Scribd
Upload
10 views

Java EX2

This document discusses the static keyword in Java and provides examples of static variables and static methods. It defines static as belonging to the class rather than instances. Static variables are declared to refer to common properties and are stored in class memory rather than object memory. Static methods can access static variables and do not require object instantiation. The example program creates a SavingsAccount class with a static interest rate and instance balance variables. It tests the class by creating accounts, setting the interest rate, calculating monthly interest using a static method, and printing new balances.

Uploaded by

jinapiv216
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
10 views

Java EX2

This document discusses the static keyword in Java and provides examples of static variables and static methods. It defines static as belonging to the class rather than instances. Static variables are declared to refer to common properties and are stored in class memory rather than object memory. Static methods can access static variables and do not require object instantiation. The example program creates a SavingsAccount class with a static interest rate and instance balance variables. It tests the class by creating accounts, setting the interest rate, calculating monthly interest using a static method, and printing new balances.

Uploaded by

jinapiv216
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 5

Experiment No.

Title: Implementations the concept of static keyword.

Aim: Understanding the concepts of static variable and static method.

Theory:

Java static keyword

The static keyword in Java is used for memory management mainly. We can apply static keyword
with variables, methods, blocks and nested classes. The static keyword belongs to the class than an instance
of the class.

The static can be:

1. Variable (also known as a class variable)


2. Method (also known as a class method)
3. Block
4. Nested class

1) Java static variable

If you declare any variable as static, it is known as a static variable.

o The static variable can be used to refer to the common property of all objects (which is not unique
for each object), for example, the company name of employees, college name of students, etc.
o The static variable gets memory only once in the class area at the time of class loading.

Advantages of static variable

It makes your program memory efficient (i.e., it saves memory).

Understanding the problem without static variable

class Student{
int rollno;
String name;
String college="ITS";
}

Suppose there are 500 students in my college, now all instance data members will get memory each time
when the object is created. All students have its unique rollno and name, so instance data member is good in
such case. Here, "college" refers to the common property of all objects. If we make it static, this field will
get the memory only once.

Java static property is shared to all objects.

Example of static variable

//Java Program to demonstrate the use of static variable


class Student{
int rollno;//instance variable
String name;
static String college ="ITS";//static variable
//constructor
Student(int r, String n){
rollno = r;
name = n;
}
//method to display the values
void display (){System.out.println(rollno+" "+name+" "+college);}
}
//Test class to show the values of objects
public class TestStaticVariable1{
public static void main(String args[]){
Student s1 = new Student(111,"Karan");
Student s2 = new Student(222,"Aryan");
//we can change the college of all objects by the single line of code
//Student.college="BBDIT";
s1.display();
s2.display();
}
}

Output:

111 Karan ITS


222 Aryan ITS
2) Java static method

If you apply static keyword with any method, it is known as static method.

o A static method belongs to the class rather than the object of a class.
o A static method can be invoked without the need for creating an instance of a class.
o A static method can access static data member and can change the value of it.

Example of static method

//Java Program to demonstrate the use of a static method.


class Student{
int rollno;
String name;
static String college = "ITS";
//static method to change the value of static variable
static void change(){
college = "BBDIT";
}
//constructor to initialize the variable
Student(int r, String n){
rollno = r;
name = n;
}
//method to display values
void display(){System.out.println(rollno+" "+name+" "+college);}
}
//Test class to create and display the values of object
public class TestStaticMethod{
public static void main(String args[]){
Student.change();//calling change method
//creating objects
Student s1 = new Student(111,"Karan");
Student s2 = new Student(222,"Aryan");
Student s3 = new Student(333,"Sonoo");
//calling display method
s1.display();
s2.display();
s3.display();
}
}

Output:
111 Karan BBDIT
222 Aryan BBDIT
333 Sonoo BBDIT
Statement: Create class SavingsAccount. Use a static variable annualInterestRate to store the annual
interest rate for all account holders. Each object of the class contains a private instance variable
savingsBalance indicating the amount the saver currently has on deposit. Provide method
calculateMonthlyInterest to calculate the monthly interest by multiplying the savingsBalance by
annualInterestRate divided by 12this interest should be added to savingsBalance. Provide a static
method modifyInterestRate that sets the annualInterestRate to a new value.
Write a program to test class SavingsAccount. Instantiate two savingsAccount objects, saver1 and
saver2, with balances of Rs 2000.00 and Rs 3000.00, respectively. Set annualInterestRate to 4%,
then calculate the monthly interest and print the new balances for both savers. Then set the
annualInterestRate to 5%, calculate the next month's interest and print the new balances for both
savers.

Program:
import java.util.*;

class SavingsAccount
{
private static double annualInterestRate;
private double savingsBalance;

SavingsAccount()
{
savingsBalance=0;
annualInterestRate=0;
}

SavingsAccount(double balance)
{
savingsBalance=balance;
annualInterestRate=0;
}

void calculateMonthlyInterest()
{
System.out.println("Current savings balance: "+savingsBalance);
double monthlyInterest;

monthlyInterest=(savingsBalance*annualInterestRate)/12;
savingsBalance+=monthlyInterest;

System.out.println("New savings balance: "+savingsBalance);

static void modifyInterestRate(double newInterestRate)


{
annualInterestRate=newInterestRate;
}
}

class Saving_test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
SavingsAccount saver1=new SavingsAccount(2000);
SavingsAccount saver2=new SavingsAccount(3000);

saver1.modifyInterestRate(.04);
saver1.calculateMonthlyInterest();

saver2.modifyInterestRate(.04);
saver2.calculateMonthlyInterest();

saver1.modifyInterestRate(.05);
saver1.calculateMonthlyInterest();

saver2.modifyInterestRate(.05);
saver2.calculateMonthlyInterest();
}
}

Conclusion: Thus we implement the simple java program using static keyword.

You might also like