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Ieee Standard For Uncontrolled Traction Power Rectifiers For Sub

The document summarizes IEEE Std 1653.2TM-2020, which provides standards for uncontrolled traction power rectifiers for substation applications up to 1500 V DC nominal output. It was developed by the Rail Transportation Standards Committee of the IEEE Vehicular Technology Society and covers the design, manufacturing, and testing of uncontrolled semiconductor power rectifiers. The standard addresses traction power substation rectifiers that are provided as part of a rectifier transformer unit or separately.

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100% found this document useful (2 votes)

463 views60 pages

Ieee Standard For Uncontrolled Traction Power Rectifiers For Sub

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IEEE Standard for Uncontrolled

STANDARDS
Traction Power Rectifiers for
Substation Applications up to
1500 V DC Nominal Output

IEEE Vehicular Technology Society

Developed by the
Rail Transportation Standards Committee

IEEE Std 1653.2™-2020

(Revision of IEEE Std 1653.2-2009)

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IEEE Std 1653.2™-2020
(Revision of IEEE Std 1653.2-2009)

IEEE Standard for Uncontrolled

Traction Power Rectifiers for
Substation Applications up to
1500 V DC Nominal Output

Developed by the

Rail Transportation Standards Committee

of the
IEEE Vehicular Technology Society

Approved 30 January 2020

IEEE SA Standards Board

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Abstract: The design, manufacturing, and testing unique to the application of uncontrolled
semiconductor power rectifiers for direct current (dc) supplied transportation substation applications
up to 1500 V dc nominal output is covered in this standard. The standard is intended to address
traction power substation rectifiers that are to be provided as part of a rectifier transformer unit
or that are to be provided separately. Application information and extensive definitions of related
technical terms are included.

Keywords: bridge rectifier, commutating reactance, double-way rectifier, extended heavy traction,
extra heavy traction, heavy traction, IEEE 1653.2™, in-line test, interphase transformer, light
traction, light transition load, power rectifier, rectifier transformer unit, service rating, traction power
substation

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PDF: ISBN 978-1-5044-6450-5 STD24057

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Participants

At the time this IEEE standard was completed, the Traction Power Rectifiers Working Group had the following
membership:

Ralph W. (Benjamin) Stell, Chair

Steven Bezner, Vice Chair

Hesham Elbarawy Cara Levy Rick Straubel

Earl Fish Peter Lloyd Brandon Swartley
Paul Forquer Reza Mirza Hessabi Gary Touryan
Matthew Gibbons Michael Natenzon Jeremy Vining
Dimitrij Greco Michael Perez David Walker
Mark Griffiths Mark Pfieffer Okan Yalak
Chad Herring Steve Sims Tom Young
David Hetherington Matthew Zeedyk

The following members of the individual Standards Association balloting group voted on this standard.
Balloters may have voted for approval, disapproval, or abstention.

Ammar Alsarabi Ethan Kim Jeffrey Sisson

Steven Bezner Yung-chiang Lee Gary Smullin
Bill Brown Brian Ley Ralph W. (Benjamin) Stell
Demetrio Bucaneg Jr. Jose Marrero Rick Straubel
Yury Chikarov Reza Mirza Hessabi Gary Touryan
Evan Dissanayake Michael Natenzon Aaron VanderMeulen
Robert Fisher Michael Perez John Vergis
Randall Groves David R. Phelps Jeremy Vining
David Hetherington Prashanth Prabhu David Walker
Werner Hoelzl Moises Ramos Jeffrey Wharton
John John Richard Rohr Robert Wilson
Sheldon Kennedy Charles Ross Jian Yu
Tanuj Khandelwal Shakti Sarai Matthew Zeedyk
Yuri Khersonsky Bartien Sayogo Chen Zou
Suresh Shrimavle

When the IEEE SA Standards Board approved this standard on 30 January 2020, it had the following
membership:

Gary Hoffman, Chair

Vacant Position, Vice Chair
Jean-Philippe Faure, Past Chair
Konstantinos Karachalios, Secretary

Ted Burse Howard Li Dorothy Stanley

J. Travis Griffith Dong Liu Mehmet Ulema
Grace Gu Kevin Lu Lei Wang
Guido R. Hiertz Paul Nikolich Sha Wei
Joseph L. Koepfinger* Damir Novosel Philip B. Winston
John D. Kulick Jon Walter Rosdahl Daidi Zhong
David J. Law Jingyi Zhou

*Member Emeritus

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Introduction

This introduction is not part of IEEE Std 1653.2–2020, IEEE Standard for Uncontrolled Traction Power Rectifiers
for Substation Applications up to 1500 V DC Nominal Output.

