clinical data to monitor the trend. Ad hoc point
prevalence surveys are performed to understand the nature and distribution of infections
in public hospitals and the burden on health service utilisation.
41. The current regulatory and management regime on local food animal farms is mainly
concerned with the proper usage of antibiotics and non-exceedance of residue levels for
the purpose of safeguarding food safety, rather than addressing the AMR issues. As such,
there is no comprehensive, systematic surveillance programme on the AMR situation in
local food animal production farms. Similarly, CFS does not collect data on AMR in food in
Hong Kong, as the current food regulatory regime is not designed for addressing the issue
of AMR.

Objective 1 – Set up antimicrobial resistance surveillance system under One Health for
Hong Kong
42. The existing AMR monitoring systems fall within different sectors but not across
sectors. Existing strategies against AMR laid down by the Scientific Committee on
Infection Control are confined to human medicines and a holistic plan among all sectors
(public health, food and agricultural industries, human and veterinary pharmaceutical
sectors) is yet to be developed.
43. Although a number of data sources are available in the public health sector, they are
currently uncoordinated and without alignment with regional or global surveillance
systems – the Global Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance System (GLASS). The burden of
AMR infection, including the incidence and prevalence of AMR, its related morbidity,
mortality, other health outcomes and the associated economic cost, remains largely
unknown29. Surveillance on AMR will therefore be strengthened, in particular the
information in private medical practice, animal and food industry.
44. As the improper or widespread use of antimicrobials in food animal production,

especially as growth promoters, is thought to be one of the factors leading to the AMR
problem, there is a need to put in place a structured surveillance system to monitor the
prevalence of AMR microorganisms in food animals and farm environments, and the
amount and type of antimicrobials used in food animals. A regulatory regime should also
be adopted to ensure proper use of antimicrobials in food animal production. Concerted
efforts by the authorities concerned and the food animal farming and veterinary sectors
are required to address AMR in a holistic manner.
45. Although food-producing animals are considered as reservoirs of pathogens with the
potential to transfer resistance to humans, the magnitude of such transmission remains
unknown. Information on key elements such as identification of risk of individual
microorganisms, high-risk food types and control measures are required to guide
development of a surveillance system. The Codex Alimentarius Commission of the Joint
FAO/WHO Food Standards Programme has been working on guidance on the design and
implementation of an integrated surveillance on foodborne AMR along the food chain
aiming to promote a harmonised approach for a better exchange and analysis among
countries and areas. The guidance will cover the approaches and key components of an
integrated surveillance system of AMR, including sampling sources, target microorganisms,
sample design, laboratory testing and data management, as well as incorporation of
information from integrated surveillance into risk analysis. The discussion on the work is
expected to start in 2017 and will be adopted in 2020.

Strategic Interventions
1.1 Establish a coordination structure for One Health surveillance on AMR
Establish a Working Group on AMR One Health Surveillance (tentative name) to
steer and oversee the development of surveillance on AMR and antimicrobial use:
 Form a network to gather, analyse, share and link data from multiple surveillance
and monitoring systems including HA, Public Health Laboratory and future
surveillance platforms covering food animals and food.
 Regularly disseminate data on AMR and antimicrobial use.
1.2 Strengthen AMR surveillance in healthcare settings

 Continue to collect AMR data in healthcare settings by HA and DH. Efforts will be
put to strengthen and align AMR surveillance in healthcare settings with
international standards, i.e. GLASS of WHO. It is aimed that data (clinical and
laboratory) from both in-patient and out-patient service providers would be
collected with a focus on priority specimens, pathogens and a selected panel of
antibiotic sensitivity tests according to GLASS and opinions from the Expert
Committee on Antimicrobial Resistance.
1.3 Develop AMR surveillance programme on animals

 AFCD will commission a consultancy study to devise a plan for the surveillance
on AMR microorganisms in food animal production farms that are particularly
pertinent to Hong Kong. The study would include drawing up a list of AMR
microorganisms to be monitored in local farms with reference to the latest
‘watch list’ of AMR microorganisms in the region, and devising sampling and
testing methodologies for assessing the prevalence and sources of AMR
microorganisms in farms, including food animals and farm environment.
 Help devise the above-mentioned surveillance plan and future measures for
addressing the AMR issues associated with food animal production. Actions will
be taken in parallel with the consultancy study to conduct surveillance studies on
imported day-old chicks and breeding pigs to ascertain if they are significant
carriers of AMR microorganisms.
 Upon the adoption of the surveillance plan devised by the consultants, AFCD will
carry out systematic surveillance on the AMR situation in food animal production
farms and, based on the information collected, conduct assessment on the
prevalence and sources of AMR microorganisms in farms.

1.4 Develop AMR surveillance programme on food

 Conduct a pilot survey to gather the required information to guide the
development of a future surveillance system on food in accordance with relevant
advice and the standards of pertinent international authorities such as the
Codex Alimentarius Commission.
1.5 Set up a centralised platform for AMR surveillance data on human, animal, food and
environment
 A centralised platform on AMR surveillance will be set up in the long run to
provide information and facilitate analysis of transmitting factors of AMR among
sectors. Studies and literature reviews have to be conducted to guide the scope
and scale of future surveillance. Collection of data on antimicrobial resistance
from both private and public health, veterinary, food and environmental (e.g.
sewage) sectors in an incremental step-wise approach is of fundamental
importance to objectively document the burden of the AMR problem, and to
provide a rational basis for monitoring the effect of the control measures.

Objective 2 – Build laboratory capacity to support surveillance activities in both human

and animal sectors
46. In order to foster standardised AMR surveillance globally, WHO has developed the
GLASS30 which can be taken as a reference for Hong Kong’s surveillance on AMR. HA
Microbiology Laboratory Network has standardised antibiotic sensitivity testing (AST)
methods in accordance with the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) or the
European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST). However, little is
known regarding practices in performing AST in private medical laboratories.
47. Adequate funds and human resources will be identified to conduct and coordinate
the surveillance activities and provide education for all participants in the surveillance
system, including laboratories, epidemiologists and clinicians who handle and analyse
patient data, which are currently insufficient in Hong Kong.
2.1 Strengthen laboratory support in AMR surveillance
 Public Health Laboratory Centre (PHLC) under DH has been identified as the local
reference laboratory to advise and support local medical laboratories in AMR
surveillance. PHLC will support laboratories in microbiological testing such as
antimicrobial susceptibility testing, confirming resistant phenotypes and
molecular characterisation of resistant strains. The reference laboratory will also
advise the Administration on up-to-date knowledge of emerging resistance
problems.
2.2 Standardise laboratory antimicrobial susceptibility testing method for AMR

surveillance
 Adoption of international standards and guidelines for antimicrobial
susceptibility tests, such as CLSI or EUCAST, will be promulgated to standardise
testing methods for AMR surveillance so as to enable uniformed comparison and
evaluation in different sectors.
2.3 Support establishment of quality assurance programme and promote introduction

in medical laboratories
 The local reference laboratory will coordinate with laboratories in conducting a
quality assurance programme for continuous improvement of standards of
laboratories in Hong Kong. This will be especially promoted to laboratories
providing surveillance data to the AMR surveillance system.

Surveillance on antimicrobial use

Background
48. According to the Pharmacy and Poisons Ordinance (Cap. 138) and the Antibiotics
Ordinance (Cap. 137), suppliers of pharmaceutical products and antibiotics are statutorily
required to keep transaction records with supporting documents. Although the wholesale
supply data is not equivalent to the actual consumption data of antimicrobials in Hong
Kong, they can serve as a surrogate to reflect the usage. DH has been collecting the supply
data for analysis of all antibacterials for systemic use under WHO Anatomical Therapeutic
Chemical (ATC) code J01 to various sectors, including HA, DH, private hospitals, private
practitioners, pharmacies, dentists and veterinarians.
49. Data on antimicrobial use is available from the public health sector through their
electronic dispensing system. The HA 2010 Point Prevalence Survey of Infection estimated
the antibiotic use among HA hospitals. The observed overall prevalence of antimicrobial
use in 2010 (30.3%) was about 3.7% higher than that in 2007. The three most common
antimicrobials used were augmentin, cefuroxime and levofloxacin. The ranking was the
same as in the 2007 survey31.
50. From a more comprehensive analysis of the use of antimicrobials by HA in 2016, it

was observed that the consumption by defined daily dose (DDD) per 1,000 acute bed day
occupied (BDO) of broad spectrum antibiotics (cefepime, ceftazidime, meropenem,
piperacillin-tazobactam, cefoperazone-sulbactam and imipenem-cilastatin) by in-patients,
by all specialties at all selected acute hospitals has increased by 108% in the past 10 years
(2005-2015). When analysing the consumption of all antimicrobials together, about a 20%
increase is seen in the same period (Figure 8).

Figure 8: Use of broad spectrum antibiotics and all antibiotics in Hospital Authority
Use of broad spectrum antibiotics in

Hospital Authority Use of all antibiotics in Hospital Authority
2000
Specialty
1500
DDD/ 1000 acute BDO
All specialties
ICU
1000 Medical
Orthopedic
500
Surgical
0
2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015
Year
Source: Hospital Authority (2005-2015)
(Note: The trend of antibiotic use has to be interpreted with caution because multiple factors including host factors
(population age, multiple comorbidities), changing disease patterns and treatment (increasing complexity of medical
conditions and wider use of immunomodulators/immunosuppressants, and indwelling devices), and emergence of
MDROs could affect antibiotic use.)
51. As there is no mandatory requirement with regard to keeping records on drugs being
used in local food animal farms, there is limited data on antimicrobial use at the farm level.
52. The Harmful Substances in Food Regulations (Cap. 132AF) regulates the import and
sale of food containing harmful substances. Currently, the maximum concentrations of 38
veterinary drugs (the majority of which are antibiotics) in different foods are specified in
the First Schedule of these Regulations. Moreover, a total of seven veterinary drugs
(including two antibiotics) that are prohibited in any fish, meat or milk, dried milk,
condensed milk or reconstituted milk are listed in the Second Schedule of these
Regulations.

