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 Global NEST Journal, Vol 22, No 1, pp 22-27
Copyright© 2020 Global NEST
Printed in Greece. All rights reserved

Performances of anoxic-aerobic membrane bioreactors for the

treatment of real textile wastewater
Albahnasawi A.*, Yüksel E., Eyvaz M., Gürbulak E., Polat E. and Arslan S.
Gebze Technical University, Department of Environmental Engineering, 41400 Kocaeli, Turkey
Received: 15/08/2019, Accepted: 11/10/2019, Available online: 22/10/2019
*to whom all correspondence should be addressed: e-mail: [email protected]
https://doi.org/10.30955/gnj.003201
Abstract Severe environmental problems are presented by colored
textile effluents as many kinds of synthetic dyes have
Wastewater from textile industry is considered one of the
been used in textile industry. Theses effluents contain
major environmental challenges due to the large volume
various chemical compositions with high concentration of
of highly colored, polluted and toxic effluent. This study
inorganic and organic compounds. It is reported that more
investigated the treatability of real textile wastewater by
than 100,000 usable textile dyes are available in market,
pilot-scale anoxic-aerobic Membrane Bioreactor (MBR)
and about 700,000-1,000,000 tons of pigment are
system without sludge wasting for an operation period of
manufactured annually. While 280,000 tons of dye are
100 days. The proposed system was investigated under
released from textile manufactory to the environment
different Internal Recycle (IR) ratios and the impact of IR
every year via effluents produced (Samaei, Gato-Trinidad
ratio on Total Organic Carbon (TOC), Total Nitrogen (TN)
and Altaee, 2018).
and Color removals were examined. Under IR ratios
between anoxic and aerobic tanks of 0.0, 0.5 and 2.0, the The highly colored wastewater has an impact on
respective average removal efficiency of TN was 20.9%, photosynthetic function in plant. In addition, colored
53.4% and 71.7%, whereas average color removal of 81%, wastewater harmfully affects aquatic life because of low
85% and 88%, respectively was noted. The results sun light penetration and oxygen utilization. Furthermore,
indicated that increase of recycle ratio from 0.5 to 2.0 textile wastewater contains metals and chloride that may
enhanced TN removal to about 71% and color removal to be harmful to particular aquatic species (Holkar et al.,
above 85%. The IR between anoxic and aerobic tanks has 2016). Also, dye degradation products such as aromatic
a significant role in TN and color removal due to its effect amines have a toxic and carcinogenic effects on the
on the development of bacterial communities. On the ecosystem (Alventosa-Delara et al., 2014). Precisely,
other hand, the results indicate over 93% TOC removal, discharge of highly polluted effluents without decent and
which was independent of IR ratio. sufficient treatment has adversely affected the water
bodies, soil and ecosystems (Oliveira et al., 2018).
Keywords: Anoxic-aerobic bioreactor, de-colorization,
internal recycle, textile wastewater. Different physicochemical treatment methods have been
proposed and applied for the treatment of textile
1. Introduction wastewater. These include; ion exchange, adsorption,
Besides the massive water consumption by the textile oxidation, coagulation, and membrane separation.
industry, the wastewater from this industry has become a Nonetheless, these options are obstructed by technical
major environmental issue due to its highly polluted and and economic barriers such as production of harmful
toxic properties (Majewska-Nowak, 2010; Makertihartha byproduct, formation of massive amount of sludge
et al., 2017). De-sizing, printing, dyeing, sieving scouring, (disposal and handling problems) and high
washing, rinsing, bleaching, mercerizing, carbonization, operating/energy costs. It should be noted that most of
finishing and dyeing are the main processes in textile conventional treatment methods are greatly expensive
industry. The water usage depends on fabric type and and need huge amount of energy and dealing with
generated waste streams are loaded with high chemicals (Siddique et al., 2017). Among textile
concentration of residual dye from the dyeing processes wastewater treatment options, biological methods are
(Dilaver et al., 2018). As a consequence of progressively considered a promising technology to deal with colored
strict restriction on the pollutant content of industrial wastewater. The biological treatment has many
wastewater, it is urgent to remove hazardous materials advantages such as eco-friendly, less sludge production,
from industrial effluents before discharge it to ecosystems full mineralization, cost effective and less consumption of
(Yin et al., 2018). water (Holkar et al., 2016).