The intention of the working group that developed the first version of this standard was to provide an up-to-
date replacement for the rescinded NEMA Standards Publication RI 9 and the rescinded ANSI C34.2. To
make that task more manageable, the scope of that effort was limited to uncontrolled (diode type) traction
power rectifiers supplying power to direct current (dc)-supplied transportation equipment. This first revision
continues the same approach with primarily minor modifications except for changes to the standard service
ratings, and a new Recommended Practice and Design Guide (Annex A).

7
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Contents

1. Overview�� 10
1.1 Scope�� 10
1.2 Purpose�� 10

2. Normative references�� 10

3. Definitions�� 11
3.1 Basic rectifier components and equipment�� 11
3.2 Appurtenances and auxiliaries�� 12
3.3 Semiconductor rectifier diode characteristics�� 13
3.4 Rectifier circuit properties and terminology�� 14
3.5 Rectifier characteristics�� 16
3.6 Rectifier unit ratings�� 18

4. Symbols and abbreviations�� 19

4.1 Rectifier symbols�� 19
4.2 Rectifier protective device numbers�� 21

5. Rectifier circuits�� 21
5.1 General�� 21

6. Service conditions�� 23
6.1 Usual service conditions�� 23
6.2 Unusual service conditions�� 23

7. Ratings�� 24
7.1 Rating of rectifier units�� 24
7.2 Basis of rating�� 24
7.3 Standard service ratings�� 24
7.4 Operation above rated voltage�� 27

8. Performance characteristics�� 27
8.1 Efficiency and losses�� 27
8.2 Voltage regulation�� 28
8.3 Power factor�� 32
8.4 Tolerances and unbalance criteria�� 34
8.5 Auxiliaries�� 35

9. Nameplates�� 35

10. Interphase transformers�� 35

10.1 General�� 35
10.2 Specification information�� 36
10.3 Submittal information�� 36

11. Test procedures�� 37

11.1 Rectifier transformer tests�� 37
11.2 Interphase transformer tests�� 37
11.3 Rectifier tests�� 37
11.4 Rectifier unit tests�� 40

Annex A (informative) Recommended practice and design guide�� 50

Annex B (informative) Commutating reactance transformation constant and power factor specification�� 54

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Annex C (informative) Example of current unbalance calculation�� 55

Annex D (informative) Bibliography�� 58

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IEEE Standard for Uncontrolled
Traction Power Rectifiers for
Substation Applications up to
1500 V DC Nominal Output

1. Overview
1.1 Scope
This standard covers the design, manufacturing, and testing unique to the application of uncontrolled
semiconductor power rectifiers for direct current (dc)-supplied transportation substation applications up to
1500 V dc nominal output.

1.2 Purpose
This standard defines the terminology, circuit arrangements, service ratings, performance characteristics, and
test procedures unique to uncontrolled power rectifiers for transportation substation (traction) application. It
also provides recommended design and application guidelines.

2. Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document (i.e., they must
be understood and used, so each referenced document is cited in text and its relationship to this document is
explained). For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the
referenced document (including any amendments or corrigenda) applies.

ANSI C34.2, Practices and Requirements for Semiconductor Power Rectifiers (Rescinded).1

ANSI C84.1, Electric Power Systems and Equipment—Voltage Ratings (60 Hz).

JESD 282, Silicon Rectifier Diodes2

1
ANSI publications are available from the Sales Department, American National Standards Institute, 11 West 42nd Street, 13th Floor,
New York, NY 10036, USA (http://www.ansi.org/).
2
JEDEC publications are available from Global Engineering Documents, 15 Inverness Way East, Englewood, Colorado 80112, USA
(http://global.ihs.com/).

10
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IEEE Std 1653.2-2020
IEEE Standard for Uncontrolled Traction Power Rectifiers for Substation Applications up to 1500 V DC Nominal Output

IEEE Std C57.12.01™, IEEE Standard General Requirements for Dry-Type Distribution and Power
Transformers3,4

IEEE Std C57.12.91™, IEEE Standard Test Code for Dry-Type Distribution and Power Transformers.

