12/17/15

INTRODUCTION TO MATLAB PROGRAMMING

Lec 1.1: MATLAB Basics
Dr. Niket Kaisare
Department of Chemical Engineering
IIT–Madras

NPTEL Course: MATLAB Programming for Numerical Computations — Week-1

About this Module

• We will cover the following topics

• MATLAB basics
• Arrays: Unlocking potential of MATLAB
• Loops and Execution Control
• MATLAB files: Scripts and Functions
• Program Output and Plotting

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Starting and Exiting MATLAB

• We will go over starting a MATLAB session, layout of MATLAB window,

MATLAB editor, etc.
• Also see video “Getting Started with MATLAB” on MATLAB site
http://in.mathworks.com/videos/getting-started-with-matlab-68985.html

MATLAB Programming Example

Indian captain, Mahendra Singh Dhoni, hits a ball with initial velocity of 35
m/s and angle of 45○. If the boundary is at a distance of 75 m, will he score
a six?
• Setting up the problem:

• !"#$ = 35; *+ = !"#$ cos //4 ; ! + = !"#$ sin //4

• 4 5 = *; 6 5 = !
• * 5 = −8*; ! 5 = −9;

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Result

MATLAB Code
%% Define Parameters and Initial Conditions
param.g = 9.81; % gravitational acceleration
param.kappa = 0.006; % air drag coefficient
u0 = 35*cos(pi/4);
v0 = 35*sin(pi/4);

%% Setting up and Solving the problem

X0 = [0; 0; % starting position is the origin
u0; v0]; % starting velocity is given
tSpan = [0 20]; % simulation time
[tOut, XOut] = ode45(@ballTrajectoryFun,tSpan,X0, [], param);

%% Displaying the results

figure(1);
plot(XOut(:,1),XOut(:,2),'bo');
xlabel('x (m)'); ylabel('y (m)');

%% Animating results
exitCode = ballAnimation(tOut,XOut);

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MATLAB Code: Main Code Blocks

%% Define Parameters and Initial Conditions

Input block
param.g = 9.81; % gravitational acceleration
param.kappa = 0.006; % air drag coefficient
u0 = 35*cos(pi/4);
v0 = 35*sin(pi/4);

Computation
%% Setting up and Solving the problem
X0 = [0; 0; % starting position is the origin
u0; v0]; % starting velocity is given
tSpan = [0 20]; % simulation time
[tOut, XOut] = ode45(@ballTrajectoryFun,tSpan,X0, [], param);

%% Displaying the results

Output block
figure(1);
plot(XOut(:,1),XOut(:,2),'bo');
xlabel('x (m)'); ylabel('y (m)');

%% Animating results
exitCode = ballAnimation(tOut,XOut);

MATLAB Code: Key Parts

%% Define Parameters and Initial Conditions
param.g = 9.81; Comment
u0 = 35*cos(pi/
Assignment

(Math) Expression

[tOut, XOut] = ode45(@bal

Calling a function
plot(XOu
Calling a function

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MATLAB Code
%% Define Parameters and Initial Conditions
param.g = 9.81; % gravitational acceleration
param.kappa = 0.006; % air drag coefficient
u0 = 35*cos(pi/4);
v0 = 35*sin(pi/4);

%% Setting up and Solving the problem

X0 = [0; 0; % starting position is the origin
u0; v0]; % starting velocity is given
tSpan = [0 20]; % simulation time
[tOut, XOut] = ode45(@ballTrajectoryFun,tSpan,X0, [], param);

%% Displaying the results

figure(1);
plot(XOut(:,1),XOut(:,2),'bo');
xlabel('x (m)'); ylabel('y (m)');

%% Animating results
exitCode = ballAnimation(tOut,XOut);

Basic Data Types

• Matlab easily works with arrays

• Scalars, vectors and arrays

• Assigning variables
• Row vs. column vectors
• Arrays / Matrices

• Suppress “echo”

• Variables are case-sensitive

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Basic Mathematical Expressions

Scalar Operations Special Variables
Variable Meaning
•+ - * / ^
pi Number /
• log, exp eps Machine precision
i Imaginary unit
• pow, sqrt inf Infinity
NaN Not a Number (e.g., 0/0)
• sin, cos, tan
ans Last displayed result
• asin, acos, atan end Last element of array
realmax Largest real number
• rem, round, ceil, floor intmax Largest integer

