Tutorial Java

Uung Ungkawa
Itenas 2024
Variabel
• A variable is a container which holds the value while the Java
program is executed. A variable is assigned with a data type.
• Variable is a name of memory location. There are three types of
variables in java: local, instance and static.
• A variable is the name of a reserved area allocated in memory.
• In other words, it is a name of the memory location. It is a
combination of "vary + able" which means its value can be
changed.

int data=50;//Here data is variable

Jenis Variabel
• local variable
• A variable declared inside the body of the method is called local variable. You can
use this variable only within that method and the other methods in the class aren't
even aware that the variable exists.
• A local variable cannot be defined with "static" keyword.
• instance variable
• A variable declared inside the class but outside the body of the method, is called an
instance variable.
• It is called an instance variable because its value is instance-specific and is not
shared among instances.
• It is not declared as static.
• static variable
• A variable that is declared as static is called a static variable. It cannot be local. You
can create a single copy of the static variable and share it among all the instances
of the class.
• Memory allocation for static variables happens only once when the class is loaded
in the memory.
 Tanpa static di prodi

class Mahasiswa{
int NIM;
String nama;
String prodi="IF";
}

class Mahasiswa{ class Mahasiswa{

int NIM=152001001; int NIM=152001002;
String nama=“Unyil Surunyil”; String nama=“Usro Suroso”;
String prodi="IF"; String prodi="IF";
} }
Dengan static di prodi
class Mahasiswa{
int NIM;
String nama;
static String prodi="IF";
}

class Mahasiswa{ class Mahasiswa{

int NIM=152001001; int NIM=152001002;
String nama=“Unyil Surunyil”; String nama=“Usro Suroso”;
} }

String prodi="IF";
Static variable initialization
1.Static variables are initialized when class is loaded.
2.Static variables are initialized before any object of that class is created.
3.Static variables are initialized before any static method of the class
executes.

Default values for static and non-static variables are same.

primitive integers(long, short etc): 0
primitive floating points(float, double): 0.0
boolean: false
object references: null
Tipe Data
1.Primitive data types: The primitive data types include
boolean, char, byte, short, int, long, float and double.
2.Non-primitive data types: The non-primitive data types
include Classes, Interfaces, and Arrays.

Java is a statically-typed programming language. It means,

all variables must be declared before its use. That is why we
need to declare variable's type and name.
Primitif
• Ada 8
• boolean data type
• byte data type
• char data type
• short data type
• int data type
• long data type
• float data type
• double data type
Primitif
Data Type Default Value Default size

boolean false 1 bit

char '\u0000' 2 byte
byte 0 1 byte
short 0 2 byte
int 0 4 byte
long 0L 8 byte
float 0.0f 4 byte
double 0.0d 8 byte
Operator
• Ada 8 jenis:
• Unary Operator,
• Arithmetic Operator,
• Shift Operator,
• Relational Operator,
• Bitwise Operator,
• Logical Operator,
• Ternary Operator and
• Assignment Operator.
Operator
Operator Type Category Precedence
Unary postfix expr++ expr--
prefix ++expr --expr +expr -expr ~ !

Arithmetic multiplicative */%

additive +-
Shift shift << >> >>>
Relational comparison < > <= >= instanceof
equality == !=
Bitwise bitwise AND &
bitwise exclusive OR ^
bitwise inclusive OR |
Logical logical AND &&
logical OR ||
Ternary ternary ?:
Assignment assignment = += -= *= /= %= &= ^= |= <<= >>= >>>=
Kontrol di Java
1.Decision Making statements
1. if statements
2.switch statement
2.Loop statements
1. do while loop
2.while loop
3.for loop
4.for-each loop
3.Jump statements
1. break statement
2.continue statement
Statemen If
1.Simple if statement
2.if-else statement
3.if-else-if ladder
4.Nested if-statement
If-else-If ladder
if(condition 1) {
statement 1; //executes when condition 1 is true
}
else if(condition 2) {
statement 2; //executes when condition 2 is true
}
else {
statement 2; //executes when all the conditions are false
}
Nested If Statement
if(condition 1) {
statement 1; //executes when condition 1 is true
if(condition 2) {
statement 2; //executes when condition 2 is true
}
else{
statement 2; //executes when condition 2 is false
}
}
Switch Statement
switch (expression){
case value1:
statement1;
break;
.
.
.
case valueN:
statementN;
break;
default:
default statement;
}
Loop
• There are differences in their syntax and condition checking
time.
1.for loop
2.while loop
3.do-while loop
Loop for
for(initialization, condition, increment/decrement) {
//block of statements
}
Java for-each loop