Albahnasawi A., Yüksel E., Eyvaz M., Gürbulak E., Polat E. and Arslan S. (2020), Performances of anoxic-aerobic membrane bioreactors
for the treatment of real textile wastewater, Global NEST Journal, 22(1), 22-27.
PERFORMANCES OF ANOXIC-AEROBIC MEMBRANE BIOREACTORS FOR THE TREATMENT OF REAL TEXTILE WASTEWATER 23

The anoxic-aerobic system is considered a proper Table 1. Characteristics of the Textiles wastewater used in this
selection for obtaining nitrogen removals by study
denitrification and nitrification prosses. Integrated Parameter value
anoxic-aerobic treatment systems with membrane COD (mg/l) 750
processes enhance development of slow-growing BOD (mg/l) 350
bacteria, such as ammonia oxidizing bacteria with capacity TOC (mg/l) 200
to degrade refectory compounds and other organic TN (mg/l) 47
micropollutants (OPMs) (Su et al., 2014; Ma et al., 2018). PH 7.82
The combination of anoxic-aerobic and the Internal Color (ADMI unit)* 480
recycle (IR) from aerobic to anoxic leads to following:
Conductivity (ms) 3680
(1) enhanced mixing/mass transfer, (2) dilution of media,
Alkalinity (mg/l) 435
(3) transport of dissolved oxygen from aerobic tank and,
Chloride (mg/l) 89.84
(4) supply of nitrate (Li et al., 2012; Phan et al., 2016).
Nitrate -N (mg/l) 8
Moreover, IR between anoxic and aerobic tanks may form
Sulfate (mg/l) 394.6
conditions that promote development of specific bacterial
Ammonia-N (mg/l) 35
community distributed between two redox environments,
TKN (mg/l) 39
which serve the core function of the integrated anoxic-
Organic N (mg/L) 4
aerobic MBR systems (Luo et al., 2015; Zhang et al., 2018;
TP (mg/l) 0.161
Xue et al., 2019).
*American Dye Manufacturer's Institute (ADMI) color unit.
Membrane bioreactor (MBR) are the combination of 2.2. Experimental setup and procedure
membrane technology and biological treatment. MBR has A batch mode anoxic-aerobic ceramic MBR of 15 L
been applied in many industrial wastewater treatment working volume in each reactor was used in this study
systems (Arslan et al., 2016) The main benefits of using (Figure 1). The membrane was composed of flat sheet
MBR for textile effluent treatments are high degree of ceramic membrane module (Chembrane - Denmark) with
carbon, nitrogen and color removal, and complete solid a nominal pore size of 0.1 µm and an effective membrane
removal which results into highly quality of treated surface area of 0.528 m2 submerged in an installed aside
wastewater for reuse application (Luong et al., 2016). stream tank. A shift vacuumed/pressured pump (BEM20,
Priom Teknik, Turkey) was operated using cycles of 10 min
Removal of azo dye from wastewater with biological of suction followed by 2 min of backwash to prevent
method is a complicated process, including de-colorization clogging on the membrane module. A designated volume
and mineralization. However, there is little understanding of water was recycled from aerobic tank to anoxic tank.
of the functional microbial community involved in the Subsequently, the internal recirculation (IR) was
whole dye degradation process. Studies on the calculated as the ratio of volume of the recycled water to
combination of different redox potentials in hybrid the volume of feed. The aerobic reactor and MBR tanks
systems for color removal are still scarce (Zhu et al., were continuously aerated via air nozzles connected to an
2018). air pump. The mixed liquor of the anoxic tank was stirred
by an overhead lab mixer (Mtops MS 5010, Kore) to
In this study, dying process wastewaters from woolen
ensure homogeneous distribution in tank. The system was
textile sector, which is an important waste source was
operated at constant flux of 25 LMH and total hydraulic
treated by anoxic-aerobic membrane bioreactor. In line
retention time (HRT) of 24 h (12 h for anoxic and 12 h
with the aforementioned research gaps, this this study
aerobic), details of the operating cycles are specified in
aimed to determine the extent of color removal under
Table 2. Aeration in each reactor was controlled to
various redox conditions common to textile wastewater
achieve the desired redox conditions. The dissolved
treatment processes. Integrated anoxic-aerobic MBR was
oxygen concentration (DO) in aerobic reactor was
operated to treat real textile wastewater under different
maintained at 3-5 mg L-1 while DO for anoxic reactor was
redox conditions. Carbon, nitrogen and color removal was
kept at around 0.12 mg L -1. The Oxidation-reduction
assessed in each reactor to determine the effect of
potential (ORP) for the anoxic and aerobic reactors were
different redox regimes. The results of this study point out
-115 ± 25 mV and 130 ± 16 mV, respectively.
the importance of redox environment on color removal.

