2022 5th International Conference on Advances in Science and Technology (ICAST)

6G Wireless Networks: Vision, Requirements,

Applications and Challenges
Pradnya Kamble Alam N. Shaikh
Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering, K. J. Vasantdada Patil Pratishthan’s College of Engineering and
Somaiya Institute of Engineering and Information Technology, Visual Art
Mumbai, Maharashtra ,India Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
[email protected] [email protected]

Abstract—In recent years, wireless use has exploded. 5G is being Finally, 6G enabled applications are listed and some
implemented globally. The development and implementation of challenges related to the difficulties with tera Hertz
6G have started, with a target date of the 2030s. Current 3G to communication.
2022 5th International Conference on Advances in Science and Technology (ICAST) | 978-1-6654-9263-8/22/$31.00 ©2022 IEEE | DOI: 10.1109/ICAST55766.2022.10039549

5G technologies have opened the path for high data speeds, low
latency, and great dependability in wireless communications.
There will be continuous change in the key performance
indicators (KPIs) to change, recent trends show that wireless
communication system architecture concepts need to go beyond
the standard. This paper describes 6G wireless communications
and networks vision and needs. Finally, several 6G launch issues
are discussed. The design enables migration beyond 5G/6G
networks. This study also discusses 6G technology and
applications. 6G will include Artificial Intelligence enabled
services, reconfigurable intelligent surfaces, tera hertz
communication and antenna structure with key applications with
the challenges faced at tera hertz communication.

Keywords—6G vision, Transformation, Tera Hertz,

Communication, Artificial Intelligence

I. INTRODUCTION
The transition from 4G to 5G networks decreases latency
while increasing communication speed and frequency. It is
necessary to identify and correct the shortcomings of fifth-
generation networks. Speed and spectrum are important to
mobile networks. 6G will give 1 TB/s. 5G requires
communications over 1 GHz. Frequency of 12 GHz to 20 GHz
will be able to provide 6G services [1]. Spectrum allocation
should also account device complexity. Researchers must Fig 1. Technical objectives for 6G
examine frequency, computer systems, chip architecture, and
energy sources to use this spectrum [3]. 6G wireless network Numerous trends for 6G wireless networks have initiated
will be a pervasive mobile network with ultra-broadband for to begin, listed as follows:
high-performance with extremely speeds, data densities, and
latency that are all very high intelligent hyper-terminals [4]. • Greater spectrum and ultra-denser networks.
6G networks must be intelligent to fulfill greater demands than • Concurrence of different communication systems.
previous generations. A highest data rate of user-experienced 1 •Confluence of communication, control, cashing,
Tbps data rate 1 Gbps, ultralow latency, 10–100 µs end-to-end computing, sensing, and localization (4CSL).
delay, excellent energy efficiency 1pJpb,1000 kmph; 107 • Intelligent Network.
devices/ km2 and 1 Gbps/m2; big 1THz-3THz; linked AI- • Insured performance with smooth connection of
capable intellect Figure. 1 shows technical objectives for 6G millions of applications and devices/ nodes from center
[7]. to edge [8]. 6G is important player to support
tremendous interconnectivity in IoT with highly varied
Organization of paper service requirements. Figure 2. Shows key features for
6G.
This paper focuses on 6G wireless networks vision, 6G
wireless networks important parameters with recent trends
which mentions about the key features of the 6G. Paper also
discuss the new paradigm shifts for 6G wireless networks,
which mainly focuses on Intelligent 6G architecture,
requirement of Tera Hertz communication with 6G antenna
structure. Paper also mentions some important artificial
intelligence models and reconfigurable intelligent surfaces.
978-1-6654-9263-8/22/$31.00 ©2022 IEEE 577

Authorized licensed use limited to: Siksha O Anusandhan University. Downloaded on September 05,2023 at 10:30:10 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
 2022 5th International Conference on Advances in Science and Technology (ICAST)

