Structural Simulation for Architects: An Introduction to

Structural Thinking for Design Students

David R Beach (Speaker)

Hammons School of Architecture at Drury University

Class Code: ED2398

Class Description:

Teaching structural design to architecture students is a bit like teaching a bowling ball to
float. Both design students and bowling balls require a change in their core states to be
successful in their relative tasks. Visual thinkers, like most architects, struggle with the
analysis and calculation process of structural design. As a result, they rarely gain comfort
with the iterative requirements of designing compelling structures that are additive to design
expressions. By introducing architecture students to structural simulation in Autodesk®
Revit® software, the learning process is modified to work with visual thinkers—developing
a stronger connection to the design process and improved direct feedback (visual in
nature) to the ramifications and potentials of design decisions. This class will outline
the opportunities and pedagogy of structural simulation as a predesign effort and design
development strategy in the architectural education studio course.

Learning Objectives:

1. Understanding the process of modeling with the structural tool set in Revit.
2. Application of structural simulation tools inside of Revit.
3. Modifications and enhancements that a simulation process can create in learning
structural design.
4. Understanding, reading, and applying simulation data as part of a design process.

About the Speaker:

David R Beach is an architect and Assistant Professor of Architecture at the Hammons

School of Architect at Drury University. Specializing in digital design technology, David is
an advocate of full digital immersion as part of a traditional design process augmenting
workflow to leverage technology to inform the design process, collaborate with clients and
communities, and rationalize decision making through an analysis only allowed through
the Building Information Modeling process. At the Hammons School of Architecture David
teaches in the design studio curriculum 2nd Year experience, the Center for Community
Studies working at the urban design scale, and both the introductory and advanced digital
design technology courses.

1
Structural Simulation for Architects: An Introduction to
Structural Thinking for Design Students
Teaching structural design to architecture students is a bit like teaching a bowling ball to float.
Both design students and bowling balls require a change in their core states to be successful in
their relative tasks. Visual thinkers like most architects, struggle with the analysis and calculation
process of structural design. As a result they rarely gain comfort with the iterative requirements of
designing compelling structures that are additive to design expressions. By introducing architecture
students to structural simulation in Revit, the learning process is modified to work with visual
thinkers developing a stronger connection to the design process, and improved direct feedback
(visual in nature) to the ramifications and potentials of design decisions. This class will outline
the opportunities and pedagogy of structural simulation as a predesign, and design development
strategy in the architectural education studio course.

In the academy, I want students to learn to manage the conflict between two modes of design
thinking: Analytical and Visceral. It is not enough to simply respond to form and functionality
in the current state of design, the relevant designer also has to manage significant amounts of
analytical data to drive architectural design. It could be argued that the profession does a poor job
of using analytical data to drive design thinking. For instance, an environmental analysis is often
performed at the conclusion of the design development on a project resulting in data that is not
capable of informing key design decisions. The data is informative, but not formative to the design
process. A result of not engaging analytical processes as part of a design process is a component
of the devaluation of architecture service of the last three decades. Designers and architects must
become far more engaged with the processes of managing data to manifest design. This process
of leveraging analytical data must begin at the academic level in the studio setting, creating skills
that can begin to modify the design process, and push
forward new modes of design thinking.

Building simulation is one of the key paradigm shifts

brought about by the Building Information Modeling
process. In particular, Revit® acts as a central hub
(Figure 1) in a design process that can include: cost
and constructability, rendering, object creation, project
management, construction documentation, interactive
files, and simulation. The process of simulation can
occur on the same file generating visceral design
information such as formality, materiality, and spatial
sequence. In the same mode of thinking that allows a
designer to modify and manipulate materials, one can
also make modifications through simulation to evaluate Figure 1. The BIM Hub.
environmental performance, cost analysis (as a form of
simulation), or structural performance.

The Model of a Digital Design Pedagogy:

Within a digital design curriculum very specific goals need to be developed and tracked ensuring
that there is both depth to the subject matter (learning what the buttons do is not enough), and
breadth to the application of the tools. Equally critical is the developing the means to assess
student performance, and progress of the curriculum goals. There are four modes of design thinking
2
(specifically digital design thinking) that are relevant to every new piece of curriculum we role out to
our students, structural simulation being the latest addition. They are: spaces within spaces, blank
screens equals blank thoughts, design criticality, and think•experiment•design•play.

Spaces in spaces describes the placement of digital design practice that I desire for each student
to implement throughout their process and carry into practice. Tim Brown, in his book Change by
Design, discusses three overlapping spaces of a project being “inspiration space, in which insights
are gathered from every possible source; an ideation space, in which those insights are translated
into ideas; and an implementation space, in which the best ideas are developed…” (Brown, 2009).
The new beauty being discovered in a rich BIM environment is that these spaces of process are
less sequential, and more parallel. That is, a new inspiration late in a project doesn’t require waiting
until the next project for implementation. Manipulations of a design can be made, modified, and
implemented while still being well coordinated throughout the project. In a digital design curriculum,
the student should maintain a constant mode of research to gain new inspiration. The student should
continually make objects, both analog (real) and virtual manifesting their concepts into ideas. The
ideas should constantly be tested (implemented) through critical analysis both during the programming
phase of the design process, as well as throughout final implementation. Understanding how the
data from each of the three spaces (inspiration, ideation, and implementation) impacts process is a
core objective to the digital design curriculum.