End of Lecture 1-1

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INTRODUCTION TO MATLAB PROGRAMMING

Lec 1.2: Array Operations
Dr. Niket Kaisare
Department of Chemical Engineering
IIT–Madras

NPTEL Course: MATLAB Programming for Numerical Computations — Week-1

Arrays are the most powerful aspect of MATLAB

• We will learn

• Building arrays
• Colon notations
• Array operations and functions

• Also view “Working with Arrays in MATLAB” on MATLAB website:

http://in.mathworks.com/videos/working-with-arrays-in-matlab-69022.html

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Building Arrays
Array Building Functions
• Recall that we can build arrays as: Command Meaning
ones(m,n) Build m×n matrix of 1’s
>> A = [1, 2; 3 4]; zeros(m,n) Build m×n matrix of 0’s
eye(n) Identity matrix
diag(vec) Create diagonal matrix
• We can also build arrays from diag(A) Diagonal elements of A
rand(m,n) Uniform random number array
existing arrays (if correct size):
randn(m,n) Gaussian Random number array
>> B = [b, c]; magic(m) Magic square matrix
hilb Hilbert matrix

Basic Mathematical Expressions

“Scalar” Operations Matrix Operations
•+ – * / ^
• log, exp • logm, expm

• power, sqrt • mpower, sqrtm

• sin, cos, tan • sum,prod,cumsum,cumprod

• asin, acos, atan • min, max, mean, std

• rem, round, ceil, floor • length, size, eig

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Basic Mathematical Expressions

“Scalar” Operations Matrix Operations
•+ – .* ./ .^ •+ – * / ^
• log, exp • logm, expm

• power, sqrt • mpower, sqrtm

• sin, cos, tan • sum,prod,cumsum,cumprod

• asin, acos, atan • min, max, mean, std

• rem, round, ceil, floor • length, size, eig

End of Lecture 1-2

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INTRODUCTION TO MATLAB PROGRAMMING

Lec 1.2b: Array Operations Revisited
Dr. Niket Kaisare
Department of Chemical Engineering
IIT–Madras

NPTEL Course: MATLAB Programming for Numerical Computations — Week-1

Tapping some Array Operations in MATLAB

• Also view “Working with Arrays in MATLAB” on MATLAB website:
http://in.mathworks.com/videos/working-with-arrays-in-matlab-69022.html

• Consider the following example (Marks earned by students)

Name Math Programming Thermodynamics Mechanics

Amit 24 44 36 36
Bhavna 52 57 68 76
Chetan 66 53 69 73
Deepak 85 40 86 72
Elizabeth 15 47 25 28
Farah 79 72 82 91

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Some things to try

• Create a 6×3 matrix allMarks to contain marks for first three courses

• Append marks for the Mechanics course to allMarks when received

• Do the following computations

• Mechanicscourse
• Mechanics course wasout
out of50.
50. Scalethe
the markstoto half
half
• Extract row 3 andwas
give the of
marksScale
to Chetan.marks
Also calculate his total marks
• Extract marks of our best students, Deepak and Farah for first three courses
• Extract rowaverage
• Calculate 3 and give the obtained
marks marks toinChetan.
each ofAlso calculate
the four his total marks
courses
• Scale all the marks out of 10*We will use matrix fundaes for this:
• Extract marks of our best students, Deepak and Farah for first three courses
< = 2< 0.1=
? 2of the
• Calculate average marks obtained>in each 0 four
= courses
2> 0.1?
0 0.1
@ A 2@ 0.1A
• Scale all the marks out of 10*

End of Lecture 1-2b

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INTRODUCTION TO MATLAB PROGRAMMING

Lec 1.3: Loops and Execution Control
Dr. Niket Kaisare
Department of Chemical Engineering
IIT–Madras

NPTEL Course: MATLAB Programming for Numerical Computations — Week-1

Various Loops in MATLAB

• For Loop (commands below will • While Loop (commands below will
execute 10 times) execute if the condition is true)
for i=1:10 while i<10
<statement 1>; <statement 1>;
⋮ ⋮
<statement n>; <statement n>;
end i=i+1;
end

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When to use For Loop

• For loop is used when a set of operations are to be repeated a

specific number of times
• Examples

• Find first 10 terms of Fibonacci series

• Find factorial of a number G
• …

When to use While Loop

• While loop is used when a set of operations is to be repeated if a certain

condition is met
• Find all terms of Fibonacci series less than value 200

• Location of a ball thrown upwards is given by 6 = ! +H − IJ9H K. Calculate the

location of the ball for every 0.1 seconds until it reaches the ground (i.e., 6 > 0)