53. CFS collected about 9,500 food samples at import, wholesale and retail levels for
antibiotics testing under the Food Surveillance Programme for the period from 2014 to
2016. Among these samples, malachite green was detected in 15 samples of fish and fish
products, while chloramphenicol was detected in two common oriental clam samples and
one fish sample. All other samples were satisfactory. The surveillance focus at present is
premised on food safety and fitness for human consumption (such as the presence of
veterinary drug residues, including but not limited to antibiotics and preservatives). No
follow up and enforcement action are warranted for non-ready-to-eat foods detected with
antibiotic residue levels below the statutory maximum concentrations under the
Regulations or bacteria or pathogens (regardless of whether the bacteria/pathogens are
AMR or non-AMR) exceeding the levels under CFS’s Microbiological Guidelines for Food.
54. In addition, CFS also monitors residues of agricultural chemicals and veterinary drugs
(including antibiotics) in food animals admitted to slaughterhouses and in imported poultry.
Urine, blood and tissue samples are collected from these food animals to test for the
presence of the prohibited chemicals and restricted chemicals listed in the Public Health
(Animals and Birds) (Chemical Residues) Regulation (Cap. 139N). For the period from 2014
to 2016, over 150,000 samples of food animals admitted into slaughterhouses and
imported poultry were tested. All samples were satisfactory except for one sample which
contained a prohibited antibiotic (chloramphenicol) and nine samples had antibiotic
residues exceeding the maximum statutory level (Table 1).
Table 1: Data on antibiotic testing in slaughterhouses (covering local and imported

livestock) and imported poultry in 2014-2016
Total no. of samples No. of Confirmed Positive Samples
Year tested under Cap. 139N Prohibited Chemical
Restricted Chemical
(all drugs) (Chloramphenicol)
2016 48,351 0 0
2015 50,968 1 8
2014 52,958 0 1

Objective 3 – Monitor antimicrobial use in humans and animals
55. Dispensing data on antimicrobials is available from HA but similar data is not
currently available from the private medical and dental practitioners, veterinarians, food
animal farmers and pharmacies. On the other hand, licensed wholesale drug traders are
required by law to record all transactions of pharmaceutical products. It is therefore more
feasible to obtain the supply data of antimicrobials from traders to reflect the trend of
antimicrobial utilisation.
3.1 Establish a coordination structure for antimicrobial use surveillance
 The Working Group on AMR One Health Surveillance (tentative name) will also
coordinate and plan on the collection and dissemination of antimicrobial use data
from different sectors. At the beginning, annual supply data of antimicrobials
would be obtained as proxy to reflect the overall use and trend of antimicrobial
use. Supply data on antimicrobials, according to WHO ATC code J01
(Antibacterials for Systemic Use), will be collected annually by DH.
 Standardised reporting formats and units, such as the DDD in human use and
mg/kg of meat produced in food animals, will be adopted to facilitate comparison
and trend monitoring of antimicrobial use.
3.2 Monitor antimicrobial use in humans

 The monitoring of antimicrobial use in medical institutions will continue using the
existing antibiotic prescription or dispensing data collection platform of public
hospitals and clinics under HA.
 Participation from private medical practitioners will be encouraged through
exploring the potential platform of electronic health record (eHR) system. Studies
and surveys such as retrospective record checking, prospective survey or
collection of prescriptions (such as the electronic collection of prescription bags
recommended by the Expert Committee on Antimicrobial Resistance) could also
be explored to assess the pattern of antimicrobial use.

3.3 Monitor antimicrobial use in animals

 AFCD will commission a consultancy study to devise methodologies for estimating
antimicrobial usage in food animal production farms as well as the sampling plan
and testing methods for collecting the necessary data for making the estimation,
and to devise methodologies for detecting antimicrobials in wastes discharged
from farms. Upon the adoption of the monitoring plan devised by the
consultants, AFCD will carry out systematic monitoring on antimicrobial usage in
food animal production farms.
 In parallel with the consultancy study, AFCD will strengthen surveillance on
antimicrobial usage in local food animals, through requiring farmers to keep
antimicrobial usage records in accordance with standardised templates,
conducting surprise inspections at farms to check for antimicrobial stocks and
usage, and collecting samples at farms to check for any abuse of antimicrobial
usage. AFCD will further collaborate with the Drug Office of DH on the
inspections of farms under the Antibiotics Ordinance (Cap. 137).

Key Area 2
Optimise use of antimicrobials in humans and animals
56. Ensuring judicious use of quality-assured antimicrobials is important for minimising

the occurrence of antimicrobial-resistant infections and reducing disease burden.
Antibiotic stewardship programme (ASP) has been identified as a key measure for reducing
unnecessary prescriptions, suppressing AMR emergence, and at the same time controlling
medical expenses. The development and implementation of ASP is relatively mature in
local hospital settings. However, the support for and promotion of proper use of
antimicrobials can be enhanced in the primary health care, veterinary and agriculture
settings.
Objective 4
Strengthen regulation on over-the-counter purchase of prescription-only antimicrobials
Objective 5
Implement and enhance training in prescribing antimicrobials through antibiotic
stewardship programme in human health sector
Objective 6
Monitor compliance with antibiotic prescription guidelines of human health practitioners
Objective 7
Ensure proper use of antimicrobials in animals

Key Area 2: Optimise use of antimicrobials in humans and animals
Optimise antimicrobial use in humans

Existing interventions to ensure appropriate use of quality-assured antimicrobials
57. Antibiotics are among the most commonly prescribed drugs used in human medicine.
Overseas data showed that up to 50% of all the antibiotics prescribed for humans are not
needed or are not optimally effective as prescribed29. Though the use of antimicrobials for
treatments of diseases is inevitable, the misuse or overuse of antimicrobials is considered
to be a major driving force towards AMR32,33. WHO, in its Global Action Plan, postulated
that high use of antibiotics may reflect over-prescription or easy access through
over-the-counter sale. Moreover, poor quality antimicrobials would further encourage
emergence of AMR. To control AMR, it is essential to ensure the quality and appropriate
use of antibiotics.
Regulation and enforcement - Drug quality

58. Hong Kong has established a system to ensure the quality of pharmaceutical products.
Under the Pharmacy and Poisons Regulations (Cap. 138A), pharmaceutical products must
be registered before they can be sold. The Pharmacy and Poisons Board of Hong Kong
(PPBHK) has been established under the Pharmacy and Poisons Ordinance (Cap. 138) to
carry out functions in accordance with the provisions of the Ordinance and its subsidiary
legislation including registration of pharmaceutical products. Regulation 37(1) of the
Pharmacy and Poisons Regulations (Cap. 138A) has further stipulated that a
pharmaceutical product will only be approved for registration if it meets the criteria of
safety, efficacy and quality.
59. In 2016, PPBHK became the 47th Participating Authority of the Pharmaceutical
Inspection Co-operation Scheme (PIC/S), which is an international organisation comprising
pharmaceutical inspection authorities around the world with a mission to lead the
international development, implementation and maintenance of harmonised Good
Manufacturing Practice (GMP) standards and quality systems of inspectorates in the field
of medicinal products.
60. All pharmaceutical manufacturers must obtain a licence from PPBHK to produce
medicines in Hong Kong. One of the key requirements for licensing a pharmaceutical
manufacturer is the full compliance with the PIC/S GMP standards. The Drug Office of DH
provides licensure support to the PPBHK and conducts GMP inspections to ensure
compliance. With effect from 1 January 2016, new applications for registration of
pharmaceutical products must include evidence on compliance with the PIC/S GMP
standards. The same standard has been applied to all registration renewal from
1 January 2017.

61. Currently, all local manufactured or imported pharmaceutical products are required
to be analysed, either by manufacturers themselves or a third-party accredited laboratory,
on every batch of products as part of their quality assurance procedures before releasing
the products for sale. The tests include assay with validated methods to ensure the content
of the active ingredients meets the product specifications. All local manufacturers are
required to conduct microbiological assay or validated chemical assay for their antibiotics
products.
62. Moreover, DH has put in place a system under which samples of registered
pharmaceutical products are collected from the market for detection of substandard
medicines. DH has also established a mechanism for reporting adverse incidents relating to
drugs so as to conduct risk assessment, management and reporting.
Regulation and enforcement - Possession and supply

63. Currently, the Pharmacy and Poisons Ordinance (Cap. 138) and Antibiotics Ordinance
(Cap. 137) regulate the possession and supply of antibiotics. The Import and Export
Ordinance (Cap. 60) also provides that all pharmaceutical products must be imported and
exported under authorised licenses.
64. Only traders with appropriate license(s) are allowed to possess and deal in
antimicrobial products. Licensed wholesale traders are legally obliged to record the
acquisition and disposal of all pharmaceutical products, including antimicrobials, by means
of wholesale dealing, including the quantity acquired and supplied, names of suppliers and
to whom the drugs are supplied in Hong Kong.
65. The Drug Office of DH, the drug regulatory agency, and the Customs and Excise
Department, the law enforcement agency regarding import and export, perform regular
and surprise inspections on drug traders to ensure compliance of regulations.
Unannounced inspections (1,229 inspections in 2014) and unannounced test purchases
(4,363 test purchases in 2014) by outsourced undercover agents are conducted to
Authorised Sellers of Poisons, i.e. pharmacies. From 2010 to 2014, zero to three cases
annually were brought up to PPBHK for disciplinary actions, after a successful prosecution
with conviction related to antibiotics34.

66. While the Antibiotics Ordinance (Cap. 137) and the Pharmacy and Poisons Ordinance
(Cap. 138) conferred authorised officers the authority to inspect the transaction records of
antimicrobials kept by the authorised sellers of poisons (i.e. licensed pharmacies that are
authorised to possess and supply antimicrobials in accordance with legal requirements),
the Ordinances neither require the authorised sellers of poisons to keep the balance after
each transaction nor stipulate that it is an offence if there is a discrepancy between the
physical stock and recorded transactions. In fact, such stringent requirements, i.e. to
require the authorised sellers of poisons to keep the balance after each transaction and
ensure that the physical balance tallies with the recorded transaction, are only applicable
to dangerous drugs under the Dangerous Drugs Ordinance (Cap. 134) due to their high
potential of abuse and the serious harms that may result if abused. Major revamp of the
relevant sections of the Ordinances will be required to enhance the record-keeping
requirements. In addition, if such stringent requirements will apply, they may have to be
applied to all parties who are authorised to possess the antimicrobials, including doctors
and public institutions, for fairness sake. This may impose a heavy burden on the daily
operation of the healthcare professionals and public institutions.
Guidelines for antibiotic use in human medicine

67. In 1999, CHP, in collaboration with HA and local universities, developed a reference
on antibiotic use for medical practitioners (Inter-hospital Multi-disciplinary Programme on
Antimicrobial Chemotherapy (IMPACT)) based on local epidemiology and international
practice. Now in its fourth edition, IMPACT is available in form of booklet and mobile
application35. The mobile application contains medical calculators and antibiograms by
hospital clusters in addition to the contents of IMPACT.
Antibiotic stewardship
68. Scientific Committee on Infection Control under CHP organised a consensus meeting
titled Optimising antimicrobial prescriptions in hospitals by ASP in Hong Kong: rationale
and requirement in 2005. It was agreed that ASP should be in place for both public and
private hospitals.
69. HA Central Committee on Infectious Diseases and Emergency Response (CCIDER) -

Working Group on ASP (WG-ASP) and Task Force on Clinical Management (TFCM) work
closely with CHP through the Health Protection Programme on AMR (HPPAR) in promoting
compliance with IMPACT on antibiotic use.