Blank screens = blank thoughts accounts for the difficulty of both learning design, and learning
digital design. Design is a mode of thinking that is difficult to learn, and it is compounded when
faced with a computer screen, and a legion of (at last count) 400 plus unique buttons in the base
Revit interface (not counting non-modal windows). When Revit in particluar opens, the student is
faces with four arrows (Figure 2) taunting them with the
notion of “design here.” Digital design is part of a design
process, when fully revealed the medium of digital can
certainly be inspirational in the creative phase, but
for most designers it is rarely visceral. Staring at a
blank screen, especially when learning design, and
learning software, has to be replaced with the activity
of building, drawing, sculpting, and actions that help
manifest thoughts to analog things. The student in
a digital design curriculum should learn a computer
process early in their education, but it should be taught
as something that augments the work flow. Starting
digital is often counter productive, as the software has
the potential of controlling the student’s design through
their limitations of program understanding (often
designing to their comfort level of the software, rather
Figure 2. The Opening Screen.
than designing with freedom). Starting with physical
elements that allow for visceral gestures promotes a
freedom of expression, connects design driven by conceptual thinking, and reduces the sensation
of nausea acquired from looking at a blank screen. Once objects are created, the computer can
begin developing and informing the process.

Design criticality is a mode of thinking within a projects process that emphasizes constant evaluation.
Trying to visualize what the process of design looks like (Figure 3) we end up with a path referred to
as the design spline. This is the causality of responding to the multiple factors that inform process,
and shape the project from concept to manifestation of form. While on some level we desire for
3
the spline to flatten out, and become a quantifiable
linear expression, the reality is that will never happen.
As a designer we are better served by the ability to
manage and effectively utilize the amount of data that
we are presented with by thoughtful critical analysis.
The goal then is to not just see the plate of spaghetti,
but what each twist and turn represents. This process
introduces a layer of critical thinking missing in many
educational studies, and as a result many architectural
design firms: the collaboration of analytical and visceral
design thinking to push, pull, and to inform the process
of design. Embracing and learning to navigate the
information gracefully through critcality requires the
right toolset to generate, visualize, and respond to the
data generated. Students have to learn to generate
Figure 3. The Design Spline.
data, (both in terms of design content, and design
information) and critique their own work through a
process of critical thinking.

Think.Experiment.Design.Play describes the state of

mind I want our digital design students to be immersed
in. If you have seen Tim Brown’s TED Talks video,
than you also know that he treats play as a serious
business, evoking the fun and joy of discovery, passion,
and creativity. Digital design and BIM should be the
virtual playground that allows for the discovery of ideas
(think), the development of a concept (experiment), the
manifestation of ideas into form (design), and tying this
to the notion that the creative process is an act of joy Figure 4. http://gramilano.com/2012/08/photo-
and not a laborious task intent on consuming the weak quotes-albert-einstein-on-creativity/einstein-
of spirit (play). Taking a second and reflect back on the creativity/.
design spline, we can reiterate that the design process
is not neat. In teaching design, struggling students
are often seeking for a linear process, and approach
the process of revision and edit with the negative
connotation that both words carry. The approach is
usually at fault, as the student designer is looking for
immediacy in results and responses. If the process
is valued, then the act of creativity is introduced with
the rigor of thoughtful exploration, and embraces the
notion that great work is executed through the joy and
passion of play.

The Relevance of Design Thinking with

Analytical Data:

Now, Coming, Change:

At the Association of Collegiate Schools of Architecture

conference in spring of 2012 (ACSA 100), Phil Bernstein, Figure 5. New York Times.
4
FAIA, provided a unique overview of the architecture
industry in three categorical definitions: Now, Coming,
and Change.

In understanding the current state of architecture (now),

the industry is experiencing very high unemployment
when compared to other sectors carrying professional
degrees, specifically 13.9% unemployment for recent
college graduates (Figure 6). This trend of increased
unemployment prompted The New York Times article
(Figure 5) titled “Want a Job? Go to College and Don’t
Major in Architecture.” While the architecture industry
can certainly blame a weak economy, and a slow down
in the construction sector, another reality that designers
have to observe is the limited scope in the performance of
design work relating to buildings. Engineering (still tied
to construction and manufacturing) has unemployment
listed at 7.9% for recent college graduates. This implies
at least two things: Engineers have greater diversity in
their job potential due to their education and skillset.
Engineers are creating a product (design) that carries
a marketable value to their clients. To increase stability
and the value of the architecture industry, designers
must improve the ability to leverage technology expand Figure 6. Unemployment data set from talk by Phil
the scope of services, and improve upon the ability to Berstein, ACSA 100 (2012).
evaluate and apply analytical data to design thinking.