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MacLaurin Series

• Calculate approximate value of @ +.M using the infinite series:

<K <Q <R

@N=1+<+ + + +⋯
2! 3! 4!
These calculations are to be performed with 2 to 7 terms in the series

End of Lecture 1-3

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INTRODUCTION TO MATLAB PROGRAMMING

Lec 1.4: Working with Files – Scripts & Functions
Dr. Niket Kaisare
Department of Chemical Engineering
IIT–Madras

NPTEL Course: MATLAB Programming for Numerical Computations — Week-1

Working with MATLAB files

• Type “edit <fileName>” at the command prompt to open MATLAB

code editor with the file fileName.m.
• MATLAB files are of two types: Scripts and Functions

• More help from MATLAB website on “Writing a MATLAB Program”:

http://in.mathworks.com/videos/writing-a-matlab-program-69023.html

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MATLAB Files: Scripts vs. Functions

• Scripts • Functions
Files containing sequence of Files that take certain input(s),
MATLAB commands executes sequence of steps, and
returns output(s) at the end
• MATLAB statements are executed • MATLAB statements are executed
as if typed on command prompt in function’s own variable space

Scope of Variables

• script shares the variables with workspace from where it was called

• Typically, that means MATLAB workspace

• function has its own workspace

• Variables used in a function have local scope

• Functions “talk” through input and output variables:

[out1,out2,...] = function fcnName(in1,in2,...)

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Script and Function Examples:

• Write a script to calculate factorial • Write a function to calculate

G! = 1×2×⋯×G A = >+ + >T 4 + >K 4 K + ⋯ + >" 4 "

Note: Such functions are commonly used to

calculate physical properties of fluids.
Today, we will consider a simple case of:
> + = 1, > V = 1/W

When to use Scripts vs. Functions (beginners)

• Use scripts when you want to…
• Make small calculations (e.g., factorial, plotting, basic computing etc.)
• Use functions when you want to…
• Calculate values (r) as a function of variables (t,y,…): X = A(H, 6, … )
• Pass on the function values to MATLAB function for solving something; e.g.,:
\]
= A H, 6 à function dy = myODEfun(t,y)
\$
<...>ode45(@myOdefun, <...>)
• Calculate properties as a function of temperature, concentration, current, etc.

• All other purposes, you are likely to use scripts (instead of functions)

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INTRODUCTION TO MATLAB PROGRAMMING

Lec 1.5: Plotting and Output
Dr. Niket Kaisare
Department of Chemical Engineering
IIT–Madras

NPTEL Course: MATLAB Programming for Numerical Computations — Week-1

Various forms of output

• Display on the screen
• Variables will echo if command ends without semicolon

• Other options…

• Plotting data
• Using plot command

• Other options…

• More help from MATLAB website on “Using Basic Plotting Functions”

http://in.mathworks.com/videos/using-basic-plotting-functions-69018.html

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Displaying on the screen

• Recall various methods we used in this module:

• Echo result on screen: >> b = [1, 2; 7 1];
• Using disp command: disp(b)
• disp some text: disp(‘Hello world’)

• More “beautiful” output:

disp([‘Factorial value is ’, num2str(factValue)])

• More advanced output using fprintf:

fprintf('Factorial Value is: %4i\n',factValue)

Plotting

• Consider the example of a ball thrown vertically upwards

• Plot location vs. time

• Labeling the axes

• Other plotting options

• Plot-ting multiple lines

• Log-Log plot

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End of Lecture 1.5

MODULE – 1
INTRODUCTION TO MATLAB PROGRAMMING
Dr. Niket Kaisare
Department of Chemical Engineering
IIT–Madras

NPTEL Course: MATLAB Programming for Numerical Computations — Week-1

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Summary of Module-1

• MATLAB basics

• Familiarized with MATLAB command window and editor

• Variables: scalars, vectors and arrays
• Mathematical operations: both scalar and matrix operations

• Arrays: Unlocking potential of MATLAB

• Array operations vs. elemental operations

• Using arrays for more efficient use of MATLAB

Summary of Module-1

• Execution control
• for and while loops
• if-then statements

• MATLAB files

• Scripts and Functions

• When to use scripts vs. functions

• Plotting in MATLAB

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