2. Materials and methods

2.1. Material

The textile wastewater was collected from woolen textile

dying factory located in Istanbul-Turkey. The collected
wastewater was kept at 4 °C to eliminate biological
growth. A summary of the influent characteristics is
shown in Table 1. Figure 1. Schematic diagram of the anoxic-aerobic MBR system
24 ALBAHNASAWI et al.

2.3. MBR operation condition and Nobili, 2005). The TOC removal of the integrated
The anoxic-aerobic system was initially seeded with anoxic-aerobic MBR during the 100 days operation time is
activated sludge from a biological nutrient industrial presented in Figure 2. As can be seen, average TOC
wastewater treatment plant at Dilavos-Turkey. It was removal of 93% (6-22 mg/L residual TOC) was observed in
operated for a total 100 days, for the initial 33 days the the system, far below the Turkish national discharge
system was operated without internal recycle (IR = 0.0) standard of effluent from Textile industry (COD < 200 mg
and no sludge withdrawal. This condition allowed sludge L-1). The results also indicate potential of wastewater
acclimatization and stabilization for TOC, color and TN treatment for reuse applications, if appropriate farther
removal. Subsequent to this, the system was operated refining such as nanofiltration and reverse osmosis are
with IR = 0.5 for 35 days to investigate the relation applied. Notably, the aerobic tank served as an efficient
between IR, carbon, nitrogen and color removal. In the treatment step for TOC with a small variation in TOC
last 35 days, the system was operated with IR = 2.0. removal with IR ratios due to the dilution effects.
In addition, effluent TOC concentration was not affected
Table 2. Operating cycles for anoxic-aerobic MBR by increase in IR ratio. This indicates stability of the
Activity Anoxic Aerobic system for TOC removal. The results of this study are in
agreement with those reported by Sun et al., in which
Cycle duration (h) 12 12
over 85% removals of organic matter were recorded for
Filling (min) 0.5 7 treatment of textile auxiliary’s wastewater under IR of 0.5,
Reaction time (h) 11.125 11 1.5 and 2.5. Moreover, in the same study, Sun et al.
Settling time (min) 45 45 observed that effluent COD concentration was not
Emptying time (min) 7 7 affected when the recycle ratio was increased from about
0.5 to 2.5 (Sun et al., 2015).
2.4. Analytical methods
Samples for analyses were collected from influent, anoxic, Phase 2 (IR=0.5) Phase 3 (IR=2.0)
Phase 1 (IR=0.0)
100
aerobic and MBR tanks. Chemical oxygen demand (COD) 200
180 TOC Removal (%)
90
80
was measured according to Standard methods(American 160
140
Anoxic
Aerobic 70

Removal (%)
MBR
TOC (mg L )

60
Public Health Assocation (APHA), 1997). The TOC and TN
-1

120
100 50
40
were analyzed using (IL550 and IL530 TOC-TN Analyze, 80
60 30

40 20
Hach, Germany), Ammonia was measured using 20 10
0 0
Ammonia-Selective Electrode (Standard method: 4500- 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
TIme (Day)
55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100