The immediate future (coming) of the architectural

industry is the development and management of
increasingly complex elements that make up the
building process. The capability to manage and
analyze the complexity of future construction opens
up an increasingly expanding set of opportunities. By
looking at Bernstein’s Technology versus Processes
matrix (Figure 7) there are immediate opportunities
presented to the industry that must be embraced,
and developed to move the industry forward with a
broader sense of relevance. Analysis during design
is a key process currently available that imposes the
necessity of critical thinking regarding simulation data Figure 7. Technologies vs. Processes from talk by
Phil Berstein, ACSA 100 (2012).
as applied during the most creative stages (ideation) of
development. This requirement builds a broader understanding of design decisions, builds value to
the client, and is a key step to building the scope of work provided by a design team. This increase
in the work scope can then begin to include elements such as printed building components and
construction reality capture as potential services not often offered that have profound capabilities of
transforming the business of design.

Paoli Tombesi “holds the Chair in Construction at the University of Melbourne, and in particular has
studied the relationship between the intellectual dimension of architecture and the socio-technical
aspects of its physical construction” (ACSA Video 2011). In The Five Dimensions of Building Design
5
(Figure 8) Tombesi lays out the connectivity of tasks
within the process of design and construction on an
architectural project. Building design being in the
center, surrounded by a project’s definition and control,
scope formulation, production, erection and use and
maintenance. The connectivity of the different phases
must all communicate to, and inform the design process.
(WATCH TOMBESI VIDEO TOMORROW!!) This
notion is a driver of necessary change in the profession
of architecture and will be a design imperative not just
to complete projects of a complex nature, but to be
able to provide an improved service that leverages Figure 8. Paolo Tombesi - the five dimensions of
the ability to navigate the relationships gracefully and building designer, from talk by Phil Berstein, ACSA
100 (2012).
successfully. Effective navigation will require improved
application of technology and an understanding of the
BIM Hub (Figure 1) workflow.

The Pedagogy of Analysis:

There are currently three key pieces of analysis rolling into our design curriculum at Hammons
School of Architecture. At the forefront, this requires Building Information Modeling in Revit to be a
compulsory piece of our curriculum. The concept of applying analysis is not to study how a design
will perform, but to use performance to help guide design thinking. Understanding the difference
between performing an analysis pass on a design, and analyzing to inform the design is a critical
piece of our student performance criteria in our digital design curriculum. We have an immediate
goal of establishing analysis on energy and environmental response, structural design, and human
behavior.

Environmental response simulation should happen

in the pre-design or building programming phase. “A
green agenda did not used to be about ‘fashion,’ it
used to be about survival” (Foster, 2007). Norman
Foster is articulating a point that many designers are
sensing in the current trend of environmental design,
that a green design process is more about marketability
than a response to an emerging environmental crisis.
Despite our efforts in moving toward sustainable
thinking, we are still acting on a trend, not a necessity.
If environmental factors are going to inform our work,
they should be researched at the outset of design by Figure 9. Solar Heat Gain in Project Vasari
implementing current technology, our tool of choice at
the Hammons School of Architecture is Project Vasari®. The early phases of the design process,
especially building programming, still rely heavily on intuition, and a singular vision rather than
pragmatic information which can shape both the quantitative and qualitative aspects of design. Our
practice is that designers must begin integrating a process of intense information modeling and
simulation for economic, social, and environmental sustainability to create work that moves past
trend, and begins to approach environmental design thinking as necessity.

Structural simulation allows the designer to begin an earlier understanding of schematic

performance as it relates to forces imposed on the design. By implementing structural simulation
6
the designer can be more technically prepared to
engage the building team (engineers, contractors,
clients) in building performance, but can also leverage
structural thinking as a design process. This process
is often overlooked by designers who are typically
visual thinkers that are categorically comfortable
responding and reacting to the concepts of form, scale,
materiality, and techtonics. Visual thinkers however,
often struggle with the mathematical implications Figure 10. Structural Simulation in Robot.
imposed upon a process of resolving a structural
system which drives the design’s potential form, scale, materiality and techtonics. Introducing
structural simulation in Revit and Robot® allows for design process studies based on building
information models that generate visual feedback of analytical data regarding forces and deflection.
This creates an opportunity for the design student to test concepts, understand the relationship
between structural components, and generate structures that are integrated into the design concept.

