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This is due to the way the fluid moves and means that the object will not constantly accelerate.
Therefore, the ball bearing must move through a larger amount of particles, which provides more
resistance, and thus viscous drag. Practical investigation into Viscosity in liquids (Stokes Law). I will
position the container just below the cylinder so that it can be used to carry the liquid of the
cylinders. It was obtained by measuring the mass of 100cm 3 in a cylinder using a digital balance.
Thus, the inaccuracy due to the time when the ball bearing was accelerating would be less significant
in my results. A challenge question is provided that has the students guess which fluid has the higher
viscosity (peanut butter vs. ketchup). An activity called the condiment Olympics is described. This
product is a 88 slideshow on Pascals Law, Viscosity and activity. The viscosity of a liquid is a
measure of its resistance to flow and is caused by the internal friction of the liquid. It was exactly the
trend suggested when deriving the formula, it shows how an increase in viscosity results in a
decrease in average velocity. The tub of glycerol which is at a higher temperature than, but closest to
the desired temperature is used. The time taken to pass through each section was recorded and
repeated three times. At any instant time more electrons may be found towards one side of the
molecule, this has the effect of instantaneously polarising the molecule (with the electrons acting as
the negative side and the protons in the nucleus acting as the positive side). In my experiment the
timed area will be situated towards the bottom of the tube so the ball bearing has enough time to
reach its terminal velocity before it gets to the timed area. Higher coefficient of viscosity would mean
higher viscous drag or in other words higher viscosity. Total Pages 6 audio files, 1 overview video, 1
assessment video, and 34 pages Answer Key Included Teaching Duration 1 Week Report this
resource to TPT Reported resources will be reviewed by our team. Practical investigation into
Viscosity in liquids (Stokes Law). The magnitude of the frictional force increases from zero with the
speed of the falling object. We can see what appears to be an anomalous result at 299K. Report this
resource to let us know if this resource violates TPT’s content guidelines. If the upthrust is greater
than the objects weight the object it will float and if its weight is greater than the upthrust it will sink.
Log10 of viscosity was used in order to reduce the spread out effect of the results. This resistance
acts against the motion of any solid object through the fluid or against motion of the fluid itself past
stationary obstacles. Also I noticed that the honey was not pure, some little solid pieces seemed to
float in it. His works on the transmission of acoustic waves through viscous materials (like tar) are
also of interest. The inaccuracies and how they could have affected the results are discussed below.
At first, the obvious way to do this was to time at every 10cm interval. After this it was ensured that
the water temperature and honey temperature were equal and also that the honey was stirred to help
create a constant temperature throughout the honey. However taking an average of repeated readings
helps to null the effect of this error. The measuring cylinder can then be returned to the heat for the
second and third results.
Therefore I have included this factor into my investigation. When terminal velocity is reached the
ball bearing continues its movements in constant speed. The distance of 11cm was used as it was
large enough to decrease the effects of human error and also lines up with some of the markings on
the measuring cylinder, making it easier to judge the position of the ball. The diagram below shows a
fluid flowing down a tube, the layer against the glace is affected largely by friction, the friction of
this layer affects the other layers until the most central layer has the least friction from the side of
the tube. The ball bearing falls slower through the liquid with higher viscosity. Since in some of the
liquids I have chosen the ball bearing may move relatively fast, I will need to mark slightly larger
distances in order to get more accurate time readings. Then I will clamp the cylinder on the clamp
stand and ensure that it doesn’t slip out. Simple things include using a smooth ball and dropping the
ball down the centre of the tube. The hot temperatures will be met by heating the honey to the
desired temperature (through the transfer of heat energy from the hot water). There are lots of exam
questions to check progress. ?30.00 Reviews Select overall rating (no rating) Your rating is required
to reflect your happiness. They then open the hole (move the finger of the way) and time how long it
takes for the oil to move from 3m to 1ml. A suitable metal that is not affected by heat (through
expansion) would have to be used. When the thermometer read the correct temperature the ball was
dropped, but something unexpected occurred. Once the speeds increase past a limit the drags grow
at enormous rates. The diameter should allow the ball to easily move through the liquid in the tube,
if the ball was too wide friction from the sides of the cylinder would act upon it, slowing it down.