Fig 2. Key features for 6G Terahertz signal generation, modulation, emission,

developments are reducing the terahertz gap [6]. Tera
Hertz Band will open new avenue for the applications
II. 6G REQUIREMENTS like augmented reality, holographic communication,
6G needs new theories, perspectives, and revolutionary interconnection between nanomachines. Due to wider
technologies. frequency band. A continuation of different optimization
circuits, SiGe and HBTS will be ideal for 200 gigahertz
power amplifiers. MMICS are capable for high end sub-
A. INTELLIGENT 6G ARCHITECTURE THz frequency applications due to its substantial stage of
6G networks include layers for intelligent sensing, data concurrent integration [7]. The frequency range of a 6G
mining and analytics, intelligent control, and intelligent wireless networks system is shown in Figure. 4shows
application. This four-tiered design is capable of frequency range for 6G[10].
mediating between the digital and the real worlds.
Figure. 3. shows Intelligent 6G Architecture

Fig. 4. Frequency range for 6G [10]

C. AI-POWERED 6G WIRELESS NETWORKS

are the most widely used AI subfields in wireless

Fig 3. Intelligent 6G Architecture networks. Figure 5 depicts the most shows various
techniques used in machine learning and deep learning
Intelligent Sensing Layer:6G networks use cameras,
[7].
sensors, drones, vehicles and mobile phones or large
groups of people to intelligently sense and detect
physical data. 6G networks rely heavily on sensing and
detection. AI sensing and detection applications can
intelligently acquire vast volumes connecting directly
with the real environment, we can generate dynamic,
varied, and scalable data.
Data mining and Analytics Layer: Layer processes and
analyses massive volumes of raw data produced by 6G
devices in order to accomplish semantic derivation and
knowledge discovery. In 6G networks, data mining and
analytics may be used to handle data that is diverse,
nonlinear, and high-dimensional from the physical
environment and analyses it for knowledge discovery.
Intelligent control layer: The fundamental components of
an intelligent control layer are learning, machinery, and
experience. Utilizing information from lower layers, it Fig 5 ML/ DL techniques used for 6G Wireless Networks
enables numerous agents (such as devices and Base
Stations) to shrewdly acquire, enhance, and select the D. 6G ANTENNA STRUCTURE
most appropriate courses of action (e.g., spectrum Antennas and antenna arrays are at the heart of wireless
access, power control, network association and routing devices, systems, networks, and ecosystems. Significant
supervision). It serves double purposes in helping out a breakthroughs in antenna and antenna array technology
wide range of community networks. are required to realize the numerous spectacular and
Smart application layer handles 6G smart devices, extraordinary 6G promises [8].6G will require
terminals, and infrastructures utilizing AI to accomplish passive(filters, inductors, capacitors, matching and
network self-organization [9] tuning/switching components),Co-packaging of
integrated circuits (ICs), and antennas is required. Recent
B. THE COMMUNICATIONS FOR 6G WIRELESS NETWORKS THz band antenna research have reached wideband
The band is in between millimeter wave and infrared has bandwidth, with a few attaining ultra-
been the least searched electromagnetic spectrum. wide bandwidths. Nonetheless, its gain and directivity is
578

Authorized licensed use limited to: Siksha O Anusandhan University. Downloaded on September 05,2023 at 10:30:10 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
 2022 5th International Conference on Advances in Science and Technology (ICAST)