70. ASP is now implemented in all clusters of HA hospitals and some private hospitals.
ASP teams of HA hospitals consist of microbiologists, infectious disease physicians and
pharmacists. Regular monitoring and feedback to user departments on the utilisation of
broad spectrum antibiotics has been put in place. HA manages to continue ASP with the
existing scope in light of manpower constraints. Further resource implications would be
assessed. The programmes are constantly reviewed for their effectiveness and
enhancements.
71. ASP, coupled with an electronic dispensary system, can provide a platform for
feedback and evaluation of prescription behaviour in public hospitals. In settings where
such infrastructure is not available, some researchers have conducted studies to assess the
prescription pattern of antibiotic prescription objectively by retrospective review of
medical records36 to minimise reporting bias. Other methods such as conducting
prospective surveys on prescription37,38 or collection of prescriptions39 have also been
used.

Objective 4 – Strengthen regulation on over-the-counter purchase of prescription-only

antimicrobials
72. To echo WHO’s suggestion on optimising the use of antimicrobials in human health,
DH has strengthened and will continue to enhance relevant regulatory control on
over-the-counter sales of prescription-only antimicrobials as part of the overall strategy.
4.1 Enhance inspection against authorised sellers of poisons
 Identify those authorised sellers of poisons that purchase large volumes of
antibacterials by collecting and evaluating the supply data from suppliers.
 Conduct special unannounced inspections against these identified authorised
sellers of poisons with large volume purchases to examine the transactions
records of antibiotics and to investigate the whereabouts of the antibiotics.
Prosecutions would be initiated if the authorised sellers of poisons do not
comply with the legal requirements on the sale and record-keeping of
antibiotics.
4.2 Enhance test purchase of antibiotics against authorised sellers of poisons

 Enhanced test purchase, i.e. a higher frequency and with different purchasing
strategies, of antibiotics would be conducted against those large volume
purchasers of antibiotics.
4.3 Review disciplinary actions against offences related to antimicrobials

 According to the Pharmacy and Poisons Ordinance (Cap. 138), the PPBHK may
appoint a disciplinary committee to inquire into the conduct of an authorised
seller of poisons or to impose disciplinary actions against a listed seller of
poisons if the retailer is convicted of an offence under the Pharmacy and Poisons
Ordinance (Cap. 138) or the Antibiotics Ordinance (Cap. 137)
 DH would advise the PPBHK to consider reviewing disciplinary actions against
offenders so as to increase the deterrent effect.

4.4 Solicit support from licensed drug retailers

 Please refer to Strategic Intervention 13.1 ‘Strengthen health information
provision’ for details.
4.5 Keep in view the necessity to amend relevant ordinances

 With the above strengthened measures, DH will timely review the effect of the
measures taken and the necessity to amend the relevant ordinances to further
enhance the record-keeping requirements of antimicrobials by authorised sellers
of poisons if necessary.

Objective 5 – Implement and enhance training in prescribing antimicrobials through

antibiotic stewardship programme in human health sector
73. ASP is now implemented in all clusters of HA hospitals and some private hospitals,
but not in primary care setting yet.
74. HA has noted an increasing trend of antimicrobial use and plans are being deliberated
to further consolidate and strengthen the ASP team in cluster hospitals for timely feedback
on appropriate antibiotic use. However, it is anticipated that additional resources are
essential to effectively implement the set goals of ASP in hospitals.
5.1 Ensure adequate resources for implementation and evaluation of ASP in healthcare
settings
 The resources implication for sustaining ASP in public hospitals and clinics, and
its extension to private and primary care settings, will be assessed to ensure
adequate financial and manpower resources and expertise.
5.2 Promote antibiotic prescription according to evidence-based guidelines for doctors

and dentists
 Evidence-based antibiotic prescription guideline IMPACT has been issued and
updated by CHP and HA to guide clinical management of infectious diseases. The
guideline will continue to be reviewed according to the latest AMR development
and local surveillance data. Its use in in-patient settings will be promulgated to
encourage adoption and compliance.
 ASP will also be advocated to private hospitals through existing networks with
their infection control teams.
 The programme for primary care settings, such as the development of guidelines
for common infections, is being developed in consultation with key stakeholders
such that measures can be tailored to their needs.

Objective 6 – Monitor compliance with antibiotic prescription guidelines of human

health practitioners
75. ASP has been rolled out in public and private hospitals to various extents. Regular
evaluation with audit and feedback to prescribers should be performed for identifying
facilitating factors and barriers for programme improvement.
6.1 Monitor compliance with antibiotic prescription guidelines of human health
practitioners
 Evaluation and audit with feedback mechanisms to prescribers is an essential
component of ASP in hospital settings to objectively reflect prescription
behaviour. Studies and surveys can be conducted to evaluate the adherence of
prescribers to antibiotic prescription guidelines. A review of overseas experience
on strategies and measures to improve compliance to guidelines will be
conducted while surveys on assessing knowledge, attitude and practices of the
general public and target groups such as prescribers should continue for
monitoring of trends and evaluation of AMR containment strategies. [Linked to
Objective 16]

Optimise antibiotic use in animals

76. All livestock farms are subject to licensing control in accordance with the Public
Health (Animals and Birds) (Licensing of Livestock Keeping) Regulation (Cap. 139L). AFCD
conducts regular inspection on these farms to ensure their compliance with the licensing
conditions and provisions under Cap. 139L and other relevant regulations.
77. Administration of antimicrobials to food animals (excluding fish) and their presence in
animal feed (excluding fish feed) is regulated by the Public Health (Animals and Birds)
(Chemical Residues) Regulation (Cap. 139N). Seven chemicals (including two antibiotics)
are prohibited for use in food animals, whereas 37 chemicals (36 of which are antibiotics)
are allowed to be used in food animals, provided that the levels of such chemicals in the
meat and tissues must not exceed the specified MRL when the animals are supplied for
human consumption. To enforce the above-mentioned regulations, AFCD, jointly with the
Food and Environmental Hygiene Department (FEHD), have put in place a comprehensive
surveillance programme under which samples from food animals are collected for testing
of veterinary chemicals controlled under Cap. 139N. As veterinary chemicals may be
pre-mixed in animal feed or added to the feed by farmers, AFCD officers would pay
attention to the animal feed kept at farms during regular farm inspection and collect feed
samples for testing when necessary. Any irregularities or non-compliance would be
investigated and followed up as appropriate, including taking enforcement actions against
the farmers concerned. Apart from enforcement, AFCD provides advice and education to
all livestock farmers on the proper usage of antimicrobials, the withdrawal period on drugs
and the prohibition on the possession and use of prohibited chemicals.
78. Due to the presence of various infectious diseases in pigs and poultry which are
endemic in the region, there is an inevitable need for farmers to use antimicrobials for the
control of such diseases. In this connection, AFCD, by virtue of section 6(2) of the
Antibiotics Ordinance (Cap. 137), has issued a written permit to local pig and chicken
farmers to enable them to purchase and possess antimicrobials for the treatment of
diseases of their farm animals. The permit covers 20 antibiotics that are commonly used in
livestock farming and is valid for six months. No such permit has been issued to fish
farmers. In addition, Cap. 137 does not apply to antibiotic substances contained in
livestock feed or to such substances which have been specially manufactured for the
purpose of supplementing foods for livestock.

79. Unlike livestock farming, there is no legislation specifically governing the animal and
public health aspects such as the use of veterinary chemicals in local fish farms (e.g. Cap.
139N does not apply to food fish and fish feed). Notwithstanding this, AFCD has
implemented a number of administrative schemes under which regular farm visits are
carried out to help fish farmers adopt good aquaculture practices and fish health
management. Fish and feed samples are collected during the farm visits to monitor the
food safety aspects including the use of antimicrobials in cultured fish. Any irregularities
would be investigated and followed up as appropriate.
80. According to the surveillance results and information gathered from the farmers by
AFCD, antimicrobials are only administered to the animals in livestock farms in case of
disease outbreaks and in the very early stage of rearing when the piglets and young chicks
are generally subject to a higher risk of infection. As regards fish farming, the use of
antimicrobials is not common as bacterial infection is not a major threat to the
aquaculture production in the local context. There is no sign of abuse of antimicrobials
such as using antimicrobials as a growth promoter in local livestock and fish farms.
81. As noted from the above, the current regulatory and management regimes on local
food animal farms is mainly concerned with the proper usage of antibiotics and
non-exceedance of residual levels for the purpose of safeguarding food safety, rather than
addressing the AMR issues. As such, there is lack of comprehensive information on the
prevalence of AMR microorganisms in food animals and farm environments and the
amount and type of antimicrobials used in food animals.

Objective 7 – Ensure proper use of antimicrobials in animals
82. The current regulatory regime is mainly concerned with the proper usage of
antimicrobials and non-exceedance of residual levels, rather than addressing the AMR
issues. Further, there is no international consensus to ban the use of antimicrobials as
growth promoter. There is also difficulty to distinguish the use of antimicrobials for growth
promotion or disease prevention or treatment. In order to ensure the sustainability of
livestock production, the efficacy of antimicrobials must be preserved through the
industry’s responsible and prudent use. However, there is low awareness and a lack of
knowledge, understanding and information on AMR in the food animal farming
communities.
83. As a result, the scale of antimicrobial use in the local food animal production sector
remains relatively unknown and the use of antimicrobials in food animals is often not
supported by professional guidance. Despite the fact that local livestock production
accounts for only around 2% of our consumption, the AMR in local livestock production is
an issue that we should pay more attention to and handle seriously, including engaging
veterinarians to provide services to local food animal farms in using antimicrobials. It is
recognised that farmers may have concerns over the availability of veterinary services if a
prescription is required for the use of antibiotics in farm animals.