Laminar flow is when the fluids flow in streamlined layers. You can imagine that the amount of
clinging-ness between the molecules will be proportional to the friction. The magnitude of the
frictional force increases from zero with the speed of the falling object. The colder temperatures are
met in a similar way, by reducing the temperature of the water. One of us will drop the ball bearing in
the liquid, the other three will each hold a stop watch and observe the ball bearing motion and
measure the time difference between the times at which the ball bearing is at the marked positions.
In order to do that I need to select a ball bearing such that it reaches terminal velocity after travelling
a short distance. The difference was at a higher temperature the ball bearing descended faster
through the liquid. Report this resource to let us know if this resource violates TPT’s content
guidelines. To keep a fair test it is important that the same type of honey is used each time (as it is
likely that each individual sample of honey will have a slightly different density). Consideration of
the actual science behind it shows that weak temporary bonds exist between molecules in a sample,
these bonds are created due to the fluctuation of the molecules polarity (brought about by the
random movement of electrons through the molecule). By ruling out anomalies the investigation
becomes much more accurate and meaningful. For an optimal experience, please switch to the latest
version of Google Chrome, Microsoft Edge, Apple Safari or Mozilla Firefox. The colder
temperatures are met in a similar way, by reducing the temperature of the water. The vicinity of other
investigations around the work area should also be considered with care. This is cgs, which is a
shorter version of the above formula expressed in dyne-seconds per cm 2 which, is called a Poise.
This supports the theory of temporary induced bonds. The most likely cause for this result is the
reaction time involved with using the timer. The upthrust force will be the lowest in oil since this has
the lowest density of the three liquids under consideration. When Re is low, laminar flow dominates
and drag is approximately equal to speed X size X dynamic viscosity giving a linear rise in drag with
speed (and a squaring of power with speed). Investigation into the effect of temperature on viscosity.
Bundle KS3 practical skills 7 simple, differentiated, practical lessons following the same learning
objectives alongside a revision lesson focused on practical exam questions. On one hand you could
say they would make the syrup appear less viscous as the ball bearings will travel with a greater
velocity in air than they will syrup thus reducing the time taken for the ball bearing to travel the set
distance which will make the syrup appear less viscous. Higher coefficient of viscosity would mean
higher viscous drag or in other words higher viscosity. Marks were made at 8cm intervals down the
tube one from the top and two below. It will reach a point where all forces balance out in equilibrium
and the object can no longer speed up, it travels at a constant speed. Velocity was measured at three
temperatures, the first temperature used was room temperature. This then induces the same effect in
a neighbouring molecule, creating an instantaneous attraction, giving an instantaneous bond, this
effect then travels throughout the molecules. The work bundle chronologically follow the detailed
and interactive set of slideshows. I will do this for each temperature I temperature will affect the
density. You will find a PowerPoint tour, how a unit works guide, curriculum possibilities, standards,
and many free samples. If I used longer cylinders I would have been able to mark more distances on
the cylinders and make more time readings, until I was sure enough that the ball was really moving
with constant speed. He was not just a scientist, but also the prototype of the modern engineer. A
greater level of accuracy can be achieved by using a combination of more sensitive equipment and a
better overall setup. This was repeated for two other temperatures, one around 40 o C and the other
around 5 o C, it was found that terminal velocity occurred at the same time. This is due to the way
the fluid moves and means that the object will not constantly accelerate. Reviews Select overall
rating (no rating) Your rating is required to reflect your happiness. Using a large measuring distance,
this effect can be lessened significantly. The cylinder can be emptied by opening a tap at the bottom
of the cylinder. The graphs below illustrate how extra investigative work into possible anomalies can
shift the line of best fit considerably. If you drop the ball bearing into warmer honey it will fall faster
because the particles will move out of the way faster. The effect of the temperature on the viscosity
of the syrup. These could have slowed the ball bearing and therefore a higher value of viscosity. As
the honey is heated it becomes slightly less dense as with all liquids, during this experiment the
density was taken to be a constant value but the effect of this varying density is so small that it
would not make a significant difference to the results. Each team will need the following materials
one polystyrene cup with a hole in it a small container of vegetable oil a small container of honey a
small container of water. The formula for viscous drag of a moving sphere in the liquid is given
below.