IEEE Std C57.18.10™, IEEE Standard Practices and Requirements for Semiconductor Power Rectifier
Transformers.

IEEE Std 519™, IEEE Recommended Practices and Requirements for Harmonic Control in Electric Power
Systems.

IEEE Std 1653.1™, IEEE Standard for Traction Power Rectifier Transformers for Substation Applications up
to 1500 V dc Nominal Output.

NEMA RI 9, Silicon Rectifier Units for Transportation Supplies (Rescinded)5

3. Definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply and are tailored specifically to
traction power rectifier equipment. The IEEE Standards Dictionary Online should be consulted for terms not
defined in this clause.6 Additional definitions for rectifier diodes are included in JEDEC JESD 282.

3.1 Basic rectifier components and equipment

anode terminal: The anode terminal of a rectifier diode or rectifier stack is the terminal to which forward
current flows from the external circuit.

NOTE—In the semiconductor rectifier components field, the anode terminal is normally marked “negative.”7

cathode terminal: The cathode terminal of a rectifier d iode o r r ectifier st ack is th e te rminal fr om which
forward current flows to the external circuit.

NOTE—In the semiconductor rectifier components field, the cathode terminal is normally marked “positive.”

forward direction: The forward direction of a rectifier diode is the direction of lesser resistance to steady
direct current flow through the diode, for example, from the anode to the cathode.

power converter: As used in this standard, an assembly of semiconductor devices or device stacks, including
all necessary auxiliaries, for the purpose of changing alternating current power to direct current power.

power rectifier: A rectifier unit in which the direction of average energy flow is from the alternating current
circuit to the direct current circuit.

3
IEEE publications are available from The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, 445 Hoes Lane, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
(http://standards.ieee.org/).
4
The IEEE standards or products referred to in this clause are trademarks owned by The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers,
Incorporated.
5
NEMA publications are available from Global Engineering Documents, 15 Inverness Way East, Englewood, Colorado 80112, USA
(http://global.ihs.com/).
6
IEEE Standards Dictionary Online is available at: http://dictionary.ieee.org. An IEEE account is required for access to the dictionary,
and one can be created at no charge on the dictionary sign-in page.
7
Notes in text, tables, and figures of a standard are given for information only and do not contain requirements needed to implement this
standard.

11
Copyright © 2020 IEEE. All rights reserved.

rectifier: An integral assembly of semiconductor rectifier diodes or stacks including all necessary auxiliaries
such as cooling equipment, current balancing, voltage divider, surge suppression equipment, etc., and housing,
if any.

rectifier diode: A semiconductor d iode h aving t wo electrodes a nd an asymmetrical v oltage c urrent

characteristic, used for the purpose of rectification, and including its associated housing, mounting, and
cooling attachments if integral with it.

reverse direction: The reverse direction of a rectifier diode is the direction of greater resistance to steady
direct current flow through the diode, for example, from the cathode to the anode.

rectifier junction: The portion of a rectifier diode that exhibits an asymmetrical current voltage characteristic.

rectifier stack: A n i ntegral assembly, w ith t erminal connections, o f t wo o r m ore s emiconductor rectifier
diodes, which includes its associated housing and any associated mounting and cooling attachments.

NOTE—It is a subassembly of, but not a complete, semiconductor rectifier.

rectifier unit: An operative assembly consisting of the rectifier, or rectifiers, together with the rectifier
auxiliaries, the rectifier transformer equipment, and interconnecting circuits/bus work. A frequently used
alternative expression is transformer rectifier unit.

section of rectifier unit: A section of a rectifier unit is a part of a rectifier unit, including its auxiliaries, which
is capable of independent operation.

3.2 Appurtenances and auxiliaries

cooling system (of a rectifier): T he equipment ( i.e., parts and their i nterconnections) u sed for cooling a
rectifier. It includes all or some of the following: rectifier water jacket, cooling coils or fins, heat exchanger,
blower, water pump, expansion tank, insulating pipes, and so on.

current balancing reactors: Reactors used in rectifiers to force satisfactory division of current among parallel
connected rectifier bridges, phases, or diodes.

diode failure detector: A device or system to indicate the failure of one or more diodes. This function is
normally performed by monitoring the failure of a fuse associated with the failed diode: (1) visually, by a
mechanical device or light on each fuse, (2) by a summary contact associated with any fuse failure, or (3) by a
two-stage system in which the second stage is from a second failure in the same element.