7.1 Strengthen support to food animal production and veterinary sectors
 AFCD will facilitate and support the development and implementation of
projects for the provision of veterinary services to food animal production farms
by the non-government veterinary sector through engaging relevant local
institutions, the non-government veterinary sector and the farming sector. It will
help encourage more participation of the non-government veterinary sector in
providing veterinary services for food animal production farms, thereby
achieving the segregation of roles played by non-government veterinarians
(advisory) and AFCD Veterinary Officers (regulatory).
 Apart from the provision of general veterinary services, the scope of the
above-mentioned projects will include formulation of tailor-made farm-specific
disease management plans for the purpose of disease prevention, management
of disease spread and minimising the usage of antimicrobials, and assisting
farmers in sourcing vaccines and other relevant veterinary medications for
disease prevention and management.
 AFCD will arrange activities (e.g. training workshops and seminars, farm
familiarisation visits) for non-government veterinarians to help build up their
capacity for the provision of veterinary services to local food animal production
farms.
7.2 Promote proper antimicrobial use according to evidence and local epidemiology
 AFCD will develop guidelines and a code of practice on the proper use of
antimicrobials and the use of critically important antimicrobials in animal disease
management in accordance with prevailing international guidelines.
 Education and publicity programmes will be organised for food animal farmers
and veterinarians on the proper use of antimicrobials according to evidence and
local epidemiology.
7.3 Enhance regulation of antimicrobial use in food animals

 At an appropriate juncture (e.g. when proper support and veterinary services are
available to the local food animal production sector in respect of disease
prevention and treatment), AFCD will stop issuing the Antibiotics Permit to
farmers, and advise DH to initiate legislation amendment to repeal the
exemption of antimicrobials in animal feeds, so that the use of antimicrobials in
food animals will be subject to veterinary prescription for the implementation of
a ‘veterinary prescription-only medication supply’ policy. In particular, the use of
critically important antimicrobials in animal husbandry will be tightly regulated in
accordance with prevailing international guidelines.

Key Area 3
Reduce incidence of infection through effective
sanitation, hygiene and preventive measures
84. AMR can arise naturally and may be an inevitable consequence of antimicrobial use.
However, suboptimal infection control measures further promote the spread and
emergence of AMR. It is evident that infection control measures, such as hand hygiene
practices, significantly reduced infections, which in turn reduces the need for antimicrobial
prescription. The same principle applies to the animal health sector, where good farm
management and biosecurity can contribute greatly to the reduction of susceptibility to
infections and the need for antimicrobial use in animals.
Objective 8
Strengthen infection prevention and control measures in healthcare settings
Objective 9
Strengthen infection control training for healthcare workers
Objective 10
Develop and strengthen infection prevention and control programmes in veterinary
settings and along food supply chain
Objective 11
Enhance vaccination uptake

Key Area 3: Reduce incidence of infection through effective sanitation, hygiene and preventive measures
Infection prevention and control

Existing infection prevention and control infrastructure in Hong Kong
Human health
85. All along, CHP has been the major coordinating body for AMR infection control in
human health in Hong Kong. CHP set up HPPAR under Scientific Committee on Infection
Control. CHP has been working with HA on hospital outbreak control, guidelines
formulation and infection control training.
86. Infection control programmes usually encompass activities on hand hygiene,

environmental hygiene, equipment disinfection and sterilisation, and are supplemented by
proper use of personal protective equipment and isolation of infectious cases. Outbreak
management, including prompt case detection, isolation and contact tracing are especially
relevant in preventing and controlling spread of antimicrobial resistance.
87. HA set up a Task Force on Infection Control to oversee infection control policy of HA
hospitals at corporate level. Each HA hospital has an infection control team to oversee the
policy and implementation of infection control programmes. Each team usually consists of
doctors and a team of infection control nurses (ICNs). The manpower of ICNs in HA
hospitals is set at one ICN per 250 patient beds.
88. The infection control teams are also responsible for surveillance, audit and
implementation of infection control and training programmes. Frontline staff has also been
involved as link-nurses to build a culture where ‘infection control is everybody’s business’.
89. HA provides mandatory infection control basic training for newly recruited healthcare
workers and refresher training every 24 months for current staff. Further specific,
dedicated and advanced-level training is offered based on work nature, and is centrally
coordinated by HA Infectious Disease Control Training Centre. A five-year infection disease
and infection control training plan starting in 2017 has been formulated.
90. Regarding private hospitals, each hospital has an infection control team to oversee
policy and implementation of infection control programmes. CHP has set up a Working
Group of Collaboration between CHP and Private Hospitals on Safe Use of Antibiotics and
Infection Control to cultivate skills, information and experience sharing.

Hand hygiene
91. Hand hygiene by healthcare workers is often considered the single most important
infection control measure in healthcare settings. Hand hygiene is one of the top infection
control priority areas in HA hospitals. Apart from promoting and strictly enforcing WHO’s
Five Moments for Hand Hygiene for healthcare workers, the involvement of patients and
relatives is also being pursued.
92. The hand hygiene compliance as reflected by HA’s audit has improved from 54.7% in
2007 to around 80% since 2012, and has plateaued since then (Figure 9).
Figure 9: Hand hygiene compliance rate in public hospitals
100
Hand hygiene compliance rate (%)
80
60
40
20
0
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
Year
Source: Hospital Authority (2007-2016)
93. Hand hygiene was being promoted extensively in community settings, through WHO’s
annual Hand Hygiene Day, hand hygiene posters in public washrooms, clinics and wards,
television advertisements and specific programmes targeting high-risk groups such as
elderly homes.

Patient engagement
94. Apart from healthcare workers, patients also play an important role in infection
control. Since 2009, WHO has been advocating patient empowerment in healthcare
settings. WHO defines empowerment as a process through which people gain greater
control over decisions and actions affecting their health and should be seen as both an
individual and a community process40. Yet, a local survey of 952 local orthopaedic
in-patient/family members revealed that 94% of the interviewees did not consider hand
hygiene important during their hospital stay41. Another local study in 2015 showed that the
overall compliance of patient self-initiated hand hygiene during hospital stays was
only 37.5%42.
Bed spacing and ward design in hospital setting

95. Adequate bed spacing and conducive ward design is one of the essential elements to
facilitate the proper implementation of infection control measures and isolation
precautions. Overcrowding is considered one of the important factors that impede the
successful implementation of an infection control programme43. From an infection control
perspective, four- to six-bed cubicles with physical electrical doors (either foot operated or
automatic) and built-in toilets with the provision of hand-washing facilities are
recommended by the Expert Committee on Antimicrobial Resistance in general wards of
newly built HA hospitals. Currently, ensuite toilet/shower facilities and hand-washing
facilities are provided in HA hospitals, however, doors are not usually provided in multi-bed
settings due to practical reasons. Extra resources would also need to be allocated to capital
works projects.
Vaccination
96. The WHO Global Action Plan encourages the use of vaccinations as an important
measure in the prevention of infection and AMR control. Influenza activity is a strong
driver of antibiotic prescription patterns and seasonal influenza vaccinations can
potentially reduce inappropriate antibiotic use44,45.
97. The Administration provides fully subsidised vaccinations for all children through the
Hong Kong Childhood Immunisation Programme. Apart from that the Administration has
been providing free or subsidised seasonal influenza vaccinations for the high-risk
population, including children, the elderly, patients with chronic medical problems and
healthcare workers. Free or subsidised pneumococcal vaccinations are also provided to
elders aged 65 or above. The promotion to maximise vaccination coverage among
healthcare workers is also an on-going task for HA hospitals.

98. A survey conducted by CHP in 2013 revealed the seasonal influenza vaccination
coverage of the local population was 14%. The administrative data under the Government
Vaccination Programme showed that coverage of healthcare workers in 2015/16 was
around 32%. The vaccination coverage rate for seasonal influenza was 41% for elders aged
65 or above and 80% for residents of Residential Care Homes for the Elderly in 2015/16.
Animal Health
Biosecurity in food animal farms
99. As part of the licensing conditions, all poultry farms must implement the biosecurity
plan and measures tailored for each farm in accordance with AFCD’s requirements that aim
at minimising the risk of dissemination of infectious agents, including avian influenza (AI)
virus. For instance, in view of the possible transmission of AI virus from wild birds and
migratory birds to local chickens, all local farms are required to install bird-proof facilities.
Other measures to reduce the risk of spreading of infectious agents through human
activities include disinfection pools, hand-washing facilities, separation of production areas
and maintenance of entry and exit records, etc. AFCD staff inspect poultry farms at least
once a week to check on farm hygiene and bird/flock health conditions, and to ensure
strict compliance with the licensing conditions.
100. Vaccination can improve overall herd health by preventing diseases so that fewer
antibiotics will be required for treatment of diseases. Since the introduction of a
mandatory AI vaccination programme for chickens in local farms in 2003, only one AI
outbreak has occurred in a local chicken farm so far. With respect to pig farms, pig farmers
are required to ensure the licensing conditions are adhered to. Advice on general concepts
of biosecurity, including disinfection pools, general hygiene and the separation of
production areas, etc. are provided to farmers by AFCD during routine inspections.

Food handling environment

101. CFS has always been promoting the importance of good personal and environmental
hygiene during all preparation and handling processes, part and parcel of WHO’s Five Keys
to Safer Food programme. The Five Keys to Safer Food target the basic principles that each
individual, including food handlers, should know to prevent foodborne diseases, including
preventing foodborne infections due to AMR bacteria.
102. As stated by WHO, inappropriate food-handling encourages the spread of AMR46. A

research study has shown that MRSA was found on a variety of household surfaces,
including kitchen sinks, kitchen faucet handles, dish towels, etc47. Food preparation areas,
facilities, equipment and all food contact surfaces should, therefore, be kept clean to
prevent the spread of bacteria and pathogens (regardless of whether the
bacteria/pathogens are AMR or non-AMR) via a food-handling environment.
103. A cleaning programme has been developed for food business operators to ensure
that cleaning and sanitising procedures are carried out in a systematic, regular and
effective manner48. To reduce the chance of infection (regardless of whether the infection
is related to resistant bacteria from foods or not), the US Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention has advised washing hands, utensils and kitchen surfaces during meal
49
preparation to prevent animal products from contaminating other foods .