small in comparison to the essential directivity with a relative to the ground plane is produced in the reflected
least the antenna has a gain of 18 dBi, making it ideal for wave if the incident signal frequency is close to the
use with 6G wireless networks. Furthermore, these resonant frequency. PIN diode-based resonator control.
extremely high-wideband antennas, however, have a Figure 6 shows architecture of IRS [14].
very low radiation efficiency [9].6G wireless
networks emphases on solutions that employ integrated III. 6G POTENTIAL APPLICATIONS
circuits, high-performance semiconductors, wideband
For the benefit of future generations, technology will
radio frequencies, digital components [12].Frequency
undergo significant advancements. Protocols for efficient
ranges, modulation bandwidth, transmission power,
sensing will be developed with the aid of machine
receiver sensitivity, and latency are some of the most
learning and artificial intelligence. Figure. 6. shows the
important measures of a front-performance.
potential applications for 6G. The next-generation
end's Disturbances in Amplitude and Phase Noise [15].
network will be there to back up the various
E. RECONFIGURABLE INTELLIGENT SURFACES infrastructures. Augmented and virtual reality (AR/VR),
capable of changing the propagation environment Some massive Internet of Things (mIoT) (V to X), and
applications, such as holographic projection, virtual improved mobile broadband are just a few examples.
reality, digital twins, industrial IoT, and brain computer Some potential applications are listed in figure.7 [5].
interfaces, necessitate extremely high data rates, high
service quality, extremely high reliability, and extremely
low latency. To form a virtual barrier by reflecting radio
frequency (RF) radiation around barriers.RISs are
designed to be installed on sturdy, level surfaces (for
example, walls or ceilings within, buildings or signage
outdoors).The path of propagation path along a line of
sight between a mmWave source and a destination
(LoS). Optimizing the phase shifts with RIS components,
reflected signals can be overlayed in a useful way. Either
from direct paths to seek higher signal power or from
destructively combining them to lessen the effects of
multiuser interference [11].Intelligent reflecting surfaces
replace phased arrays for beamforming in massive
MIMO. The research designs a 2-D passive structure. 2-
bit phase shifting is achieved with PIN diodes.
Components of a 2-bit RIS are laid out in a top patch, a
slot loaded plane, and a ground plane.

Fig.7. 6G potential applications

To better comprehend the 6G vision from a user's

perspective, use case creation can be used as an
exploratory tool, for defining its network usage, and for
measuring how it may achieve key goals. They are
instances of network functioning in 2030 and create new
requirements and capabilities. In the 2030s, societal
demands will drive new 6G use cases. Some will be
improvements to existing services, while others will be
new mobile network applications. Several industrial and
academic perspectives have been provided on 6G
application cases.
The evolution of virtual and augmented reality into
Extended Reality is one use case that takes advantage of
Fig 6. IRS Architecture 5G's capabilities (XR). There will be many uses for XR
With just five PIN diodes, you can set up four different visual presence, which combines the real and virtual
signal-propagation topologies. Author (e.g., education and medicine). Additionally, holographic
have proposed and demonstrated a 2.3 GHz wireless depictions of far-off substances or people, perhaps with
system for end-to-end communication. There are four multiple senses, have been identified as a 6G use case.
possible arrangements that result in four distinct phase Digital Twins, a digital recreation of the real
shifts. Electromagnetic waves that are reflected by IRS environment that enables real-world interactions like
have a phase shift that can be adjusted. The ground- smart city management, are another area of 6G use cases
based rectangular patch antenna was able to accomplish [13].New opportunities for using XR in sectors as varied
binary phase modulations. A 180-degree phase shift as introduction of 6G will facilitate a variety of online
579

Authorized licensed use limited to: Siksha O Anusandhan University. Downloaded on September 05,2023 at 10:30:10 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
 2022 5th International Conference on Advances in Science and Technology (ICAST)