diode fuses: Diode fuses are fuses of special characteristics connected in series with one or more
semiconductor rectifier diodes to disconnect the semiconductor rectifier diode in case of failure and protect the
other components of the rectifier.

forced air cooling system: An air cooling system in which heat is removed from the cooling surfaces of the
rectifier by means of a flow of air produced by a fan or blower.

heat exchanger cooling system (of a rectifier): A cooling system in which the coolant, after passing over the
cooling surfaces of the rectifier, is cooled in a heat exchanger and recirculated.

heat sink: The heat sink of a rectifier diode is a mass of metal generally having much greater thermal capacity
than the diode itself, and intimately associated with it. It encompasses that part of the cooling system to which
heat flows from the diode by thermal conduction only, and from which heat may be removed by the cooling
medium.

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interphase transformer: A transformer or reactor that introduces commutating inductance between parallel
connected simple rectifier units. Its purpose is to enable paralleled rectifier units to operate essentially
independently at 120° conduction angle.

natural air cooling system: An air cooling system in which heat is removed from the cooling surfaces of the
rectifier only by the action of the ambient air through convection.

reverse voltage dividers: Devices employed to ensure satisfactory division of reverse voltage among series
connected semiconductor rectifier diodes. Transformers, bleeder resistors, and capacitors, or combinations
thereof, may be employed.

temperature regulating equipment: Any equipment used for heating and cooling the rectifier, together with
the devices for controlling and indicating its temperature.

voltage surge suppressors: Devices used in the rectifier to attenuate the surge voltages of internal or external
origin. Capacitors, resistors, and nonlinear resistors, or combinations thereof, may be employed. Nonlinear
resistors include electronic and semiconductor devices.

3.3 Semiconductor rectifier diode characteristics

ac rms voltage rating: The alternating current (ac) root mean square (rms) voltage rating is the maximum rms
value of applied sinusoidal voltage.

average forward current: The average forward current rating is the maximum average value of forward
current averaged over a full cycle.

crest working voltage: The crest working voltage between two points is the maximum instantaneous
difference of voltage, excluding oscillatory and transient overvoltages, which exists during normal operation.

dc blocking voltage rating: The direct current (dc) blocking voltage rating is the maximum continuous dc
reverse voltage.

forward power loss: The power loss within a semiconductor rectifier diode resulting from the flow of forward
current.

forward slope resistance: The value of resistance calculated from the slope of the straight line used when
determining the threshold voltage.

forward voltage drop: The forward voltage drop is the voltage drop in a semiconductor rectifier diode or
stack resulting from the flow of forward current.

initial reverse voltage: The instantaneous value of the reverse voltage that occurs across a rectifier circuit
element immediately after the conducting period and including the first peak of oscillation.

maximum surge current (nonrepetitive): The maximum surge current is the maximum peak forward current
with a specified wave form and short specified time interval.

nonrepetitive peak reverse voltage (PRV): The maximum instantaneous value of the reverse voltage,
including all nonrepetitive transient voltages but excluding all repetitive transient voltages, which occurs
across a semiconductor rectifier diode or stack.

peak forward current (repetitive): The peak forward current is the maximum repetitive instantaneous
forward current. It includes all repetitive transient currents but excludes all nonrepetitive transient currents.

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recovery charge: The total amount of charge recovered from a diode, including the capacitive component
of charge, when the diode is switched from a specified conductive condition to a specified nonconductive
condition with other circuit conditions as specified.

repetitive peak reverse voltage (PRV): The maximum instantaneous value of the reverse voltage, including
all repetitive transient voltages but excluding all nonrepetitive transient voltages, which occurs across a
semiconductor rectifier diode or stack.

reverse power loss: The power loss within a semiconductor rectifier diode resulting from the flow of reverse
current.

reverse recovery current: The transient component of reverse current of a rectifier diode associated with a
change from forward conduction to reverse blocking.

threshold voltage: The threshold voltage is the zero-current voltage intercept of a straight line approximation
of the forward current voltage characteristic over the normal operating range.

total power loss: The sum of the forward and reverse power losses.

virtual junction temperature: A calculated temperature within the semiconductor material that is based on a
representation of the thermal and electrical behavior of a rectifier diode.

NOTE 1—The virtual junction temperature is not necessarily the highest temperature of the diode.