for(data_type var : array_name/collection_name){

//statements
}
Java while loop
while(condition){
//looping statements
}
Java do-while loop
do
{
//statements
} while (condition);
Jump Statements
• Jump statements are used to transfer the control of the
program to the specific statements.
• In other words, jump statements transfer the execution
control to the other part of the program.
• There are two types of jump statements in Java, i.e., break
and continue.
Break
• The break statement is used to break the current flow of
the program and transfer the control to the next statement
outside a loop or switch statement.
• However, it breaks only the inner loop in the case of the
nested loop.
• The break statement cannot be used independently in the
Java program, i.e., it can only be written inside the loop or
switch statement.
Java Labeled For Loop
• We can have a name of each Java for loop. To do so, we use label
before the for loop.
• It is useful while using the nested for loop as we can break/continue
specific for loop.
• Note: The break and continue keywords breaks or continues the innermost
for loop respectively.

labelname:
for(initialization; condition; increment/decrement){
//code to be executed
}
Contoh
//A Java program to demonstrate the use of labeled for loop
public class LabeledForExample {
public static void main(String[] args) {
//Using Label for outer end for loop
aa:
for(int i=1;i<=3;i++){
bb:
for(int j=1;j<=3;j++){
if(i==2&&j==2){
break aa; //tidak lanjut ke j=3
}
System.out.println(i+" "+j);
}
}
}
}
Java Infinitive for Loop
for(;;){
//code to be executed
}
 Perbandingan loop
Comparison for loop while loop do-while loop
Introduction The Java for loop is a The Java while loop is a
The Java do while loop is a
control flow statement control flow statement that
control flow statement that
that iterates a part of executes a part of the
executes a part of the
the programs multiple programs repeatedly on the
programs at least once and the
times. basis of given boolean
further execution depends
condition. upon the given boolean
condition.
When to use If the number of If the number of iteration is If the number of iteration is not
iteration is fixed, it is not fixed, it is fixed and you must have to
recommended to use recommended to use while execute the loop at least once,
for loop. loop. it is recommended to use the
do-while loop.
Java Continue Statement
• The continue statement is used in loop control structure
when you need to jump to the next iteration of the loop
immediately. It can be used with for loop or while loop.
• The Java continue statement is used to continue the loop. It
continues the current flow of the program and skips the
remaining code at the specified condition. In case of an
inner loop, it continues the inner loop only.
• We can use Java continue statement in all types of loops
such as for loop, while loop and do-while loop.
Contoh
//Java Program to demonstrate the use of continue statement
//inside the for loop.
public class ContinueExample {
public static void main(String[] args) {
//for loop
for(int i=1;i<=10;i++){
if(i==5){
//using continue statement
continue;//it will skip the rest statement
}
System.out.println(i); //akan dilewat, lanjut ke i=6
}
}
}
Contoh
//Java Program to demonstrate the use of continue statement
//inside the for loop.
public class ContinueExample {
public static void main(String[] args) {
//for loop
for(int i=1;i<=10;i++){ Output ???
if(i==5){
//using continue statement
break;//it will skip the rest statement
}
System.out.println(i); //akan dilewat
}
}
}
Java Continue Statement with Inner Loop
//Java Program to illustrate the use of continue statement
//inside an inner loop
public class ContinueExample2 {
public static void main(String[] args) {
//outer loop
for(int i=1;i<=3;i++){
//inner loop
for(int j=1;j<=3;j++){
if(i==2&&j==2){
//using continue statement inside inner loop
continue;
}
System.out.println(i+" "+j);
}
}
} Coba ganti continue dengan break, output?
}
Java Continue Statement with Labelled For
Loop
//Java Program to illustrate the use of continue statement
//with label inside an inner loop to continue outer loop
public class ContinueExample3 {
public static void main(String[] args) {
aa:
for(int i=1;i<=3;i++){
bb:
for(int j=1;j<=3;j++){
if(i==2&&j==2){
//using continue statement with label
continue aa;
}
System.out.println(i+" "+j);
}
}
}
}
Java Continue Statement with Labelled For
Loop
//Java Program to illustrate the use of continue statement
//with label inside an inner loop to continue outer loop
public class ContinueExample3 {
public static void main(String[] args) {
aa:
for(int i=1;i<=3;i++){
bb:
for(int j=1;j<=3;j++){
if(i==2&&j==2){ Output ?
//using continue statement with label
continue bb;
}
System.out.println(i+" "+j);
}
}
}
}
Java Comments
• The Java comments are the statements in a program that
are not executed by the compiler and interpreter.
• Why
• Comments are used to make the program more readable by
adding the details of the code.
• It makes easy to maintain the code and to find the errors easily.
• The comments can be used to provide information or explanation
about the variable, method, class, or any statement.
• It can also be used to prevent the execution of program code