Objective 8 – Strengthen infection prevention and control measures in healthcare

settings
104. The existing manpower allocation, such as the number of ICNs designated to
implement infection control programmes in public hospitals, followed a ratio of one ICN to
250 patient beds which has made reference to the Study On The Efficacy Of Nosocomial
Infection Control (SENIC) Projects in the 1980s50,51. The manpower ratio often could not
cater to the increasing workload due to the expanded spectrum of infection control
activities as suggested by WHO guidelines52. A review of the manpower structure and
infection control service model would be beneficial for enhancing the implementation of
essential infection control measures while identifying non-core services to other
appropriate parties. A resource model for manpower planning that takes into account the
complex and expanded spectrum of infection control activities should also be developed in
the long run.
105. According to WHO’s Guidelines on Core Components of Infection Prevention and

Control Programmes, the bed-to-bed distance should be no less than one metre in order to
meet the requirement for standard and droplets precautions52. For patients with MDROs,
contact precautions should be enforced by patient segregation. It is often noted that there
is difficulty in maintaining optimal space between beds during winter surge when bed
occupancy rate exceeds the ceiling of ward capacity. High bed occupancy is associated with
increased incidence of infection and the occurrence of outbreaks of MRSA and other
hospital-acquired infections43. This problem is especially amplified in Hong Kong where
land space is scarce. The requirement of at least one metre between patients can be
theoretically achieved in newly built hospitals, but may impact greatly on the number of
beds that can be provided in existing hospitals.
106. Despite efforts in promoting hand hygiene in healthcare settings, the compliance rate
in public hospitals has plateaued at around 80% since 2012. Barriers and facilitating factors
have to be identified to sustain or further improve compliance.

8.1 Secure resources for implementing infection control programmes in hospitals
 The resources implication for implementation of infection prevention and
control programmes, in particular those required to sustain designated infection
control personnel to institute hand hygiene in healthcare settings, will be
assessed. The Administration will work with relevant stakeholders, including HA,
to review current manpower resources such as clinical microbiologists, infectious
disease physicians, ICNs, infectious disease pharmacists, medical laboratory
technicians and supporting staff of infection control programmes.
8.2 Enhance infection control infrastructure in hospitals

 The physical design and infrastructure of a hospital is an essential component of
its infection control measures and is therefore an important factor that has to be
taken into consideration during the planning stages of a building. Infection
control can be engineered in hospital ward design such as ensuring optimal bed
spacing and accessible hand hygiene facilities. HA will continue to keep abreast
of international guidelines and recommendations on infection control
infrastructure for newly built hospitals.
8.3 Promote hand hygiene in healthcare settings

 Hand hygiene programmes in healthcare settings will be evaluated to identify
factors for sustaining and improving hand hygiene compliance. Researches on
initiatives to improve hand hygiene will also be promoted. Patient compliance
with hand hygiene practices will be encouraged especially during important
moments, e.g. before every meal and when taking oral medications, through
supportive healthcare staff (e.g. direct observation by healthcare staff and active
provision of alcohol hand rubs).

Objective 9 – Strengthen infection control training for healthcare workers
107. Infection control training is an important component of an infection control program.

This helps healthcare workers acquire up-to-date knowledge, recognise the importance of
infection control and understand their responsibilities in infection prevention.
9.1 Strengthen infection control training among healthcare workers
 Training and education materials will be developed to promulgate standards and
good practice to healthcare professionals and allied healthcare personnel.
Infection control training will continue to be provided to new intakes of
healthcare workers under HA with regular refresher courses.
 While the responsibility for hand hygiene rests with the healthcare worker, as
part of a multimodal hand hygiene improvement strategy as advocated by
WHO’s Guidelines on Hand Hygiene in Health Care40, positive engagement with
patients in the pursuit of improving hand hygiene compliance by healthcare
workers will also be promoted. Studies have shown that organisation culture and
staff perception are essential in patient empowerment programmes. Training to
raise awareness and solicit healthcare workers’ support for patient engagement
programmes on reminding healthcare workers to perform hand hygiene will also
be conducted. Researches or review of literature will be needed to provide
insight to what is achievable in the local community. Patient engagement in hand
hygiene is recognised as an important part in improving hand hygiene among
healthcare workers. The acceptability and benefits of various forms of patient
engagement in hand hygiene compliance will be explored in HA hospitals.

Objective 10 – Develop and strengthen infection prevention and control programmes in

veterinary settings and along food supply chain
108. As the route for AMR acquisition and transmission among humans, food and
environment is not entirely understood, risk assessment and studies for AMR transmission
along the food supply chain will be required to guide development of infection control
guidelines and programmes.
109. It is recognised that there is a need to enhance the biosecurity measures and
husbandry practices as well as management and control of food animal production farms
with a view to ensuring the prudent usage of antimicrobials in these farms.
10.1 Develop infection prevention and control policies and strategies
 AFCD will work with the veterinary and food animal farming sectors to devise
tailor-made farm-specific disease management plans for the purpose of disease
prevention, management of disease spread and minimising the usage of
antimicrobials, and assisting farmers in sourcing of vaccines and other relevant
veterinary medications for disease prevention and management. [Refer to
Strategic Intervention 7.1]
 Where necessary, AFCD may consider facilitating relocation and consolidation of
livestock farms (without expanding the overall footprint) in order to enable
farmers to make significant biosecurity improvement in their farms.
10.2 Identify risk and potential control points for AMR containment along food supply
chain
 Based on the surveillance results on AMR in local food animal production farms
[Refer to Strategic Intervention 1.3], AFCD will commission a consultancy study
to assess the significance of food animal production sector in contributing to the
AMR problem in Hong Kong and formulate suitable measures to address the
AMR issues associated with food animal production, which may include
exploring the necessity and feasibility of self-supply of day-old chicks and
breeding pigs in consultation with relevant stakeholders.
 Review overseas studies and perform pilot surveys to identify potential points to
contain AMR along the food supply chain.

10.3 Strengthen infection control training for workers along food supply chain
 AFCD will continue to provide regular education and training on farm
management, biosecurity, and disease prevention and control to local food
animal farmers and their workers.
 AMR-related content will continue to be provided in training courses under the
Hygiene Manager and Hygiene Supervisor Scheme.
Objective 11 – Enhance vaccination uptake
110. Factors to enhance the uptake of seasonal influenza and pneumococcal vaccines
should be explored such that the vaccination rate can be improved.
11.1 Promote vaccinations contributing to prevention of antimicrobial resistant infections
 To reduce the risk of infection and use of antimicrobials, the use of vaccines
contributing to the prevention of AMR infections (e.g. seasonal influenza and
pneumococcal vaccines) will be promoted to maximise coverage according to the
recommendations of the Scientific Committee on Vaccine Preventable Diseases.

XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
Key Area 4: Improve awareness and understanding of antimicrobial resistance through
XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
effective communication, education and training
Key Area 4
Improve awareness and understanding of antimicrobial
resistance through effective communication, education
and training
111. In order to deliver Key Areas 2 and 3, specific actions are required to maintain and
raise awareness of appropriate antimicrobial use and infection control measures. As the
public is not a homogenous group, health messages have to be tailored to the needs and
gaps identified in different audience groups to drive greater ownership and actions.
Therefore, on top of public media campaigns led by DH, it is important to conduct
coordinated and targeted awareness-raising and educational activities by various parties.
Objective 12
Raise awareness of antimicrobial resistance among general public, students and target
population
Objective 13
Engage patients in adopting infection control measures and proper use of antibiotics
Objective 14
Include antimicrobial resistance and related topics in school curricula and continuous
training of human health and veterinary professionals

Existing interventions for raising public awareness

112. Currently, various government departments and local organisations actively
participate in raising public awareness of AMR. For example, DH launches mass media
campaigns and conducted media briefings from time to time to promote hand hygiene and
awareness of antimicrobial resistance. DH has also organised promotional activities on the
annual Hand Hygiene Awareness Day (5 May) since 2011, and annual Antibiotic Awareness
Day/Week (November) since 2012 and has engaged doctors, public hospitals and clinics,
private hospitals and long-term care facilities.
113. DH, HA and academia have jointly produced health education materials to remind
patients taking antibiotics of the importance of maintaining personal hygiene. Health
information is provided at point-of-care in hospitals, clinics and dispensaries under HA and
DH. Various forms of communication are in place, including posters, admission leaflets and
video clips.
Education and training – students, healthcare and veterinary professionals, farming and
food industry
114. The Education Bureau (EDB) has incorporated AMR (understanding the causes and
effects of the misuse of antibiotics and the possible approaches to rectifying the situation)
into the liberal studies curriculum in high schools53. An educational television programme
on AMR targeting primary school students was also launched in 2016.
115. Undergraduate nursing, medical and dental courses have included AMR in their core
curriculum. CHP and HA infection control teams have been organising trainings to update
healthcare workers on infection control, including topics in AMR. These trainings were
delivered through forums, conferences, seminars, workshops and an online platform (the
Hong Kong Training Portal on Infection Control and Infectious Disease (ICID Portal)). Private
hospitals are also providing in-house training for their staff while HA is providing infection
control courses for new intakes and refresher courses for healthcare workers every two
years.
116. All along, AFCD provides advice and education to all livestock farmers on the proper
usage of antibiotics, the withdrawal period on drugs and the prohibition on the possession
and use of prohibited chemicals.

117. Regarding education and publicity on AMR in food, CFS promotes the Five Keys to
Food Safety primarily developed by WHO, to explain the basic principles that each
individual (including food handlers and consumers) should know and practice in order to
prevent foodborne diseases, regardless of whether the pathogens are AMR or non-AMR.
The Five Keys to Food Safety: (1) Choose (choose safe raw materials), (2) Clean (keep hands
and utensils clean), (3) Separate (separate raw and cooked food), (4) Cook (cook
thoroughly), and (5) Safe temperature (keep food at a safe temperature). These are simple
health messages based on scientific evidence to tackle major contributing factors causing
foodborne diseases. The five keys have all along been advocated by CFS to food handlers as
well as consumers to prevent foodborne diseases, regardless of whether the pathogens are
AMR or non-AMR.
118. There is currently no international consensus on the definition of ‘antibiotic-free’

food. As in other jurisdictions, there is no AMR-related regulation on pre-packaged food
labelling in Hong Kong. Having said that, there are calls for exploring the merits and
feasibility of the labelling of pre-packaged ‘antibiotic-free’ food items, taking into account
the development of an internationally acceptable and verifiable definition of the term
‘antibiotic-free’, as part of the overall public engagement process to enhance community
awareness of AMR.
119. The topic of AMR has been incorporated as one of the training components in the
hygiene supervisor training courses under the Hygiene Manager and Hygiene Supervisor
Scheme with effect since 2017. Other recognised institutes under the above scheme have
been informed to include this topic in training materials for Hygiene Manager Courses
in 2017.