Behavioral simulation utilizes virtual crowd control

technology to target responses and interactions
between design occupants and their built environment.
While this mode of research is easily performed by
observation of existing spaces, predicting interactions of
occupants is typically only performed based on building
code requirements (such as location and amounts of
egress), or instinctual based on assumptions of motion.
The process is not iterative or experimental, but only Figure 11. Behavioral simulation in Project Geppetto®.
applies assumptions based on previously generated
data. Applying behavioral simulation can resolve potential traffic and circulation problems, improve
egress rather than applying the lowest common denominator (building code), and create design
based on an analytical understanding of flow and motion of spatial sequence.

Structural Design Thinking:

This is a simplification, but an important one, and like

all things by Francis DK Ching brilliantly articulated.
“The Architecture of Space, Structure, and Enclosure”
regards three elemental formal tools. Spaces as the
organizational patterns, relationships and hierarchy.
Enclosure as the system that defines light, view,
focus and acoustics. And, the one we don’t deal with
often on a high level: structure, which is capable of
informing surface, shape, edges, and openings. What
I often observe in studios at all levels (academic, and
professional) that designers are well prepared to deal
with Ching’s artistic notions regarding the composition Figure 12. Spatial, Structural, and Enclosure systems
of space and enclosure, but disregard the potential of Villa Savoye in Form Space and Order by Francis
for structural expression. Perhaps designers don’t DK Ching.
respond to structural thinking with a truly critical process, or perhaps the thought of charts, graphs,
and numbers make visual thinkers queasy. Regardless of the reasons, the inability of any designer
to not thoughtfully resolve a structural solution devalues our ability to perform design tasks, reduces
the scope of work, and relegates design decisions to a team that is not trained to evaluate the
7
broader context of a project.

Moving back to gain perspective, I looked at both the

Architectural Registration Exams (ARE) and my own
structural education for context. What do we expect
designers to know about structures (ARE) and what
prerequisite knowledge is the academy providing to
build successful professionals? How do we teach
structural thinking? How do we create a process that
allows the student to respond to structure as a major
(one of three) element that is driving formal design
qualities: Space, Enclosure, Structure?

The ARE looks specifically at Genaral Forces, Seismic

Forces, Wind Forces, and Lateral Forces, as well as
a design vignette covering a simple structural solution
for a basic building. The requirements of the test cover
breadth of knowledge, but as multiple choice tests do,
require little to no depth in the application of structural
thinking. My personal structural education, which I
do value, prepared me for both the ARE and to have
basic communication skills with a structural engineer.
However, my structural education was centered
around texts like Load Resistance and Factor Design
(excerpt shown in Figure 13). While informative,
manuals are not capable of helping students think of
structure as a formative element in the design process.
They are non-visual by design (charts like designing
They limit the potential of finding structural solutions
to the mathematical “lid” on the student’s capabilities
usually set by either by college level trigonometry,
or precalculus. The potential of structural simulation
in the studio is the removal of the mathematical “lid”
which is replaced by the students limitation of creating
a building information model, and their imagination.
Students can begin to tackle more complex problems,
work on whole building solutions, and develop structural
designs that are additive to, or integral to the design
quality. Problem resolutions can become iterative in
process allowing for experimentation, and depth in
the exploration of possible solutions to the structural
problems.

The resultant of not learning the language of structural

design is a passive aggressive approach to employing
Figure 13. Load and Resistance Factor Design
structure as a design element in the educational studio. Volume 1, Second Edition by AISC.
Students are often either not comfortable at all with the
application of structure to their design and seek the lowest common denominator of resolution: the
default Revit bar joists everywhere. Or, the design student comes up with an elaborate solution,
often with no idea of how well it might actually work. Simulation can begin bringing resolution to
8
structural design, giving the students the chance to apply loads, modify the structural size and
spacing, observe deflection and resultant forces, and iterate the process to generate multiple
solutions providing depth and breadth to the structural solution.

Applying a broader scope to structural learning, Professor Keith Hedges (2012) has developed a
strategy of three realms of structural thinking: Rigid body statics and deformable body engineering
mechanics, material design and analysis, and building stabilization.

First, rigid body statics and deformable body engineering mechanics covers reactions, shear
and moment transfer, and section modulus. This mode of study allows a student to understand forces
and reactions within an overall structural system, application of forces on structural members, and
an understanding of structural scale. There are several opportunities for students to explore these
issues on their design solutions, but one of the most intuitive and productive pieces of software for
rigid body statics is Autodesk ForceEffect®. The process of working through ForceEffect should
occur in the preliminary, pre-design phase (massing) of an architectural project and should be
incorporated into the building programming documentation.

1. Export a sectional view in .jpg format of the massing

model and push the file to a device with ForceEffect
(my personal mode of transferring images is via email).

2. Start a new scene in ForceEffect and use Photo

Albums to import the section image as a background.

3. Using the Create Element tool (A.), draw the first

line (B.), then select the numerical length value (C.)
to a known dimension (in the example, 24’-0”)(D.).
This will establish the scale of the objects relative to
the background image. As long as you are essentially
tracing the background image, there will be no need to
modify the lengths of elements (Figure 14).