NH3 D), Thermo Orion model 710 A+ meter and Orion

9512 electrode (Thermo Fisher Scientific, USA). Nitrate Figure 2. TOC concentration and removal efficiency over the
was measured using Nitrate Electrode (Standard method: entire operation period of the anoxic-aerobic MBR
4500-NO3-D), the 9707BNWP Nitrate Combination
Electrode was used combatable with Thermo Orion 710 3.2. Nitrogen removal
A+ meter (Federation, 1999). Color was measured
An overview of TN concentration and removal efficiency
according to Standard method: 2120 F by using DR 5000,
Spectrophotometer, Germany. The analytical procedure for the entire operation period is given in Figure 3.
was repeated three times and the average data was The 100-day operation period was divided into three
phases according to the IR ratio used. Phase one lasted for
reported. All chemicals used in the experiments were of
31 days with zero IR. Phase two lasted 35 days with 0.5 IR
analytical grade.
ratio and phase three lasted 35 days with 2.0 IR ratio. To
3. Result and discussion gain a better insight into nitrogen removal, analyses were
This research study was accomplished with real textile done for TN, NH3–N and NO3-N concentrations in all the
wastewater in a pilot-scale plant operated in a batch three phases. Stable performance of NH3–N and TN
mode, using anoxic-aerobic membrane bioreactor at 24 h removal from anoxic-aerobic MBR was observed 7 days
HRT. The observed concentration of mixed liquor after start of operation. As shown in Figure 4, nitrification
suspended solids (MLSS) was 5.2-5.8 g L-1 for aerobic tank occurred in the aerobic reactor and the effluent NH3–N
and 2.5-2.7 g L-1 for the anoxic tank. The MLVSS/MLSS concentration was 7 mg L-1, which demonstrates that 94%
ratios were stable at 0.68 ± 0.04 and 0.71 ± 0.03 for the of NH3–N was oxidized. During the first Phase, with an
anoxic and the aerobic tanks, respectively. The Mixed average influent TN concentration of 35 mg L-1-N, removal
liquor pH for aerobic tank was stable at 8.15 ± 0.65 efficiency of about 20% was recorded. TN concentration in
whereas that of anoxic tank was 7.25 ± 05. the effluent from anoxic reactor, aerobic reactor and MBR
tank were 40 ± 2, 38 ± 2 and 36 ± 2 mg L-1, respectively,
3.1. Organic matter removal (TOC) indicating that TN was mainly removed in anoxic reactor
In this study, TOC is used as indicator of organic matter as NO3--N. To improve TN removal, IR was increased from
contamination. TOC analysis is specific to organic 0.0 to 0.5 which ensured increased nitrate load to the
compounds and theoretically measures all the covalently anoxic reactor in Phase 2 (32–61 days). When NH3-N
bonded carbon in water. In all the countries, the analysis concentration of anoxic reactor was only 23 ± 2 mg L-1
of TOC is recognized as the most suitable index for the because of the dilution of the raw wastewater, the
control of civil and industrial wastes (Visco, Campanella effluent concentration from recycled mixed liquor from
PERFORMANCES OF ANOXIC-AEROBIC MEMBRANE BIOREACTORS FOR THE TREATMENT OF REAL TEXTILE WASTEWATER 25

aerobic reactor was 3 mg L-1. During stable operation, the 3.3. Color removal
final effluent concentration of NH3-N in the aerobic The differences in the bacterial communities developed
reactor remained less than 2 mg L-1, while the NO3--N under conditions with/without IR not only explain the
concentration averaged 20 mg L-1. TN concentration in the variations in the nutrient removal performance by the
effluent from anoxic reactor, aerobic reactor and MBR system (Section 3.2) but also provide insights into the
tank were 28 ± 2, 26 ± 3 and 20 ± 4 mg L-1, respectively. variation in color removal under different redox
Despite increasing IR ratio to 0.5 in phase 2, the observed conditions as showed in Figure 5. The average color
TN removal efficiency at this phase was around 53%. removal efficiencies in the integrated anoxic-aerobic MBR
Finally, increasing the IR ratio to around 2.0 in phase 3 system were 81%, 85%, and 88% for (IR = 0.0), (IR = 0.5),
(62nd–100th day) resulted into effluent NH3-N and (IR = 2.0), respectively, resulting in high average
concentration in the anoxic-aerobic MBR of less than 1 system efficiencies. The color removal ranged from 78% to
mg/L and the TN concentration in the final effluent of 82% for IR ratio of 0.0. Increasing the IR ratio to 0.5 and
12 ± 3 mg L-1. This suggests that TN mainly reduced in 2.0 resulted into 3% and 6%, respective enhancement in
anoxic and aerobic reactors due to the removal of cooler removal. The enhancement in color removal under
recycled NO3-N. The results indicated that increase of various IR between anoxic and aerobic reactors could be
recycle ratio from 0.5 to 2.0 enhanced the percentage of attributed to the development of an environment suitable
TN removal to about 71%. for bacterial community shared between these two redox
regimes, and possible excretion of diverse enzymes
Phase 1 (IR=0.0) Phase 2 (IR=0.5) Phase 3 (IR=2.0)
45