activities such as virtual travel, online gaming, contrary to standard thinking [3].
entertainment, online education, healthcare and robot
V. CONCLUSION
control will be included [16].Close to fifty of the world's
most prestigious automobile and technology firms are Improved features are a hallmark of each succeeding
spending hundreds of millions of dollars on autonomous generation of communication technologies. Some
vehicle research and development. Soon, people all over regions 5G is implemented in 2020. Despite its benefits,
the world will be able to ride in fully driverless, 5G won't be able to meet 2030's cellular demand. Launch
dependable, safe, and commercially viable vehicles. A of the sixth generation is must. This paper describes 6G's
new service ecosystem, including driverless taxis and vision and criteria. 6G systems have higher system
public transportation, will emerge with the development capacity, data speeds, latency, security, and QoS than
of Connected Autonomous Vehicles (CAV) [16]. 6G prior generations. At the end of this study, various issues
will allow for the development of UAVs that can be used and impediments to launching 6G were explained. A
in place of traditional base stations to transmit data at solitary advancement, the holographic radio or system
extremely high rates over wireless networks (BS) [17]. integrates microwave photonics with artificial
The widespread adoption of smart devices and intelligence (RF holography).RIS mitigates mmWave
refinements to data analysis methods have contributed to and THz blocking and coverage difficulties.
grid network upgrades for the future known as "smart
grid 2.0."Self-healing capabilities, automated distribution REFERENCES
grid management, intelligent dynamic pricing, intelligent [1] Sambhwani, Sharad, Zdravko Boos, Sidharth Dalmia,
line loss analysis, and automated meter data analysis are Arman Fazeli, Bertram Gunzelmann, Anatoliy Ioffe,
all potential features of a "smart grid 2.0" [17]. Murali Narasimha, Francesco Negro, Laxminarayana
The implementation of 6G is vital to the growth of Pillutla, and John Zhou. "Transitioning to 6G Part 1:
automated production facilities. To complement a more Radio Technologies." IEEE Wireless
human element to production, "Industry 5.0," the Communications 29, no. 1 (2022): 6-8.
resulting innovation in the industrial revolution, centres [2] Khiadani, Nadia. "Vision, requirements and
on humans will work in tandem with robots and smart challenges of sixth generation (6G) networks."
machines. The Core Principles of Automation and In 2020 6th Iranian conference on signal processing
Efficiency in 4.0 [17]. and intelligent systems (ICSPIS), pp. 1-4. IEEE, 2020.
Future interconnection of intelligent healthcare services [3] Kaur, Jasneet, and M. Arif Khan. "Sixth Generation
will rely heavily on 6G as the primary communication (6G) Wireless Technology: An Overview, Vision,
platform. In the 6G era, billions of IoMT and wearable Challenges and Use Cases." In 2022 IEEE Region 10
devices will need to communicate securely, have their Symposium (TENSYMP), pp. 1-6. IEEE, 2022
devices validated, and have their access regulated. [17]. [4] Zong, Baiqing, Xiangyang Duan, Chen Fan, and Ke
As of late, blockchain has received more interest than Guan. "6G Technologies-Opportunities and
any other distributed ledger technology from the telecom Challenges." In 2020 IEEE International Conference
sector. Blockchain properties such as immutableness, on Integrated Circuits, Technologies and
non-repudiation, authenticity proof, truthfulness, and Applications (ICTA), pp. 171-173. IEEE, 2020.
pseudonymity are crucial to enable various services in a [5] Saad, Walid, Mehdi Bennis, and Mingzhe Chen. "A
trusted and protected manner for 6G networks [17]. vision of 6G wireless systems: Applications, trends,
Digital twins are an important 6G application in the field technologies, and open research problems." IEEE
of industrial control and automation. A digital twin is an network 34, no. 3 (2019): 134-142.
electronic copy or simulation of a real-world object, [6] Han, Chong, Longfei Yan, and Jinhong Yuan.
asset, or thing. With the help of IoT, it's possible to "Hybrid beamforming for terahertz wireless
create a "digital twin" that unites the virtual and the real communications: Challenges, architectures, and open
[17]. problems." IEEE Wireless Communications 28, no. 4
IV. 6G'S CHALLENGES (2021): 198-204.
The challenges of THz waves, energy generation and [7] You, Xiaohu, Cheng-Xiang Wang, Jie Huang, Xiqi
consumption, intelligence and management, Gao, Zaichen Zhang, Mao Wang, Yongming Huang
communications, and network consolidation must be et al. "Towards 6G wireless communication
overcome if 6G is to be successfully implemented. Path networks: Vision, enabling technologies, and new
loss hinders long-distance data transfer. THz paradigm shifts." Science China Information
communications require a novel transceiver architecture. Sciences 64, no. 1 (2021): 1-74.
Transceiver must operate at high frequencies and use [8] Jiang, Wei, et al. "The road towards 6G: A
wide bandwidth.When the wavelength decreases, the comprehensive survey." IEEE Open Journal of the
frequency increases, as shown by the frequency Communications Society 2 (2021): 334-366.
spectrum. Obstacles, weather, and fog influence [9] Yang, Helin, Arokiaswami Alphones, Zehui Xiong,
transmission signals. These issues are faced in fiber optic Dusit Niyato, Jun Zhao, and Kaishun Wu. "Artificial-
cables. THz waves may harm humans. Terahertz intelligence-enabled intelligent 6G networks." IEEE
transmissions need careful study. [2].Traditional Network 34, no. 6 (2020): 272-280.
interference mitigation methods are ineffective. 6G will [10] Hajiyat, Zahraa RM, Alyani Ismail, Aduwati Sali, and
leverage interference to develop a power efficiency, Mohd Nizar Hamidon. "Antenna in 6G wireless
high-precision holographic communication system, communication system: Specifications, challenges,
580