Knowledge, attitude and consumption of antibiotics

120. DH has conducted surveys targeting the general public54, secondary school students55
and medical doctors56 to gauge their understanding of antibiotics and AMR, as well as their
consumption and the prescription behaviour of antibiotics.
General public
121. A Survey on Usage of Antibiotics and Awareness of Antimicrobial Resistance was
conducted among Hong Kong residents in 2010/1154. The majority of the respondents
understood that antibiotics use would increase the chance of acquiring resistant bacteria
and the additional risks associated with resistant bacteria. However, around one-fourth of
the respondents misunderstood that antibiotics are effective against influenza. The
majority (98%) of respondents obtained antibiotics with a doctor’s prescription and most
of them (88%) adhered to the doctor’s instructions on taking antibiotics.
Secondary school students

122. A survey was conducted in 2012/13 to evaluate newly developed teaching material
(covering AMR, the use of antibiotics and personal hygiene) for liberal studies in the new
senior secondary curriculum55. This survey showed that the educational material had
effectively improved students’ understanding of antibiotic indications and ownership of
the AMR problem.
Medical doctors
123. Another survey targeting all doctors registered with the Medical Council of Hong
Kong was conducted in 2012 (response rate 14.8%, 1,743 valid respondents)56 to
understand their attitude and antibiotic prescription practice. According to this survey,
around half (48%) of the responded doctors considered AMR severe in Hong Kong. Only
less than 0.5% of respondents reported that they always prescribed antibiotics to patients
with upper respiratory tract infection (URTI). The commonest reasons for prescribing
antibiotics for URTI are diagnostic uncertainty (66%), a second visit for the same episode of
URTI (40%), clinical features suggestive of bacterial infection or superinfection (21%) and to
satisfy the patient or his or her carer (20%).

Objective 12 – Raise awareness of antimicrobial resistance among general public,

students and target population
124. Based on the best available population-based knowledge, attitude and practices (KAP)
surveys conducted54-56, the majority of respondents had a good understanding of the
problem of AMR and the importance of proper antibiotics use. Yet, there was still a
significant number of people who misunderstood the indicated use of antibiotics. Local
experience showed that the provision of teaching aids, tailored for liberal studies
education, to teachers can effectively improve understanding of and the attitude to AMR
among secondary students. In order to guide future publicity campaigns and evaluate the
effectiveness of interventions, these surveys should be repeated at suitable intervals to
provide more up-to-date information. Information gaps in the veterinary, food animal
production and food sectors should also be filled.

12.1 Develop and implement targeted evidence-based health promotion programme for
specific audience including students and personnel working in healthcare, animal
health, food animal production and food hygiene settings
 Surveys will be conducted to assess KAP towards AMR and antimicrobial use
among the general public and target population such as healthcare workers,
veterinarians and farmers. Such KAP surveys will be repeated at suitable
intervals to gauge the effectiveness of interventions and steer future direction.
 Key messages will be developed for different target populations to raise
awareness and enable them to use antimicrobials appropriately. Messages will
be reviewed and fine-tuned based on KAP results and upon evaluation of
interventions.
 DH will continue participating in the annual World Antibiotic Awareness
Campaign and Hand Hygiene Day initiated by WHO to foster international
collaboration and partnerships.
 Accurate and relevant information on AMR will be developed and disseminated
through conventional publicity channels such as leaflets, posters and websites.
New channels including social media will be employed to reach out to different
target groups.
 AFCD will disseminate AMR related information to farmers, stakeholders and
veterinarians to increase their awareness of this issue. AFCD will also provide
regular education and training to food animal farmers regarding the proper use
of antimicrobials and the introduction of the newly enhanced measures on the
control of veterinary pharmaceutical products and antibiotics in food animal
farms.
 Keep in view international development of an internationally acceptable and
verifiable definition of the term ‘antibiotic-free’, and explore the merits and
feasibility of labelling of pre-packed antibiotic-free food items.
12.2 Introduce AMR and related topics to students

 Age-specific education materials will be developed to facilitate students, parents
and teachers to appropriately communicate AMR risks and preventive measures
with children and adolescents. These educational programmes and the liberal
studies curriculum of secondary school students will be regularly reviewed.

Objective 13 – Engage patients in adopting infection control measures and proper use of
antibiotics
125. It is recognised that the primary responsibility for delivery of safe care and
environment is within the healthcare system, but informing and educating patients about
their potentially powerful role in supporting improvement is equally important. According
to WHO guidelines40, patients can be empowered only after having gathered enough
information, understanding how to use the information and are convinced that it gives
them the opportunity to participate in helping to keep healthcare safe while not deflecting
responsibility away from their healthcare workers. A patient engagement programme will
be developed with reference to international guidance with consideration given to local
culture and needs.
126. Health education on the risks of infectious diseases and the importance of personal
protective measures has all along been promulgated by DH and HA. Education materials, in
the form of websites, mobile applications and printed materials on DH and HA premises
are freely accessible to the general public, patients and healthcare workers.
127. Creating a supportive environment is effective in facilitating behavioural change. For

example, making alcohol-based hand rub and hand-washing facilities readily accessible and
clarifying who may use them, in combination with a multimodal improvement strategy, can
increase the likelihood of patients, visitors and healthcare workers performing hand
hygiene.
13.1 Strengthen health information provision
 Health promotion efforts will be strengthened at point-of-care settings including
waiting areas of dispensaries, pharmacies, accident and emergency rooms, and
hospital wards.
 In particular, health information on personal hygiene measures related to
antibiotic use will be encouraged to be printed on drug prescription bags (of
antibiotics) of public pharmacies in stages.
 Information will be provided to patients to support appropriate antibiotic use.
Emphasis will be put on correcting patients’ misconceptions regarding the use of
antimicrobials (e.g. antibiotics are not indicated for uncomplicated upper
respiratory infections which are usually of viral origin).

13.2 Provide supportive environment to facilitate hand hygiene practices by patients
 Essential hardware to facilitate hand hygiene has been made available in close
proximity to where patients are located (e.g. bedsides, toilets, entrances and
exits to wards and clinics) in HA and DH medical institutions and will be
continued.
Objective 14 – Include antimicrobial resistance and related topics in school curricula and
continuous training of human health and veterinary professionals
128. Reducing the emergence and spread of AMR requires ASP and infection control
training. To foster ASP and infection control among professionals, a behavioural change
based on an increased knowledge and understanding AMR is crucial apart from
strengthening regulations.
14.1 Include prescribing competencies and infection control practices as core
component of professional education and continuous development
 DH will continue to work with academia to facilitate inclusion of AMR in
undergraduate courses of human health professionals. DH will also continue
organising continuous professional development (CPD) activities and developing
up-to-date education materials and tool kits to raise awareness of health
professions to AMR-related harm, thereby enabling them in making informed
decisions when prescribing antimicrobials.
 AFCD will encourage veterinarians to obtain CPD through existing mechanisms,
and work with the Veterinary Surgeons Board, relevant institutions and
associations in organising education and publicity programmes for veterinarians
on the proper use of antimicrobials and related topics.
14.2 Strengthen infection control training for healthcare workers, veterinarians and
workers along food supply chain
 Refer to Objectives 9 and 10 for details.

Key Area 5: Promote research on antimicrobial resistance
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Key Area 5
Promote research on antimicrobial resistance
129. There are currently a number of international and local funding sources that are
supporting research on AMR, such as respective university research funds, the Research
Grant Council, the Innovative and Technology Fund, and the Health and Medical Research
Fund (HMRF) of the Food and Health Bureau (FHB). AMR has been identified as one of the
thematic priorities of the HMRF and researchers are welcome to submit applications for
funding support through the HMRF’s annual open call. Information gaps exist, ranging from
fundamental questions such as transmission pathways between humans, animals and the
environment to effective strategies for changing prescription behavioural and infection
control practices locally. As such, the following research topics are identified as priorities
with reference to recommendations made by the Expert Committee on Antimicrobial
Resistance.
Objective 15
Promote research on innovative technology and medical science
Objective 16
Promote research on behavioural science and psychology
Objective 17
Promote research on health and economic burden

Objective 15 – Promote research on innovative technology and medical science
15.1 Promote development of novel diagnostics tools to aid diagnosis and treatment of
infections and AMR
 Diagnostic uncertainty was shown to be the commonest cause of potentially
unnecessary antibiotic prescriptions, according to a local survey of doctors56. The
feasibility of the local adaptation of rapid point-of-care tests should be explored.
15.2 Promote development of novel preventive measures on AMR

 Promote research on novel preventive measures, such as infection control tools
(novel surface disinfectants) and vaccines against multi-drug-resistant
microorganisms.
15.3 Promote development of novel antimicrobials or other alternative agents

 Promote research on novel antimicrobials or alternative agents, such as phage
therapy, antibodies, immune therapy, lysins, gut polymers or probiotics.

Objective 16 – Promote research on behavioural science and psychology
16.1 Promote research on awareness and education regarding AMR, infection
prevention and control, and antibiotic stewardship
 There is a substantial number of overseas studies on the effectiveness and
cost-effectiveness of interventions to reduce AMR. However, local studies are
limited and it is important to investigate the possible effect and feasibility of new
measures such as patient engagement programmes on hand hygiene and the
outcome of antibiotic stewardship in primary care settings to gauge prescribing
practices. The research results will be valuable for guiding future evidence-based
interventions in reducing AMR-related harm.
 Information on the KAP trend towards AMR and infection control would also be
beneficial in assessing the effectiveness of interventions.
Objective 17 – Promote research on health and economic burden
17.1 Promote research in estimating local health burden of AMR
 There are overseas studies on the health and economic burden of AMR.
However, local studies are lacking. Information on the socio-economic burden of
infections caused by AMR and MDROs will help inform policy makers of the scale
of the problem and provide investment incentive for research and AMR control
measures.

XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
Key Area 6
Strengthen partnerships and foster engagement of
relevant stakeholders
130. AMR is a global issue affecting health and economy. Hong Kong is committed to
adopt global directions in AMR containment measures including the One Health approach.
Hong Kong will continue to support the WHO and its regional offices in its work
against AMR.
Objective 18
Strengthen international partnerships and regional collaboration
Objective 19
Inform public policy and facilitate stakeholder engagement

Key Area 6: Strengthen partnerships and foster engagement of relevant stakeholders
Objective 18 – Strengthen international partnerships and regional collaboration
18.1 Continue participating in international, regional and country initiatives in
implementing the Action Plan on AMR
 A regional symposium on AMR will be organised to raise awareness of the local
community to AMR problems and provide a platform for experience sharing by
experts in the Western Pacific region [linked with Objectives 9 and 14].
Objective 19 – Inform public policy and facilitate stakeholder engagement
19.1 Inform public policy and facilitate stakeholder engagement
 Health promotion and disease prevention require the involvement of not only
the Administration but the whole community. Working in partnership with all
relevant stakeholders at the community level is crucial to the success of AMR
control.
 Given the complexity and challenges related to AMR prevention, relevant
stakeholders will be engaged at an early stage of strategy development with
leadership from DH, AFCD, FEHD, representatives and experts encompassing
environmental protection, consumers, restaurants, farmers, food traders and
pharmacies together with public and private human and animal health
practitioners. The Administration will either play a bridging role or participate as
a contributor to the process, bringing together stakeholders and promoting
sharing of experience and good practice.