4. Finish tracing the key pieces of the structure using

Figure 14. Step 3 ForceEffect.
the section cut as an underlay for their location.

5. Add fixed pin supports (E.) under the columns (F.

and G.) that will be transferring the load to the ground
(Figure 15).

6. Note that the icon in the top right (The Degree of

Freedom Indicator (H.) is red, this essentially means
that the system is not statically determinant, and a
cross brace may be required to provided reaction
calculations. Add in a cross member if/as required (I.)
(Figure 15).

7. Select the forces toolset, and distributed load (J.).

Start placing a distributed load by touching first on the Figure 15. Step 5 and 6 ForceEffect.
9
element (K.) (structural member) that you want to load
applied to. Drag up to set the initial load, drag over to
begin distributing the load.

8. NOTE: You will probably want to scale the force

vectors to fit on screen. Click and hold on any blank
space in the project, and click the scale vectors tool
(top icon of the menu that pops up during the hold) to
modify the sizes of all vectors to fit proportionally within
the view.

9. To edit the load location and values: Click on the

select icon (L.), select the distributed load. Touch the Figure 16. Step 7 ForceEffect.
numerical lb/ft number (M.) to modify the load amount.
Touch and drag the grips in the lower corners of the
distributed load (N.) to modify the load location.

10. NOTE: Understand that you are applying a

distributed loads representing the loading value placed
on beams from either a floor or roof system. A good
starting point might be assuming a structure that is either
10’ or 20’ on center. Using building codes, resolve the
type of loading condition per square foot and multiply
this by the span. A 10lb/sqft load with a structure that is
20’ on center creates a 200lb/ft distributed load across
an element in ForceEffect.
Figure 17. Step 9 ForceEffect.
11. Complete the distributed loads (Figure 18).

12. Output the file by selecting the Report button on

the top right (O.). You can then either print or email the
report by using the Send icon in the top left. The report
from the example project is in the following pages.

13. Analysis: There are a couple of key elements that

are especially important for a student to understand.
First, offset columns are a problem unless (columns
HG and CF) there is a truly significant design reason
forcing this decision. Along with the offset problem, the
issue is being compounded by the cantilever with the
upper column landing on the cantilever side. Finally, Figure 18. Step 11 and 12 ForceEffect.
column HG is carrying more than three times the load
as column AD. Design solutions exist to normalize the
situation, distribute the loads more evenly between the
columns, and improve the situation with the cantilever.
By building this diagram and report in the pre-design
phase, thoughtful resolution can be incorporated into
the design.

10
Report file:///C:/my box/Drury/scholarly/AU 2012/simulation images/force effec...




  
 
 
 
 
 
 


  
 

 

 





   
  

  


1 of 7 11/11/2012 2:33 PM

11
Report file:///C:/my box/Drury/scholarly/AU 2012/simulation images/force effec...



 
      
    

      

    

      

    

      

    

      

    

     

   

     

   

 




2 of 7 11/11/2012 2:33 PM

12
Report file:///C:/my box/Drury/scholarly/AU 2012/simulation images/force effec...



 
    
  

     

   

     

   

      

    

      

    

      

    

      

    

 


 


 




3 of 7 11/11/2012 2:33 PM

13
Report file:///C:/my box/Drury/scholarly/AU 2012/simulation images/force effec...



 
      
    

     

    

     

    

     

   

     

   

     

   

     

   

 




4 of 7 11/11/2012 2:33 PM

14
Report file:///C:/my box/Drury/scholarly/AU 2012/simulation images/force effec...



 
    
  

     

   

     

   

     

   

     

   

     

   

     

   

 




5 of 7 11/11/2012 2:33 PM

15
Report file:///C:/my box/Drury/scholarly/AU 2012/simulation images/force effec...



 
         
        
    
 

        
      

        
      

     
  

     
  

  
 

  
 



6 of 7 11/11/2012 2:33 PM

16
Report file:///C:/my box/Drury/scholarly/AU 2012/simulation images/force effec...



 
    
  

     

   

     

   

      

    

      

    

     

   

     

   

 




7 of 7 11/11/2012 2:33 PM

17
Second, material design and analysis covers
preliminary member size, beam lateral buckling, and
column slenderness. This mode of study allows a
student to understand specific structural member sizing,
and the relationship between scale and materiality.
Utilizing Revit (in particular the Revit Extensions) and
Autodesk Robot® students can resolve preliminary
sizing, eliminate unnecessary complexity, work through
multiple material solutions in an iterative process, and Figure 19. Massing Model.
introduce an understanding of the structural systems
attributes during design formation.