A ball of mass 1.5g and with a diameter of 7.13mm was decided upon. Therefore I have included
this factor into my investigation. As different fluids have a different viscosity coefficients. If the
frictional force is comparatively low as in water the viscosity of the liquid is low. I will change the
concentration by mixing it with water. There is thorough differentiation and the varied starter
activities recap prior learning. I could not make sure that I measured the time that ball bearing
covered 0.3 metres because there would certainly be a time lag for me to see the ball bearing land on
the bottom of the plastic tube and record the time. Archimedes’ Principles describe the size of the
upthrust: “when a body is partially or totally immersed in a fluid, the upthrust is equal to the weight
of the fluid it displaces”. The light gates would have to be able to measure across a large distance
due to the specific path the ball bearing takes through the honey. When atoms are bonded in a
molecule their electrons move at high speeds in orbitals around the molecule. The diagram below
shows a fluid flowing down a tube, the layer against the glace is affected largely by friction, the
friction of this layer affects the other layers until the most central layer has the least friction from
the side of the tube. As the honey is heated it becomes slightly less dense as with all liquids, during
this experiment the density was taken to be a constant value but the effect of this varying density is
so small that it would not make a significant difference to the results. For an optimal experience,
please switch to the latest version of Google Chrome, Microsoft Edge, Apple Safari or Mozilla
Firefox. This then induces the same effect in a neighbouring molecule, creating an instantaneous
attraction, giving an instantaneous bond, this effect then travels throughout the molecules. But it is
difficult for the person timing to shift their head from the first mark to the second mark in only a
matter of seconds. Bundle Fossil fuels lessons GCSE - outstanding lessons that provide support and
challenge, recap prior learning, demonstrate progress This is a set of 10 lessons including a revision
lesson on fossil fuels. The cylinder can be emptied by opening a tap at the bottom of the cylinder.
But it is difficult for the person timing to shift their head from the first mark to the second mark in
only a matter of seconds. I have disregarded calculating the value of steel as the uncertainties would
play a major role instead I have just taken the accepted value (stated earlier). The measuring cylinder
can then be returned to the heat for the second and third results. Each temperature will be repeated 3
times so an average can be calculated, any anomalies spotted and repeats made if necessary. But
once setup correctly they could time with far more precision. Using the G clamp I will attach the
clamp stand to the table and make sure that it is in level and stable. This allows me to investigate the
affect of viscosity on the surface area of a ball bearing. This was due to the diameter of the
measuring cylinder. This may cause more resistant force acting upwards on the ball bearing as there
is friction between the ball bearing and the wall of the plastic tube. Bundle KS3 practical skills 7
simple, differentiated, practical lessons following the same learning objectives alongside a revision
lesson focused on practical exam questions. The apparatus could be enclosed in the same temperature
controlled room, this would allow the viscosities to be accurately measured and the results from the
two investigations could be compared. The time taken to pass through each section was recorded and
repeated three times. A viscous drag viscometer could be used to measure the viscosity.
The ball bearing falls slower through the liquid with higher viscosity. Having the forces in
equilibrium is an important fact since I can use the equation below to calculate the viscous drag. At
terminal speed the ball bearing has zero acceleration, therefore the resultant force will be zero.