Monitoring and evaluation
131. Mid-term and final reviews with reference to the following examples of indicators are
proposed in accordance with the five strategic goals of the WHO Global Action Plan6,57 to
provide a quantitative measurement of the progress of the proposed interventions.
WHO five strategic goals Example of indicator

1. Establish surveillance on  Number of medical institutions and type of medical
AMR and antimicrobial organisations participating in AMR surveillance and
use its research
 Number of surveillance reports issued
 Number of medical organisations adopting standards
in antimicrobial susceptibility testing
2. Optimise antimicrobial use  Number of training organised to advocate and
educate healthcare workers in adopting ASP
 Number of medical institutions that implemented an
ASP programme
 Statistics on supply of antimicrobials
3. Reduce infection  Compliance rate to infection control, e.g. hand

hygiene compliance in medical institutions
 Vaccination coverage rate
4. Improve awareness and  Level of AMR awareness of general public and target
understanding of AMR populations
 Number of access to AMR information platforms
(websites and training) and performance of training
conducted
5. Promote research for  Number of researches conducted in relevant areas
innovation

Summary table of actions

Key area 1: Strengthen knowledge through surveillance and research
Objective 1 – Set up AMR surveillance system under One Health for Hong Kong
Lead action Target(s) and
Strategic interventions Activities
party Timeframe
1.1 Establish a coordination 1.1.1 Setup a ‘Working Group on AMR One - DH Commence by
structure for One Health Health Surveillance’ to coordinate - AFCD 2017
surveillance on AMR and plan on collection and - CFS
dissemination of AMR/ antimicrobial
use data
1.2 Strengthen AMR 1.2.1 Harmonise AMR surveillance - DH Set criteria by
surveillance in healthcare reporting criteria with reference to - HA 2017
settings GLASS of WHO
1.2.2 Develop surveillance at laboratory - DH Commence data
level for in- and out-patient service - HA collection from
providers HA by 2018
1.3 Develop AMR surveillance 1.3.1 Commission a consultancy study to - AFCD Commission by
programme on animals devise a plan for the surveillance on - DH 2018
AMR microorganisms in food animal
production farms
1.3.2 Conduct surveillance studies on AMR - AFCD Commence by
in imported day-old chicks and 2017
breeding pigs
1.3.3 Carry out surveillance on AMR in food - AFCD Commence by
animal production farms 2019
1.4 Develop AMR surveillance 1.4.1 Conduct pilot survey to guide - CFS Develop
programme on food development of a surveillance system - DH preliminary
on food survey protocol
by 2018
1.5 Set up a centralised 1.5.1 Link data related to AMR surveillance - DH Develop
platform for AMR and monitoring across different - AFCD preliminary
surveillance data on sectors - CFS protocol by 2018
human, animal, food and
environment

Key area 1: Strengthen knowledge through surveillance and research (con’t)

Objective 2 - Build laboratory capacity to support surveillance activities in both human and animal sectors
party Timeframe
2.1 Strengthen laboratory 2.1.1 Identify Public Health Laboratory - DH On-going
support in AMR under DH as a local reference
surveillance laboratory on AMR to advise the
Administration and to support local
medical laboratories
2.2 Standardise laboratory 2.2.1 Promulgate adoption of international - DH Commence by
antimicrobial susceptibility standards and guidelines for AST such - HA 2018
testing method for AMR as CLSI or EUCAST
surveillance
2.3 Support establishment of 2.3.1 Coordinate with laboratories to - DH Commence by
quality assurance conduct quality assurance 2018
programme and promote programme for continuous
introduction in medical improvement of standards of
laboratories laboratories in Hong Kong
Objective 3 - Monitor antimicrobial use in humans and animals

3.1 Establish a coordination 3.1.1 Setup a ‘Working Group on AMR One - DH Commence by
structure for antimicrobial Health Surveillance’ to coordinate - AFCD 2017
use surveillance and plan on collection and - CFS
dissemination of AMR/ antimicrobial
use data
3.1.2 Collect supply data on antibiotics - DH First report by
from different sectors using - AFCD 2017
standardised reporting formats
3.2 Monitor antimicrobial use 3.2.1 Collect antibiotic dispensary data - DH First report by
in humans from HA and monitor antibiotic use - HA 2018
in public hospitals and clinics
3.2.2 Explore feasibility of using electronic - DH Commence by
health record (eHR) to capture - FHB 2017
prescription data from private sector
3.3 Monitor antimicrobial use 3.3.1 Commission a consultancy to devise - AFCD Commission by
in animals a plan for monitoring antimicrobial 2017
usage in food animal production
farms
3.3.2 Strengthen surveillance on - AFCD Commence by
antimicrobial use in local food animal 2017
production farms through interim
measures such as imposing record
keeping requirement and surprise
inspection
3.3.3 Carry out systematic monitoring of - AFCD Commence by
antimicrobial use in food animal 2019
production farms

Key area 2: Optimise use of antimicrobials in humans and animals

Objective 4 – Strengthen regulation on over-the-counter purchase of prescription-only antimicrobials
party Timeframe
4.1 Enhance inspection against 4.1.1 Conduct special inspection against - DH On-going
authorised sellers of authorised sellers purchasing large
poisons volumes of antimicrobials
4.2 Enhanced test purchase of 4.2.1 Enhance test purchase - DH On-going
antibiotics against
authorised sellers of
poisons
4.3 Review disciplinary actions 4.3.1 Advise PPBHK to consider reviewing - DH Commence by
against offences related to the disciplinary action on offences 2017
antimicrobials related to antimicrobials
4.4 Solicit support from 4.4.1 Refer to Strategic Intervention 13.1 - DH On-going
licensed drug retailers
4.5 Keep in view the necessity 4.5.1 Review the effect of strengthened - DH As and when
to amend relevant measures against authorised sellers necessary
ordinances of poisons and review the necessity
to amend relevant ordinances
Objective 5 - Implement and enhance training in prescribing antimicrobials through ASP in human health sector
5.1 Ensure adequate resources 5.1.1 Assess resource implication for - DH On-going
for implementation and implementation of ASP - HA
evaluation of ASP in
healthcare settings
5.2 Promote antibiotic 5.2.1 Continue to review and update the - DH On-going
prescription according to IMPACT guideline regularly for - HA
evidence-based guidelines in-patient antibiotic stewardship
for doctors and dentists and promulgate its use
5.2.2 Continue ASP in public hospitals - DH On-going
- HA
5.2.3 Advocate ASP in private hospitals - DH On-going
- Private
hospitals
5.2.4 Formulate and promulgate - DH Produce
evidence-based guidelines in - HA guideline by
primary care setting - Professional 2018
bodies
Objective 6 - Monitor compliance with antibiotic prescription guidelines of human health practitioners
6.1 Monitor compliance with 6.1.1 Encourage evaluation and audit of - DH On-going
antibiotic prescription ASP and establish feedback loop to - HA
guidelines of human reflect performance
health practitioners 6.1.2 Conduct surveys to gauge - DH Commission in
knowledge, understanding and 2017 to 2019
prescription behaviour of human
health practitioners

Key area 2: Optimise use of antimicrobials in humans and animals (con’t)

Objective 7 - Ensure proper use of antimicrobials in animals
party Timeframe
7.1 Strengthen support to food 7.1.1 Facilitate and support development of - AFCD Commence by
animal production and projects for the provision of 2017
veterinary sectors veterinary services to food animal
production farms by non-government
veterinary sector
7.1.2 Formulate tailor-made farm-specific - AFCD Commence by
disease management plans 2018
7.1.3 Assist farmers in sourcing vaccines - AFCD Commence by
and veterinary medications for 2018
disease prevention and management
7.1.4 Arrange training activities for - AFCD Commence by
non-government veterinarians to 2018
build up their capacity for providing
veterinary services to local food
animal production farms
7.2 Promote proper 7.2.1 Develop guidelines and code of - AFCD Commence by
antimicrobial use according practice on the proper use of 2018
to evidence and local antimicrobials and use of critically
epidemiology important antimicrobials in animal
disease management in accordance
with prevailing international
guidelines
7.2.2 Organise education and publicity - AFCD On-going
programmes for food animal farmers
and veterinarians on the proper use
of antimicrobials
7.3 Enhance regulation of 7.3.1 Implement ‘veterinary - AFCD Commence by
antimicrobial use in food prescription-only medication supply’ 2019
animals policy and tightly regulate the use of
critically important antimicrobials in
animal husbandry
7.3.2 Review relevant legislation on - AFCD Commence by
exemption of using antimicrobials in - DH 2017
animal feeds

Key area 3: Reduce incidence of infection through effective sanitation, hygiene and preventive measures
Objective 8 - Strengthen infection prevention and control measures in healthcare settings
party Timeframe
8.1 Secure resources for 8.1.1 Assess resource implication for - DH On-going
implementing infection implementation of the infection - HA
control programmes in control programmes
hospitals
8.2 Enhance infection control 8.2.1 Review ward design according to - DH On-going
infrastructure in hospitals international guidelines and - HA
recommendations in planning new
hospitals
8.3 Promote hand hygiene in 8.3.1 Review and strengthen hand - DH On-going
healthcare settings hygiene programmes to improve - HA
compliance by healthcare workers
Objective 9 - Strengthen infection control training for healthcare workers
9.1 Strengthen infection 9.1.1 Continue to provide infection - DH On-going
control training among control training with refresher - HA
healthcare workers information to new intakes of
healthcare workers
9.1.2 Raise awareness and solicit - DH Engage
healthcare workers’ support to - HA healthcare
patient engagement programme on workers by
reminding healthcare workers to 2018
perform hand hygiene Pilot by 2019
Objective 10 - Develop and strengthen infection prevention and control programmes in veterinary settings and
along food supply chain
10.1 Develop infection 10.1.1 Devise tailor-made farm-specific - AFCD Commence by
prevention and control disease management plan for the 2018
policies and strategies purpose of disease prevention,
management of disease spread and
minimise the usage of antibiotics
10.1.2 Consider relocation and - AFCD As and when
consolidation of livestock farms if necessary
necessary
10.2 Identify risk and potential 10.2.1 Commission a consultancy to assess - AFCD Commence by
control points for AMR the significance of food animal 2020
containment along food production in contributing to AMR
supply chain and formulate suitable measures to
address the AMR issues associated
with food animal production
10.2.2 Review overseas studies to identify - AFCD Commence by
potential control points to contain - CFS 2018
AMR - FEHD
10.3 Strengthen infection 10.3.1 Provide regular education seminars - AFCD On-going
control training and on biosecurity, disease control and
education for workers prevention and farm management
along food supply chain to farmers and their workers
10.3.2 Include AMR in training courses - FEHD On-going
under the Hygiene Manager and
Supervisor Scheme
Objective 11 - Enhance vaccination uptake
11.1 Promote vaccinations 11.1.1 Encourage uptake of seasonal - DH On-going
contributing to influenza and pneumococcal - HA
prevention of vaccines
antimicrobial resistant
infections