1. Starting with the base massing model, navigate to

the first area of study, a floor plan view, and establish
a structural grid (A.). Remember, the structural
grid system in Revit is not as much about stating
emphatically “a column will go here” as it is a means to
control columns, footings, beams, and cross bracing.
Moving one grid line is easier than moving all of
previously mentioned elements, so establishing grids
is a mode of manipulation at this point, not a mode of
location (Figure 20). Figure 20. Establish Structural Grid.

2. Isolate the structural grid (B.) making it easier to

select the intersection of structural grids. And select the
column tool (C.) (Figure 21). Using the “at grids” tool,
highlight all of the grid lines that you want to include
columns and press the green OK check to place the
default column at each grid intersection.

Figure 21. Isolate and Add Columns.

3. Moving to a 3d view (this particular view was built

by duplicating the default 3d view, and hiding all of
the massing elements in the view, and renaming the
view “structure”) modify the structural columns by
establishing connections at the Base and Top Levels
(D. and E.). Yes, you should do this prior to making
the columns, but I never do, you probably don’t either!
You can also make any material or construction
modifications you would like to the columns at this time
as well. For this tutorial, we are going to be using steel Figure 22. Modify Columns.
(Figure 22).

18
4. Moving to level two, select the beam tool (F.) under
the Structure tab. Using the “On Grids” tool, select
each grid line that has a beam associated with it using
“Crtl Click” to select multiple grid lines. Click the green
finish check to create the beams. Repeat this process
for any necessary levels (Figure 23). Note: You can
also trace column line to column line on each level...it
is just more work and less fun.

Figure 23. Add Beams.

5. Add Isolated Footings (under the Structure tab)

for each column using the “At Column” method in the
3d view (G.) verifying that the footings will be added
at level 1 (H.). Select each column using “Crtl Click”
to select multiple columns, and click the green finish
check mark to create the footings (Figure 24).

Figure 24. Add Isolated Footings.

6. Add a structural floor slab to the second level. Note:

This is not an architectural floor! It is located under
both the Architecture and Structure tabs, but you need
to verify that you are using the Floor: Structure tool.
Use the “Pick Supports” tool (I.) to select each beam
(J.) that forms the perimeter of the floor. Make sure the
purple lines forming the floor boundary are a closed
loop (no gaps, overlaps, or duplicates in line work) and
then click the green finish check mark to create the
floor (Figure 25). Figure 25. Create structural floor.

7. NOTE: Revit materials are not just defining the

appearance of virtual objects, but performance as well.
Material properties contain physical values that allow
complete thermal and structural simulation (Figure 26).
You can review and modify the properties (I would highly
recommend not modify the properties without expert
advise on material performance) by selecting materials
in the object properties (K.), double clicking on the
desired material for review in the material browser (L.),
to open up physical properties (M.). Figure 26. Concrete material properties.

19
8. Modeling problem one: The beams and floor were
both created on level two. That means the top of the
beams and the top of the floor are both in the same
plane, which is doable but not probable in construction.
The working solution that I used prior to running
simulation was to duplicate the Level Two elevation
tag in the section view (Figure 27) renaming it to TO
Beams (Top of Beams). However, the simulation we
will be running on composite beams looks for a slab
and beam associated to the same reference tag. So, Figure 27. TO beam.
for simulation reasons use an offset to the depth of the
slab.

9. Next, we are going to add a load onto the floor

system that will create forces distributed through the
structural members, down to the footings. Select the
Loads toolset is under the Analyze tab, and click on
Area Load (O.) (Figure 28). Add the area load to the
outside edge of the concrete slab, and take time to lock
the load boundary lines to the slab edge (Figure 29, P.).

Figure 28. Area load.

10. Set the parameters of the of the area load in the

properties panel. For the sake of simplicity (remember,
the goal is to resolve and discovery basic information
in the formative design phases!) we will assume all
vertical loading under the DL1 or dead load category,
and all lateral loads under the WIND1 or wind load
category. The goal is simplicity, additional modifications,
parameters, detailing and data sets can be added later
in the process. For the example project we are only
using DL1 (Q.) and -.1 ksi (one hundred pounds per Figure 29. Area load parameters.
square foot down) (R.) as the loading condition (Figure
29).

11. Switching back to a 3d view, launch the composite

beam design tool by selecting a beam (S.), then the
Extensions tab (T.), the Analysis drop down list (U.)
and Composite Design (V.). This will launch a portion
of Robot within the Revit workspace (Figure 30).

Figure 30. Launch composite beam design.

20
12. Select the Design tool (W.) and change the view
workspace mode to Beam (X.). Note the big red “X” on
the bottom right of the screen (Y.), this denotes that the
beam has failed the simulation. Choose the option of
“Design Non-Composite” (Z.) for the design parameters
(as a an architect, we are not in the best position to
use composite parameters to weigh cost versus labor,
and we are only looking for a schematic understanding
of size and scale). Click Design Selected Beam (A.),
verify that the results and click OK (B.) to apply the Figure 31. Composite beam design.
new beam design to the Revit model. Note: Similar to
ForceEffect, but with additional detail, a full report can
be output to either word or excel from the Composite
Design tool (Figure 31).