NOTE 2—Based on the virtual junction temperature and on the thermal resistance and transient thermal impedance that
correspond to the mode of operation, the power dissipation can be calculated using a specified relationship.

working peak reverse voltage (PRV): The peak reverse voltage excluding all transient voltages.

3.4 Rectifier circuit properties and terminology

base load resistor: A resistor connected as a load on the rectifier for the purpose of lowering the no-load
voltage by magnetizing the interphase transformer. The value of this resistor is dependent on the current
required to magnetize the interphase transformer.

NOTE—The current required to magnetize the interphase transformer is typically 1% to 3% of the full load current.

cascade rectifier: A rectifier in which two or more simple rectifiers are connected in such a way that their
direct voltages add, but their commutations do not coincide.

commutation: Commutation is the transfer of unidirectional current between rectifier circuit elements that
conduct in succession.

commutation factor: The commutation factor for a rectifier circuit is the product of the rate of current decay
at the end of conduction, in amperes per microsecond, and the initial reverse voltage in kilovolts.

commutating angle (u): The time, expressed in electrical degrees, during which the current is commutated
between two rectifier circuit elements. It is also referred to as the angle of overlap.

commutating group: A group of rectifier circuit elements and the alternating-voltage supply elements
conductively connected to them in which the direct current of the group is commutated between individual
elements that conduct in succession.

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commutating reactance (Xc): Commutating reactance is the reactance that effectively opposes the transfer of
current between rectifier circuit elements of a commutating group or set of commutating groups. Commutating
reactance includes source, rectifier transformer, and rectifier ac bus reactance.

NOTE—For convenience, the reactance from phase to neutral, or one-half the total reactance in the commutating circuit, is
the value usually employed in computations, and it is the value designated as the commutating reactance.

commutating reactance factor (Fx): The line-to-neutral commutating reactance in ohms, multiplied by
the commutated direct-current, and divided by the effective (root-mean-square) value of the line-to-neutral
voltage of the rectifier transformer direct-current winding, or ICXC/ES. A dimensionless quantity, it is often
referred to simply as the “reactance factor.” It is used primarily to characterize the mode of operation of a
rectifier.

commutating reactance transformation constant (Dx): A constant used in transforming line-to-neutral

commutating reactance in ohms on the direct current rectifier transformer winding to equivalent line-to-
neutral reactance in ohms referred to the alternating current winding.

commutating voltage (Edx): The phase-to-phase ac voltage of a commutating group.

conducting period: The part of an alternating-voltage cycle during which the current flows in the forward
direction.

double-way rectifier: A rectifier in which the current, between each terminal of the alternating-voltage circuit
and the rectifier circuit elements which are conductively connected to it, flows in both directions.

NOTE—The terms single way and double way provide a means for describing the effect of the rectifier circuit on current
flow in transformer windings connected to rectifiers. Most rectifier circuits may be classified into these two general types.
Double-way rectifiers are also referred to as bridge rectifiers.

full-wave rectifier: A rectifier that changes a single-phase alternating current into a pulsating unidirectional
current, utilizing both halves of each cycle.

half-wave rectifier: A rectifier that changes a single-phase alternating current into a pulsating unidirectional
current, utilizing only one half of each cycle.

light transition load: The light transition load is the load at which the interphase transformer (IPT)
is magnetized, and the terminal voltage falls on the inherent regulation curve. The light transition load is
dependent on the IPT characteristics and is typically less than 3%.

NOTE—Light transition load is important in multiple rectifier circuits.

light-load resistor: A high-value resistor connected as a load on the rectifier for the purpose of discharging the
no load voltage increase due primarily to system capacitance.

NOTE—Typical light-load resistor current would be less than 0.1% of the rated load.

loosely coupled: A rectifier transformer with coupling factor Ks ≤ 0.25.

closely coupled: A rectifier transformer with coupling factor Ks ≥ 0.75.

mode of operation: The mode of operation of a rectifier c ircuit i s t he c haracteristic p attern o f operation
determined by the sequence and duration of commutation and conduction.