Student also can make Oobleck (directions included) or Goop (Video link provided). This means that
the point of y intercept cannot be found as the lines never meet. Human errors may occur in
measuring the distance travelled by the ball bearing. The diagram below shows a fluid flowing down
a tube, the layer against the glace is affected largely by friction, the friction of this layer affects the
other layers until the most central layer has the least friction from the side of the tube. This shows
that there is a frictional force in liquids. Then I will clamp the cylinder on the clamp stand and ensure
that it doesn’t slip out. The anomalous result on graph 2 (velocity against temperature) may be the
result of incorrect positioning of the thermometer within the cylinder. Ball bearings, when not in use
should be positioned somewhere safe as they can both be easily lost and also represent a danger as a
tripping hazard. It arises in liquids because the movement of a molecule relative to neighbouring
molecules is opposed by intermolecular forces between them. If dropped before reaching the honey
then the ball will accelerate faster (due to the lesser effects of upthrust and viscous drag) and
therefore enter the honey with a greater velocity. Reviews Select overall rating (no rating) Your
rating is required to reflect your happiness. Also the ball bearing was not dropped in at the same
place every time although the centre was aimed for, also it is hard to see if the ball bearing travelled
in a perfect straight line as air bubbles may affect the direction slightly as the surface tension may
force the ball bearing to travel round rather than through the air bubbles. He was not just a scientist,
but also the prototype of the modern engineer. To keep a fair test it is important that the same type of
honey is used each time (as it is likely that each individual sample of honey will have a slightly
different density). If the object were now fully immersed in a fluid, there would be a net upward
force on the object if the upthrust exceeds the weight, which will push the object upwards until it is
only partially immersed and displaces exactly its own weight of fluid. From discharge tubes, to
bearings, to thermodynamics, to cavitation, to magnetism, and electricity; he left his mark. (Yet, this
is but a part of what he did!) This Irish Brit -- Osborne Reynolds -- came up with a unit that like the
Mach number is dimensionless. As a gas gets higher in temperature it has more collisions, and thus,
more friction with its neighboring molecules. The effect of the temperature on the viscosity of the
syrup. The graphs below illustrate how extra investigative work into possible anomalies can shift the
line of best fit considerably. The middle tube is wider which means the ball bearing will fall through
the honey but not as fast as it would in the tube to the right. It was discovered that the thermometer
had been held too far up the measuring cylinder meaning that there was a large spread of
temperatures from the bottom of the measuring cylinder to the top. Examples of materials to be
identified could include baking soda and other powders, metals, minerals, and liquids. Each
temperature is repeated three times allowing at average to be produced. The ball must have an initial
velocity of zero as it passes into the honey, this means its acceleration begins in the honey and
terminal velocity can be reached. A sample spreadsheet is provided so students can record the time it
takes each condiment to travel from the top of the tray to bottom once it is tilted toward the vertical.
Simple things include using a smooth ball and dropping the ball down the centre of the tube. I will
position the container just below the cylinder so that it can be used to carry the liquid of the
cylinders.
I have also seen how the temperature would affect this and as I thought and increase in temperature
will lower the viscosity. This would help prevent the problems caused when the ball moves at angles
and is affected by the extra friction imposed on it by the walls of the cylinder. Reading suggests that
the colder the liquid the longer it will take for the object to reach the bottom. Bundle Fossil fuels
lessons GCSE - outstanding lessons that provide support and challenge, recap prior learning,
demonstrate progress This is a set of 10 lessons including a revision lesson on fossil fuels. The
common kinematic viscosity unit is the Stokes, abbreviated St. When entering a pool, people feel
lighter, this is due to the upthrust, counteracting the weight of a body. It was discovered that the
thermometer had been held too far up the measuring cylinder meaning that there was a large spread
of temperatures from the bottom of the measuring cylinder to the top. Therefore I would be able to
conclude with a third liquid that it may be possible that the liquid does not effect the point in which
a ball bearing reaches its terminal velocity. If you think about the cube of oil under the metal plate
resisting the motion we can determine a unit for viscosity. The most likely cause for this result is the
reaction time involved with using the timer. From stokes findings, he was able to quantify viscosity
by studying the force exerted on a spherical object as it moves through a fluid. For accurate readings
the eye should be level with the marking in question. Once the thermometer has reached the desired