13. In the 3d view, isolate the beam category (C.) and

apply the new beam parameters to all the beams with a
similar loading condition using the Match Properties tool
(D.) by selecting the designed beam (E.) to the beam
to be modified (F.). Or, repeat step 12 as necessary
for conditions with any beam with a variance in their
conditions.

Figure 32. Match Properties.

Third, building stabilization covers rigid and braced buildings, and centers of lateral forces and
stiffness. This mode of study allows a student to understand overall structural performance and the
implicit interaction between elements of the construction. Utilizing Autodesk Robot on a model imported
from Revit overall forces and deflection can be studied. The model can then be updated with model
modifications inside of Revit to iterate the structural simulation in Robot.

1. In preparing the file to be pushed to Robot, we

want to keep as much as possible in Revit (the tool we
are familiar with), so make any changes to the model
to resolve or expand on the structure, and add any
additional forces. For this case, we are adding a lateral
load by setting the work plane along the columns to the
outside of the structure. Under the analyze tab select
Loads and Area Load. Establish the load by using the
Pick Lines tool (A.) to select the outside edges of the
columns (B.). Set the force type Wind Load (C.), and Figure 33. Wind Loads.
set the wind value in Kips/square foot (D.) (Figure 33).

21
2. Because we are adding in a wind load, we should
begin adding in some cross bracing (a reality most
architects are in denial over) by starting in plan view,
and under the structure tab select Brace (E.), and then
add a brace A10 to A11 (F-G.). NOTE: For the purposes
of demonstrating values in Robot, I am going to leave
the cross bracing only on one side. This should create
a clearly visible disparity in the lateral loading of the
columns (Figure 34).
Figure 34. Brace.

3. Still working on cross bracing, move the Start

Attachment setting in the Properties menu (H.) to FFE
Level 2. This places the brace (I.) at a diagonal along
the column line grid (Figure 35).

Figure 35. Brace diagonal.

4. Under the analyze tab (J.), select Structural Analysis
(K.), and then the Robot Sturctural Analysis Link tool
(L.). Verify that Send Model is selected, and then click
OK. You use the same method to update the file in
Robot, and you can use the update button to update
your Revit file from any changes made in Robot.
(Figure 36).

Figure 36. Robot link.

5. In Robot, select Section Shapes (M.), Load Symbols

(N.), and then set the load case to DL1 in the top center
drop down list (O.). This begins to set up a visual work
space that allows us to see the elements, and forces.
You can switch the load case to any loading scenario
that has been built in Revit (Figure 37).

Figure 37. Robot - Display Settings.

22
6. Press the calculate button (P.), then switch the
display mode layout to Results - Diagrams (Q.). Under
the Deformations tab, check Deformation, Exact
Deformation on Bars, and Deformation in Structural
Scale (R.), and set the scale to 1 (S.), then click the
Apply button (T.). If you don’t notice much, that is
probably a good thing, as this value setting is designed
to display the exact deformation of the structure.
On the bottom right (U.), take note of the maximum
deformation, in the case of this sample project it is 4”, Figure 38. Robot - Deformation (1:1 Scale).
which is totally unacceptable (Figure 38).

7. To develop a better understanding of the deformation

results, we can modify the representation scale of the
deformation and animate it by modifying the scale
factor (V.), set the number of frames to animate, and
frames per second (W.) (I used 30 frames at 10 frames
per second to build a 3 second animation). By pressing
start Robot will build an animation showing how the
structure deforms under the provided loads. Press the Figure 39. Robot - Animate Deformation (30:1 Scale).
stop button (Y.) to return back to the Robot workspace
(Figure 39).

8. Verify that you are still on the results - diagrams

(Z.) in the drop down list. Move to the NTM tab in the
diagrams menu (A.) and turn on the Forces (B.) and
Moments (C.) and select apply to show the diagrams
(D.). If the visual created is too busy, make sure you turn
off the loading diagrams (E.), minimize the selections,
or increase the diagram representation size (F.). The Figure 40. Forces and Moments Diagram.
diagram visuals allow you to see the beams under their
load conditions, variables across the structure, and
provides the maximum forces and moments overall
across the readout on the right (Figure 40).

9. Change the display drop down to Maps (G.), and

select the xy Moment map (H.) and select Apply (I.).
This displays a map on the concrete slab conveying
the direction and amount of shear force in the concrete
Figure 41. Moment Map.
slab (Figure 41).

10. The mapping system has a ton of depth, but one

of the other major ones for architects to pay attention
to provides another visualization of displacement. Go
to the Principal tab (J.), Total Displacements (K.), and
then select Apply (L.). The map will provide information
regarding displacement amount and location across a
slab (Figure 42).

Figure 42. Displacement Map.