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NOTE—Most rectifier circuits have several modes of operation that may be identified by the shape of the current waves.
The particular mode obtained at a given load depends on the circuit constants.

multiple rectifier: A rectifier in which two or more simple rectifiers are connected in such a way that their
direct currents add, but their commutations do not coincide.

parallel rectifier: A rectifier in which two or more simple rectifiers are connected in such a way that their
direct currents add and their commutations coincide.

phase number (p): The number of alternating current (ac) circuits connected to the rectifier that have nominally
equal voltage magnitudes and frequencies but different phase angles. For example, six pulse double-way
rectifiers have a phase number of three, whereas 12 pulse double-way rectifiers have a phase number of six.

pulse number (q): The total number of successive, non-simultaneous commutations occurring within that
rectifier circuit during each cycle when operating without phase control. It is also equal to the order of the
principal harmonic in the direct voltage, that is, the number of pulses present in the direct current (dc) output
voltage during one cycle of the supply voltage.

rectifier circuit element: A group of one or more semiconductor rectifier diodes, connected in series or
parallel or any combination of both, bounded by no more than two circuit terminals and conducting forward
current in the same direction between these terminals.

rectifier transformer secondary coupling factor (Ks): A n expression of the d egree o f mutual c oupling
between the secondary windings of a three-winding rectifier transformer. Ks = 0 signifies fully uncoupled
secondaries and is equivalent to the coupling of two separate two-winding transformers. The transformer Ks
factor has a major impact on the voltage regulation and short-circuit current of a rectifier unit.

reverse period: The reverse period of a rectifier circuit element is that part of an alternating-voltage cycle
during which the current flows in the reverse direction.

series rectifier: A rectifier in which two or more simple rectifiers are connected in such a way that their direct
current (dc) voltages add and their commutations coincide.

set of commutating groups: A set of commutating groups consists of two or more commutating groups that
have simultaneous commutations.

simple rectifier: A rectifier consisting of one commutating group of single way, or two commutating groups
of double way.

single-way rectifier: A rectifier in which the current between each terminal of the alternating-voltage circuit
and the rectifier circuit element or elements conductively connected to it flows only in one direction.

transition load: The load at which a rectifier changes from one mode of operation to another.

NOTE—The load current corresponding to a transition load is determined by the intersection of extensions of successive
portions of the direct-voltage regulation curve where the curve changes shape or slope.

3.5 Rectifier characteristics

bridge current unbalance: A calculation that describes the variation of current among rectifier bridge circuits
for multi-bridge rectifier designs. Expressed as a percent, it is the maximum deviation of one bridge current
from the average of all bridge currents, divided by the average bridge current.

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diode current unbalance: An expression of the degree to which currents flowing in parallel diodes are
unequal. Expressed as a percent, the diode unbalance for individual diodes equals 100% × (individual diode
current – average diode current) / average diode current, where the average diode current is the average of all
the currents flowing through parallel diodes.

displacement power factor: The displacement component of power factor is the ratio of the active power of
the fundamental wave, in watts, to the apparent power of the fundamental wave in voltamperes (including the
exciting current of the rectifier transformer).

distortion power factor: The current and/or voltage harmonic distortion-influenced component of the total
power factor.

efficiency: The efficiency of a rectifier, or a rectifier unit, is the ratio of the power output to the total power
input at a specified value of load.

NOTE—The efficiency may also be expressed as the ratio of the power output to the sum of the output and the losses.

form factor: The form factor of a periodic function is the ratio of the root-mean-square (rms) value to the
average absolute value, averaged over a full period of the function.

harmonic content: The harmonic content of a nonsinusoidal periodic wave is its deviation from the
fundamental sinusoidal form.

inherent voltage regulation: The inherent voltage regulation of a rectifier unit is the change in output voltage,
expressed in volts, that occurs when the load is reduced from some rated value of current to zero, or to light
transition load for multiple rectifier circuits, under the following conditions:

— Rated sinusoidal voltage applied to the alternating current (ac) line terminals.
— The rectifier transformer is on the rated tap.
— The effect of ac system impedance is excluded.
— The corrective action of any automatic voltage regulation means is excluded, but not the impedance of
the automatic voltage regulation means.

Inherent voltage regulation is based on the impedance of the rectifier, the rectifier transformer, and the
interconnecting circuits.

phase current unbalance: A calculation that describes the variation of current among each of the rectifier’s
alternating current phases. When calculated in terms of current magnitudes, it is the maximum deviation of
one phase current from the average of all phase currents, divided by the average phase current.

power factor (total): The ratio of the total power input, in watts, to the total volt-ampere input to the rectifier
unit, at a specified value of load.

NOTE 1—This definition includes the effect of harmonic components of current and voltage, the effect of phase
displacement between the current and voltage, and the exciting current of the transformer. “Voltamperes” is the product of
root-mean-square (rms) voltage and rms current.