Authorized licensed use limited to: Siksha O Anusandhan University. Downloaded on September 05,2023 at 10:30:10 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
 2022 5th International Conference on Advances in Science and Technology (ICAST)

and research directions." Optik 231 (2021): 166415. IEEE, 2021.

[11] Pan, Cunhua, Hong Ren, Kezhi Wang, Jonas [15] Akyildiz, Ian F., Chong Han, Zhifeng Hu, Shuai Nie,
Florentin Kolb, Maged Elkashlan, Ming Chen, Marco and Josep Miquel Jornet. "Terahertz band
Di Renzo et al. "Reconfigurable intelligent surfaces communication: An old problem revisited and
for 6G systems: Principles, applications, and research research directions for the next decade." IEEE
directions." IEEE Communications Magazine 59, no. Transactions on Communications 70, no. 6 (2022):
6 (2021): 14-20. 4250-4285.
[12] Strinati, Emilio Calvanese, Michael Peeters, Cesar [16] Porambage, Pawani, Gürkan Gür, Diana Pamela
Roda Neve, Manil Dev Gomony, Andreia Cathelin, Moya Osorio, Madhusanka Liyanage, Andrei Gurtov,
Mauro Renato Boldi, Mark Ingels et al. "The and Mika Ylianttila. "The roadmap to 6G security and
Hardware Foundation of 6G: The NEW-6G privacy." IEEE Open Journal of the Communications
Approach." In 2022 Joint European Conference on Society 2 (2021): 1094-1122.
Networks and Communications & 6G Summit [17] Elmeadawy, Samar, and Raed M. Shubair. "6G
(EuCNC/6G Summit), pp. 423-428. IEEE, 2022. wireless communications: future technologies and
[13] Uusitalo, Mikko A., Patrik Rugeland, Mauro Renato research challenges." In 2019 international conference
Boldi, Emilio Calvanese Strinati, Panagiotis on electrical and computing technologies and
Demestichas, Mårten Ericson, Gerhard P. Fettweis et applications (ICECTA), pp. 1-5. IEEE, 2019.
al. "6G vision, value, use cases and technologies from
european 6G flagship project Hexa-X." IEEE
Access 9 (2021): 160004-160020.
[14] Vasuki, A., and Vijayakumar Ponnusamy. "Latest
Wireless Technologies towards 6G." In 2021
International Conference on Computer
Communication and Informatics (ICCCI), pp. 1-4.

581

Authorized licensed use limited to: Siksha O Anusandhan University. Downloaded on September 05,2023 at 10:30:10 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.