while testing the alternative code.
Types of Java Comments
1.Single Line Comment //This is single line comment
2.Multi Line Comment
/*
This is multi line
comment
*/
3.Documentation Comment
• Documentation comments are usually used to write large programs for a
project or software application as it helps to create documentation API.
These APIs are needed for reference, i.e., which classes, methods,
arguments, etc., are used in the code.
• To create documentation API, we need to use the javadoc tool. The
documentation comments are placed between /** and */.
Method
• A method is a block of code or collection of statements or a set of
code grouped together to perform a certain task or operation.
• It is used to achieve the reusability of code. We write a method once
and use it many times. We do not require to write code again and
again.
• It also provides the easy modification and readability of code, just
by adding or removing a chunk of code. The method is executed only
when we call or invoke it.
• The most important method in Java is the main() method. If you want
to read more about the main() method, go through the
link https://www.javatpoint.com/java-main-method
Method Declaration
• The method declaration provides information about method attributes, such as
visibility, return-type, name, and arguments.
• It has six components that are known as method header, as we have shown in the
following figure.
Deklarasi metode
• Method Signature: Every method has a method signature. It is a part
of the method declaration. It includes the method
name and parameter list.
• Access Specifier: Access specifier or modifier is the access type of
the method. It specifies the visibility of the method. Java
provides four types of access specifier:
• Public: The method is accessible by all classes when we use public specifier in
our application.
• Private: When we use a private access specifier, the method is accessible only
in the classes in which it is defined.
• Protected: When we use protected access specifier, the method is accessible
within the same package or subclasses in a different package.
• Default: When we do not use any access specifier in the method declaration,
Java uses default access specifier by default. It is visible only from the same
package only.
• Return Type: Return type is a data type that the method returns. It
may have a primitive data type, object, collection, void, etc. If the
method does not return anything, we use void keyword.
• Method Name: It is a unique name that is used to define the name of
a method. It must be corresponding to the functionality of the
method. Suppose, if we are creating a method for subtraction of two
numbers, the method name must be subtraction(). A method is
invoked by its name.
• Parameter List: It is the list of parameters separated by a comma and
enclosed in the pair of parentheses. It contains the data type and
variable name. If the method has no parameter, left the parentheses
blank.
• Method Body: It is a part of the method declaration. It contains all the
actions to be performed. It is enclosed within the pair of curly braces.
Naming a Method
• While defining a method, remember that the method name
must be a verb and start with a lowercase letter.
• If the method name has more than two words, the first
name must be a verb followed by adjective or noun.
• In the multi-word method name, the first letter of each word
must be in uppercase except the first word. For example:
• Single-word method name: sum(), area()
• Multi-word method name: areaOfCircle(), stringComparision()
• It is also possible that a method has the same name as another
method name in the same class, it is known as method
overloading.
Types of Method
• There are two types of methods in Java:
• Predefined Method
• User-defined Method
Predefined method
• In Java, predefined methods are the method that is already
defined in the Java class libraries is known as predefined
methods.
• It is also known as the standard library method or built-in
method. We can directly use these methods just by calling
them in the program at any point.
• Some pre-defined methods are length(), equals(),
compareTo(), sqrt(), etc. When we call any of the
predefined methods in our program, a series of codes
related to the corresponding method runs in the
background that is already stored in the library.
User-defined Method
• The method written by the user or programmer is known as a user-
defined method. These methods are modified according to the
requirement.
• How to Create a User-defined Method
• Let's create a user defined method that checks the number is even or
odd. First, we will define the method.
Static Method
• A method that has static keyword is known as static method.
• In other words, a method that belongs to a class rather than an
instance of a class is known as a static method. We can also
create a static method by using the keyword static before the
method name.
• The main advantage of a static method is that we can call it
without creating an object.
• It can access static data members and also change the value of
it. It is used to create an instance method.
• It is invoked by using the class name. The best example of a
static method is the main() method.
Static Method