NOTE 2—The power factor is determined at the alternating current (ac) line terminals of the rectifier unit.

ripple amplitude: The maximum value of the instantaneous difference between the average and instantaneous
values of a pulsating unidirectional wave.

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NOTE—The amplitude is a useful measure of ripple magnitude when a single harmonic is dominant. Ripple amplitude is
expressed in percent or per unit referred to the average value of the wave.

ripple voltage or current: The alternating component whose instantaneous values are the difference between
the average and instantaneous values of a pulsating unidirectional voltage or current.

root-mean-square (rms) ripple: The rms effective value of the instantaneous difference between the average
and instantaneous values of a pulsating unidirectional wave integrated over a complete cycle.

NOTE—The rms ripple is expressed in percent or per unit referred to the average value of the wave.

total voltage regulation: The total voltage regulation of a rectifier unit is the change in output voltage,
expressed in volts, that occurs when the load current is reduced from some rated value of current to zero,
or light transition load for multiple rectifier circuits, with rated sinusoidal alternating voltage applied to the
alternating current line terminals. It includes the effect of the alternating current system source impedances
as observed from the rectifier primary terminals as if they were inserted between the line terminals and the
transformer, with the rectifier transformer on the rated tap but excluding the corrective action of any automatic
voltage regulating means, but not its impedance.

voltage regulation: The voltage regulation of a semiconductor rectifier, or rectifier unit, is the change in
output voltage that occurs when the load is reduced from a rated value of load current to no load or to light
transition load for multiple rectifier circuits, with all other quantities remaining unchanged. Because the
rated load current value may differ from 100% rated load, the load range associated with a particular voltage
regulation value shall be provided. When expressed as a percent, voltage regulation equals 100% × (voltage at
light transition load – voltage at the rated load) / voltage at rated load.

voltage unbalance: A calculation that describes the variation of voltage among each of the rectifier’s
alternating current phases. When calculated in terms of voltage magnitudes, it is the maximum deviation of
one phase voltage from the average of all phase voltages, divided by the average phase voltage. Voltage input
unbalance creates current unbalance in the rectifier and rectifier transformer, additional harmonic currents,
and complicates interphase transformer design.

3.6 Rectifier unit ratings

continuous rating of a rectifier unit: The continuous rating of a rectifier unit defines the maximum load
that can be carried continuously without exceeding established temperature rise limitations under prescribed
conditions of test and remaining within the limitations of established standards.

rated alternating voltage: The rated alternating voltage of a rectifier u nit i s t he r oot-mean-square (rms)
voltage between the alternating current line terminals which is specified as the basis for rating.

NOTE—When the alternating current winding of the rectifier transformer is provided with taps, the rated voltage shall
refer to a specified tap that is designated as the rated voltage tap.

rated load of a rectifier unit: The kilowatt power output that can be delivered continuously at the rated output
voltage. It may also be designated as the 100% load or full load rating of the unit.

NOTE—Where the rating of a rectifier unit does not designate a continuous load it is considered special.

rated output current of a rectifier unit: The rated output current of a rectifier unit is the current derived from
the rated load and the rated output voltage. The rated current value is to be referred to as the 100% value.

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rated output voltage of a rectifier unit: The rated output voltage of a rectifier unit is the voltage specified
as the basis of rating. It is the average value of the direct voltage between direct current (dc) terminals of the
assembly or equipment at rated direct current.

rated value: A specified value for the electrical, thermal, mechanical, and environmental quantities assigned
by the manufacturer to define the operating conditions under which a diode, diode stack, assembly, or rectifier
is expected to provide satisfactory service.

NOTE—Unlike many other electrical components, semiconductor devices may be irreparably damaged within very short
time intervals when operated in excess of maximum rated values.

rating of rectifier unit: The rating of a rectifier unit is the kilowatt power output, voltages, currents, number of
pulses, frequency, etc., assigned to it by the manufacturer.

short-time rating of a rectifier unit: The short-time rating of a rectifier unit defines the maximum load that
can be carried for a specified short time, without exceeding the specified temperature rise limitations under
prescribed conditions of test and remaining within the limitations of established standards.