Key area 4: Improve awareness and understanding of antimicrobial resistance through effective communication,
education and training
Objective 12 - Raise awareness of AMR among general public, students and target population
party Timeframe
12.1 Develop and implement 12.1.1 Monitor KAP towards AMR and - DH Commission in
targeted evidence-based antimicrobial use among general - AFCD 2017 to 2019
health promotion public and target population by survey - CFS
programme for specific 12.1.2 Develop and review key messages to - DH On-going
audience including raise public awareness and call for - AFCD
students and personnel action based on KAP results - CFS
working in healthcare, 12.1.3 Support and participate in annual - DH On-going
animal health, food world Antibiotic Awareness Campaign
animal production and and Hand Hygiene Day
food hygiene settings 12.1.4 Develop and disseminate information - DH On-going
on AMR and related topics through - AFCD
existing health promotion channels, - CFS
healthcare service providers and - FEHD
platforms commonly used by target
populations including patients, food
animal farmers, private veterinarians
and food business operators
12.1.5 Provide regular education and training - AFCD On-going
to food animal farmers on
antimicrobial use and measures on
control of veterinary products
12.1.6 Explore the merits and feasibility of - CFS On-going
labelling of pre-packed antibiotic-free
food
12.2 Include AMR and related 12.2.1 Review high school liberal studies - DH Commence by
topics to students curriculum in relation to AMR 2017
12.2.2 Develop education materials on AMR - DH Training of staff
and related topics for primary in 2017 to 2018,
students Pilot in 2018.
Commence by
2019 with
on-going
evaluation
Objective 13 - Engage patients in adopting infection control measures and proper use of antibiotics
13.1 Strengthen health 13.1.1 Develop and provide health education - DH On-going
information provision materials in hospital wards, clinics and - HA
pharmacies
13.1.2 Encourage provision of health - DH On-going
information on personal hygiene - HA
measures on antibiotic drug
prescription bags
13.1.3 Educate patients to use antibiotic - DH Produce
appropriately - HA guideline for
primary care by
2018. Health
promotion
commence by
2019
13.2 Provide supportive 13.2.1 Continue to provide accessible hand - DH On-going
environment to facilitate hygiene facilities and products in - HA
hand hygiene practices by healthcare settings
patients

Key area 4: Improve awareness and understanding of antimicrobial resistance through effective communication,
education and training (con’t)
Objective 14 - Include AMR and related topics in school curricula and continuous training of human health and
veterinary professionals
party Timeframe
14.1 Include prescribing 14.1.1 Include AMR and related topics in - DH On-going
competencies and undergraduate curricula for human - AFCD
infection control practices health and animal health - Academia
as core component of professionals and encourage
professional education continuous professional
and continuous development
development
14.2 Strengthen infection 14.2.1 Refer to Objectives 9 and 10 - DH
control training for - HA
healthcare workers, - AFCD
veterinarians and workers - CFS
along food supply chain - FEHD

Key area 5: Promote research on AMR

Objective 15 – Promote research on innovative technology and medical science
Strategic interventions
party Timeframe
15.1 Promote development of novel diagnostics tools to aid diagnosis and - DH Promote source
treatment of infections and AMR - Academia of funding to
15.2 Promote development of novel preventive measures on AMR stakeholders
15.3 Promote development of novel antimicrobials or other alternative agents starting in 2017
Objective 16 – Promote research on behavioural science and psychology

16.1 Promote research on awareness and education regarding AMR, infection - DH Promote source
prevention and control, and antibiotic stewardship - Academia of funding to
stakeholders
starting in 2017
Objective 17 – Promote research on health and economic burden

17.1 Promote research on estimating local health burden of AMR - DH Promote source
- Academia of funding to
stakeholders
starting in 2017
Key area 6: Strengthen partnerships and foster engagement of relevant stakeholders

Objective 18 – Strengthen international partnerships and regional collaboration
party Timeframe
18.1 Continue participating in 18.1.1 Host a regional symposium on AMR - DH Organise
international, regional and - AFCD symposium by
country initiatives in - CFS 2018
implementing the Action - FEHD
Plan on AMR
Objective 19 – Inform public policy and facilitate stakeholder engagement

19.1 Inform public policy and 19.1.1 Organise information sharing - DH Commence by
facilitate stakeholder session(s) for different - AFCD 2017
engagement stakeholders and target audience - CFS
- FEHD

Making it happen
132. To take forward the Action Plan, the Administration will continue to engage
professionals, non-government organisations and other community stakeholders to seek
their views and encourage participation. In order to get across to people in all sectors of
community for involvement and act together, the Action Plan will be publicised through
various means, such as publications, the media and briefings.
133. With a leadership role in combating the challenge of AMR, the Administration will
provide information on AMR and antimicrobial use and work closely with stakeholders in
both the public and private sectors, and review licensing and enforcing regulations
governing the sale and use of antimicrobials if necessary.
134. Partnerships between all relevant stakeholders are needed to increase social
participation and ownership. The Administration, linking the efforts of everyone in Hong
Kong, will continue to safeguard the health of the people of Hong Kong and contribute to
the improvement of global health.

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XXXXXXX
Annex I
Membership of High Level Steering
Committee on Antimicrobial Resistance
Chairman
Secretary for Food and Health
Non-official members
Ms CHAN So Kuen, Sabrina
Prof. HUI Shu Cheong, David
Prof. LEE Wing Yan, Vivian
Prof. YUEN Kwok Yung
Institutional members
Hong Kong Academy of Medicine
Hong Kong Dental Association
Hong Kong Medical Association
Hong Kong Private Hospitals Association
Hong Kong Veterinary Association
Hospital Authority
Consumer Council
Ex-officio members
Permanent Secretary for Food and Health (Food)
Permanent Secretary for Food and Health (Health)
Director of Health
Director of Agriculture, Fisheries and Conservation
Director of Food and Environmental Hygiene
Controller, Centre for Health Protection
Controller, Centre for Food Safety

Annex II
Terms of reference of High Level Steering
Committee on Antimicrobial Resistance
1. To provide governance and leadership on antimicrobial resistance (‘AMR’);
2. To develop and coordinate comprehensive, multi-sectoral policies to combat AMR;
3. To monitor and oversee the development and implementation of a territory-wide

action plan for current and future work related to AMR; and
4. To monitor that actions are within a congruent ‘One Health’ framework.

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Hong Kong

Strategy and Action Plan on

Hong Kong Strategy and Action Plan on Antimicrobial Resistance 1

Local action plan 22

Key Area 2: Optimise use of antimicrobials in humans and animals 36

2 Hong Kong Strategy and Action Plan on Antimicrobial Resistance

Key Area 4: Improve awareness and understanding of antimicrobial resistance 60

Key Area 5: Promote research on antimicrobial resistance 68

Key Area 6: Strengthen partnerships and foster engagement of relevant 71

Monitoring and evaluation 73

Hong Kong Strategy and Action Plan on Antimicrobial Resistance 3

4 Hong Kong Strategy and Action Plan on Antimicrobial Resistance

IMPACT Inter-hospital Multi-disciplinary Programme on Antimicrobial Chemotherapy

Hong Kong Strategy and Action Plan on Antimicrobial Resistance 5

As it is well-recognised that the health of humans is connected to the health of animals

6 Hong Kong Strategy and Action Plan on Antimicrobial Resistance

Hong Kong Strategy and Action Plan on Antimicrobial Resistance 7

8 Hong Kong Strategy and Action Plan on Antimicrobial Resistance

Figure 1: Antibiotic Resistance- How it spreads

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a broader term that encompasses resistance to

Hong Kong Strategy and Action Plan on Antimicrobial Resistance 9

Global situation on antimicrobial resistance

10 Hong Kong Strategy and Action Plan on Antimicrobial Resistance

One Health approach

Figure 2: One Health

Hong Kong Strategy and Action Plan on Antimicrobial Resistance 11

National action plans

12 Hong Kong Strategy and Action Plan on Antimicrobial Resistance

United Kingdom (UK)

Hong Kong Strategy and Action Plan on Antimicrobial Resistance 13

United States of America

14 Hong Kong Strategy and Action Plan on Antimicrobial Resistance

Hong Kong situation

Figure 3: Number of CA-MRSA cases recorded in Hong Kong

Source: Department of Health (2007-2016)

Hong Kong Strategy and Action Plan on Antimicrobial Resistance 15

Figure 4: Percentage of isolate cultured to be multi-drug-resistant organism

(E) Multi-drug-resistant (F) Multi-drug-resistant (G) Vancomycin-resistant (H) Vancomycin-resistant

Source: Hospital Authority Superbug Report (2011-2016)

16 Hong Kong Strategy and Action Plan on Antimicrobial Resistance

Figure 5: Bacterial pathogen isolation and percentage of antimicrobial resistance

(D) Streptococcus pneumoniae (E) Neisseria gonorrhoeae resistant

Hong Kong Strategy and Action Plan on Antimicrobial Resistance 17

24. The Special Preventive Programme of DH is responsible for the prevention,

18 Hong Kong Strategy and Action Plan on Antimicrobial Resistance

Significance of various superbugs1,29

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)

Extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli (ESBL E. coli)

Carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae (CPE)

Hong Kong Strategy and Action Plan on Antimicrobial Resistance 19

Staphylococcus aureus E. coli resistant to E. coli resistant to

20 Hong Kong Strategy and Action Plan on Antimicrobial Resistance

Food animal production

Hong Kong Strategy and Action Plan on Antimicrobial Resistance 21

22 Hong Kong Strategy and Action Plan on Antimicrobial Resistance

Feasibility and practicality considerations

Hong Kong Strategy and Action Plan on Antimicrobial Resistance 23

Action plan 6 Key Areas 19 Objectives

24 Hong Kong Strategy and Action Plan on Antimicrobial Resistance

Hong Kong Strategy and Action Plan on Antimicrobial Resistance 25