40
Anoxic
Aerobic
100
90
responsible for the core function of the integrated anoxic-
MBR
TN renoval (%) 80
aerobic MBR system (Phan et al., 2016; Mallick and
Removal Efficiency (%)

35
70
30 60
Chakraborty, 2019). In addition, in anoxic treatment, due
TN (mg L )
-1

50
25

20
40
30
to the low level of oxygen present in the system, an
15

10
20
10
alternate electron acceptor is required. The azo bond can
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100
0
act as this electron acceptor, which results in
TIme (Day)
decolorization owing to cleavage of the azo bond.
integrated anoxic-aerobic treatment processes can
Figure 3. TN concentration and removal efficiency over the
remove reactive azo dye color from wastewater more
entire operation period of the anoxic-aerobic MBR
effectively than traditional aerobic processes. A biomass
can be developed that is viable and effective in both
It is well-known that for a pre-denitrification system, the
anoxic and aerobic environments. The anoxic phase
internal mixed liquor recycle flow from the aerobic to the
exhibits both a higher percentage color removal and a
anoxic zones plays an important role that affects the TN
greater rate of color removal than the aerobic phase.
removal efficiency. Tan and Ng reported TN removal
(Khehra et al., 2006; Rass-Hansen et al., 2007; Venkata
efficiencies of domestic wastewater as 57%, 74%, 72% and
Mohan, Rao and Sarma, 2007).
61% for recycle ratio of 1, 3, 5 and 10, respectively
(Tan and Ng, 2008). Similarly, Baeza et al. reported TN
removal efficiencies of 67%, 72% and 80% for the recycle 100
Phase 1 (IR=0.0) Phase 2 (IR=0.5) Phase 3 (IR=2.0)
100
95 90
ratio of 0, 2 and 5, respectively (Baeza, Gabriel and 90 80

Removal Efficiency (%)

85 Eflluent
Lafuente, 2004). Under anoxic conditions, performance of 80
Color Removal (%) 70
Color (ADIM)

60
75
denitrification could be enhanced by the availability of 70
50
40
65
easily biodegradable organic matter, enough HRT and low 60
30

55 20
dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration in the recycle flow. 50 10
45 0
In the present study, HRT of 12 h was maintained in the 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100
TIme (Day)
anoxic reactor for all the three phases, which is sufficient
for anoxic denitrification (Kim et al., 2008).
Figure 5. Color removal efficiency over the entire operation
period of the anoxic-aerobic MBR
Phase 1 (IR =0.0) Phase 2 (IR =0.5) Phase 3 (IR =2.0)
40
Anoxic 4. Conclusion
NO3-N (mg L )

Aerobic1
-1

30
MBR1
20 Simultaneous organic matter, TN and color removal in
10 textile wastewater treatment by an integrated anoxic-
40
0 aerobic MBR was examined. The study demonstrates that
30 a system comprising of an anoxic-aerobic bioreactor and
NH3-N (mg L )
-1

20 ceramic membrane is effective for textile wastewater

10
treatment. Organic matter removal was generally higher
0
than 93%. The use of an anoxic reactor was effective in TN
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100
Time (Day) and color removals which reached values higher than 70%
and 85%, respectively. The IR between anoxic and aerobic
Figure 4. NO3--N and NH3-N concentration over the entire tanks demonstrated a significant role in TN and color
operation period of the anoxic-aerobic MBR removal due to development of bacterial community
26 ALBAHNASAWI et al.

under various IR. Nevertheless, the TOC concentration membrane bioreactor system, Bioresource Technology,
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Acknowledgements
Ma J. et al. (2018), Applications of membrane bioreactors for
I gratefully acknowledge the funding received towards my PhD water reclamation: Micropollutant removal, mechanisms
from Turks Abroad and Related Communities (YTB). The authors and perspectives, Bioresource Technology, Elsevier,
would like to thank Mr. Varol Çetinkaya (Füzyon Su Teknolojileri 269(June), 532–543. doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2018.08.121.
Ve Otomasyon San. Tic.Ltd. Sti) for providing the anoxic-aerobic Majewska-Nowak K.M. (2010), Application of ceramic
MBR pilot scale system. Thanks to Prof. Ebubekir Yuksel for his membranes for the separation of dye particles, Desalination,
encouragement and supervisory role and also all friends working Elsevier, 254(1–3), 185–191. doi: 10.1016/J.DESAL.2009.11.
at (SUMER) in Gebze technical university. 026.
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