temperature the experiment may begin. The ball bearing falls slower through the liquid with higher
viscosity. If the frictional force is large, as in glue or glycerine, the viscosity of the liquid is high. A
link to the Olympic Fanfare is provided and I always do a opening ceremony with some selected
students holding condiments as they enter the room. A sample spreadsheet is provided so students
can record the time it takes each condiment to travel from the top of the tray to bottom once it is
tilted toward the vertical. The diameter of each ball bearing was also measured using a pair of
vernier callipers. Thus, by realising the relationship between temperature and velocity, the relationship
between temperature and viscosity can be obtained. Total Pages 6 audio files, 1 overview video, 1
assessment video, and 34 pages Answer Key Included Teaching Duration 1 Week Report this
resource to TPT Reported resources will be reviewed by our team. His works on the transmission of
acoustic waves through viscous materials (like tar) are also of interest. It has not been planned to
take experiments below room temperature, as that would require using ice and will further complicate
the experiment and lengthen the duration. The resultant reduction of viscosity allows the ball to
travel faster producing the faster times recorded in the experiment. For an optimal experience, please
switch to the latest version of Google Chrome, Microsoft Edge, Apple Safari or Mozilla Firefox. But
there is still much to take into consideration such as the fact that air bubbles will affect the viscosity
or rather what the viscosity will appear to be. It was obtained by measuring the mass of 100cm 3 in a
cylinder using a digital balance. This could have been because human error on the time reading. The
lesson finishes with an exam plenary question (markscheme is provided). This supports the theory of
temporary induced bonds.
Within the limits of experimental error, these are the same and so I can safely assume that the
velocity between the two rubber bands is equal to the terminal velocity. It was exactly the trend
suggested when deriving the formula, it shows how an increase in viscosity results in a decrease in
average velocity. Reviews Select overall rating (no rating) Your rating is required to reflect your
happiness. The ball bearing used will not be released from air, as the ball bearing will accelerate
quicker in air and thus may enter the glycerol at a higher speed than the terminal velocity in glycerol.
For accurate readings the eye should be level with the marking in question. This was repeated for two
other temperatures, one around 40 o C and the other around 5 o C, it was found that terminal
velocity occurred at the same time. Using the G clamp I will attach the clamp stand to the table and
make sure that it is in level and stable. If the frictional force is comparatively low as in water the
viscosity of the liquid is low. Laminar flow is when the fluids flow in streamlined layers. Each ball
bearing has a different surface texture, some are dull in colour and slightly rough while others are
shiny and smooth, this could have an effect on the amount of friction and hence the speed of the
ball. From the discussion I mentioned the way in which the liquid flows around the ball bearing as it
descends. It is the friction of molecules being pushed past each other. The more a sample is heated
the more kinetic energy the particles have, causing more bonds to be overcome, this therefore
reduces the effect of viscosity causing the inverse relationship as seen in the above graphs. Using the
G clamp I will attach the clamp stand to the table and make sure that it is in level and stable. It is
only air resistance that will affect the descent if the objects size is slightly different. This is due to the
bonds in the syrup being weaker as there is more energy in the syrup due to more heat these weaker
bonds allow the ball bearings to flow more freely through the syrup. The cooling of the liquid means
that the temporary bonds are not opposed by as much kinetic energy, thus meaning that the bonds
are stronger and viscosity is increased. All of these are included in the curriculum purchase.
Therefore all courses of action must be taken in order to keep the flow laminar. As a result, the
percentage of time the ball bearing is travelling at terminal velocity is increased. I decided to take
measurements at every 10o to the vertical. If the frictional force is large, as in glue or glycerine, the
viscosity of the liquid is high. Viscosity - Comparing the viscosities of different liquids. We can see
what appears to be an anomalous result at 299K. The fact that there is variation between the repeated
readings indicates that there is a measurement error of this nature. Therefore I have included this
factor into my investigation. The cooling of the liquid means that the temporary bonds are not
opposed by as much kinetic energy, thus meaning that the bonds are stronger and viscosity is
increased. When Re is low, laminar flow dominates and drag is approximately equal to speed X size
X dynamic viscosity giving a linear rise in drag with speed (and a squaring of power with speed).
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reviews Not the right resource. Thus, at the same temperature, different fluids will have a different
viscosity.