23
The goal from these steps is to build up the understanding of how the structure is going to perform in
its basic configuration by the designer. For instance, providing cross bracing at only one side creates a
massive discrepancy in the lateral loading of the columns. The cantilever that extends on the front right
of the imagery has the most deflection, helping resolve that if it is to remain in the design configuration,
it should be a priority discussion with the structural engineer, or an alternate design (columns, or
additional connections) should be designed into the structure. As the design evolves, the complexity
of the structure evolves, and the structural system is updated through articulation, simulation, and an
iterative design process.

Floating the Bowling Ball:

The potential of architectural designer mastery of a structural simulation tool set is largely unknown,
as it has not been applied in mass. Bjarke Ingels describes in his May 2011 TED Talk: Hedonistic
Sustainability that “If people don’t know they can’t act.” While the quote was covering the topic of
sustainability, it applies directly to any area where knowledge is available, but either not uncovered
or applied. Expanding the design process with structural thinking through simulation creates the
opportunity for moving further with structural expression as an element of design, expanding the ability
to learn and engage structural education, and improves the ability for the architectural design team to
communicate with the structural design team.

Santiago Calatrava described at a 2002 lecture at MIT: “If we consider engineering an art – as I
believe it is – and if we go back to a time when there was no difference between the art of architecture
and the art of engineering…then we can consider that it is in ourselves, and especially in the new
generation, that a rebirth of art happens.” That rebirth of design has the potential to evolve largely due
to advancements in technology that allow earlier testing of concepts, and more advanced testing by a
larger pool of users (anyone using Revit).

Ove Arup discusses the collaborative nature of designer in a letter to Walter Gropius expressing
that “the conceptual process (is) a total entity, form, structure and economy being inseparable within
it….Education of architects, engineers, and artists alike must then, first of all, be directed towards
understanding and accepting the collaborative process….Within this process the final control will fall
to that individual who has the broadest scope and is willing to accept from his teammates everything
which can enrich the total conception.” Collaboration is one of the key elements in the process of
design. Improved communication comes through broadening the education of design students to be
more engaged in the structural design process, matching design thinking to structural thinking. As
students move to practice they should be equipped with the ability to resolve, at least at the schematic
level, the structural system of their design.

Rafael L. Bras, the former Director for the Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering at MIT
explains that “The divorce of architecture and engineering is long standing and now, at least in the United
States, almost ubiquitous. This divorce injures both parties. The ambition of architects to build well is
diminished. Engineering becomes formulaic and uncomprehending of its social, environmental, and
aesthetic dimensions.” Improved communication between the structural design team and architectural
design team is imperative in the complexity of the future of design. Discussion over a shared BIM model
residing in the cloud which runs structural simulation in realtime is part of the near future. Without the
basic understanding of how this will shape our design thinking, further distance will be created in the
gap between engineer and architect. With a rich understanding of structural simulation as a design
tool, there is an incredible opportunity to evolve both the collaboration process and creative thinking.

The engagement of the science of design is as fundamental as the aesthetic qualities of building form.
24
As new technology emerges, it will not resolve the technical issues, and it will certainly not resolve formal
issues. Utilizing technology though to augment a personal process of design thinking that manages
insight from multiple stake holders through collaboration, creates opportunity to explore environmental
responsiveness through energy simulation, and allows for greater depth of exploring multiple options
and possibilities of building solutions through structural simulation. A lack of development on how to
properly engage the design process with technology at the academic level will certainly add to the
continual devaluation of the profession of architecture. It will continue a wave of missed opportunities
for a field that can have an expansive and extroverted process, to become isolated by having fewer
clients in need of service, and introverted in terms of its value system and priorities.

Sources:

Autodesk: http://bimcurriculum.autodesk.com/overview/autodesk-structural-engineering-curriculum

Bernstein, Phil (2010) Autodesk Yale BIM Symposium http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WS_eqP-

kNmfs

Bernstein, Phil (2012) ACSA 100. http://prezi.com/ugtanoi1i3ke/asca-futures-presentation/

Brown, Tim (2009) Change by Design.

Ching, Francis D.K. (1979) Architecture: Form, Space and Order.

Foster, Norman. DLD Conference, January 2007. _Ted Talks_ 30 Jan. 2011. http://www.ted.com/
talks/norman_foster_s_green_agenda.html

Hedges, Keith E. (2012). The Magic Eight Engineering Concepts to Infinitely Inform Architectural De-
sign.

Jones, Peter (2006) Ove Arup Masterbuilder of the Twentieth Centuary.

Lewis, Cecilia Kausel and Ann Pendleton-Jullian, editors (2002) Santiago Calatrava – Conversations
with Students.

Kuntsler, James (2007) How Bad Architecture Wrecked Cities http://www.ted.com/talks/james_how-

ard_kunstler_dissects_suburbia.html

Process Architecture: Number 23 (1981) Pier Luigi Nervi.

25