public class Display

{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
show();
}

static void show()

{
System.out.println("It is an example of static method.");
}
}
Instance Method
• The method of the class is known as an instance method.
• It is a non-static method defined in the class.
• Before calling or invoking the instance method, it is
necessary to create an object of its class.
• Let's see an example of an instance method.
Instance Method
public class InstanceMethodExample
{
public static void main(String [] args)
{
//Creating an object of the class
InstanceMethodExample obj = new InstanceMethodExample();
//invoking instance method
System.out.println("The sum is: "+obj.add(12, 13));
}
int s;
//user-defined method because we have not used static keyword
public int add(int a, int b)
{
s = a+b;
//returning the sum
return s;
}
}
Type instance method
• There are two types of instance method:
• Accessor Method
• The method(s) that reads the instance variable(s) is known as the accessor
method. We can easily identify it because the method is prefixed with the
word get. It is also known as getters. It returns the value of the private field.
It is used to get the value of the private field.
• Mutator Method
• The method(s) read the instance variable(s) and also modify the values. We
can easily identify it because the method is prefixed with the word set. It is
also known as setters or modifiers. It does not return anything. It accepts a
parameter of the same data type that depends on the field. It is used to set
the value of the private field.
Abstract Method
• The method that does not has method body is known as
abstract method.
• In other words, without an implementation is known as
abstract method.
• It always declares in the abstract class. It means the class
itself must be abstract if it has abstract method.
• To create an abstract method, we use the
keyword abstract.
abstract void method_name();
Factory method
• It is a method that returns an object to the class to which it
belongs.
• All static methods are factory methods.
• For example,
NumberFormat obj = NumberFormat.getNumberInstance();
Constructors in Java
• In Java, a constructor is a block of codes similar to the method. It is
called when an instance of the class is created. At the time of calling
constructor, memory for the object is allocated in the memory.
• It is a special type of method which is used to initialize the object.
• Every time an object is created using the new keyword, at least one
constructor is called.
• It calls a default constructor if there is no constructor available in the
class. In such case, Java compiler provides a default constructor by
default.
• There are two types of constructors in Java:
• no-arg constructor, and
• parameterized constructor.
Constructors
• It is called constructor because it constructs the values at
the time of object creation.
• It is not necessary to write a constructor for a class. It is
because java compiler creates a default constructor if your
class doesn't have any.
Rules for creating Java constructor

• There are two rules defined for the constructor.

1.Constructor name must be the same as its class name
2.A Constructor must have no explicit return type
3.A Java constructor cannot be abstract, static, final, and
synchronized
Java Default Constructor
• A constructor is called "Default Constructor" when it
doesn't have any parameter.
• Syntax of default constructor:
<class_name>(){}
Constructor Overloading in Java
• In Java, a constructor is just like a method but without
return type. It can also be overloaded like Java methods.
• Constructor overloading in Java is a technique of having
more than one constructor with different parameter lists.
• They are arranged in a way that each constructor performs
a different task.
• They are differentiated by the compiler by the number of
parameters in the list and their types.
Difference between constructor and method
in Java
Java Constructor Java Method
A constructor is used to initialize the state A method is used to expose the behavior
of an object. of an object.
A constructor must not have a return A method must have a return type.
type.
The constructor is invoked implicitly. The method is invoked explicitly.
The Java compiler provides a default The method is not provided by the
constructor if you don't have any compiler in any case.
constructor in a class.
The constructor name must be same as The method name may or may not be
the class name. same as the class name.