4. Symbols and abbreviations

4.1 Rectifier symbols
The following list is a set of letter symbols for use in rectifier circuit analysis and calculation of rectifier
characteristics:
Symbol Quantity
u Commutating angle (angle of overlap, sometimes denoted as μ)
Displacement power factor neglecting transformer exciting current
cos(ϕ1' )
Displacement power factor including transformer exciting current
cos(ϕ1 )
Distortion component of power factor
cos (δ )
Dx Commutating reactance transformation constant (applies only to the
first mode of operation after the light load transition)
Edx Commutating voltage
EF Total forward voltage drop per circuit element
Ecw Crest working voltage
Ed Average direct voltage under load
Edo Theoretical direct voltage (average direct voltage at no load or light
transition load and zero forward voltage drop)
Eii Initial reverse voltage
EL Alternating current system line-to-line voltage
En Alternating current system line-to-neutral voltage
Er Average direct voltage drop caused by resistance losses in transformer equipment,
plus interconnections not included in EF (commutating resistance)
Es Rectifier transformer direct-current (secondary) winding line-to-neutral voltage
Ex Average direct voltage drop caused by commutating reactance
f Frequency of alternating-current power system
Fx IcXc/Es = commutating reactance factor
h Order of harmonic
Ic Direct current commutated in one set of commutating groups

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Symbol Quantity
Id Average rectifier dc load current
Ie Transformer exciting current
Ig Direct current commutated between two rectifying elements in a single commutating group
IL Alternating line current
IH Equivalent totalized harmonic component of IL
Im Alternating line current (crest value)
Ip Transformer alternating-current (primary) winding coil current
Is Transformer direct current winding (secondary) line rms current
Icl Transformer direct current winding (secondary) coil rms current
I1 Fundamental component of IL
Ih Harmonic component of I of the order indicated by the subscripts
I1P Watt component of I1
I1Q Reactive component of I1
Ks Rectifier transformer secondary coupling factor
K Ratio of form factor in normal operation to form factor under short-circuit conditions
Ld Inductance of direct-current reactor in Henrys
n Number of simple rectifiers
p Number of phases in a simple rectifier
Pr Transformer load losses in watts (including resistance and eddy current losses)
Pd Output power in watts
q Total number of rectifier pulses (pulse number)
Rc Line-to-neutral commutating resistance in ohms for a set of commutating groups
Rcn Equivalent line-to-neutral commutating resistance in ohms for a set of commutating
groups referred to the alternating-current winding of a rectifier transformer
Rg Line-to-neutral commutating resistance in ohms for a single commutating group
Rp Effective resistance of the alternating-current (primary) winding
Rs Effective resistance of the direct-current (secondary) winding
s Circuit type factor (1 for single way and 2 for double way)
Xcpu Per-unit commutating reactance
Xc Line-to-neutral commutating reactance in ohms for a set of commutating groups. This
includes the reactance of the rectifier and interconnections for a rectifier unit.
Xcn Equivalent line-to-neutral commutating reactance in ohms for a set of commutating groups
referred to the alternating-current winding (primary) of a rectifier transformer
Xg Line-to-neutral commutating reactance in ohms for a single commutating group
XL Ohms reactance of supply line (per line)
XLpu Per-unit reactance of supply line, expressed on base of rated volt-amperes at the
line terminals of the transformer alternating-current (primary) windings
XTpu Per-unit reactance of transformer, expressed on base of rated volt-amperes at the
line terminals of the transformer alternating-current (primary) windings
Zc Line-to-neutral commutating impedance in ohms for a set of commutating groups

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Symbol Quantity
Zcn Equivalent line-to-neutral commutating impedance in ohms for a set of commutating
groups referred to the alternating-current (primary) winding of a rectifier transformer
Zg Line-to-neutral commutating impedance in ohms for a single commutating group
NOTE 1—Per unit quantities are indicated by the subscripts pu.
NOTE 2—Commutating reactances due to various circuit elements may be indicated by subscripts as in Xc1, Xc2, and
Xc3, etc., or XcT and XcL for transformers and line, respectively.
NOTE 3—Rectifier and inverter quantities may be identified by use of plain and prime letter or by subscripts r and 1.

4.2 Rectifier protective device numbers

Table 1 lists electrical devices commonly used in rectifier assemblies and their corresponding device numbers.
These device numbers have not been formally standardized, and their usage may vary slightly among operating
agencies.

Table 1—Typical rectifier protective device numbers

Number Protective device description
26I1 Rectifier IPT overtemperature—first stage
26I2 Rectifier IPT overtemperature—second stage
26R1 Rectifier diode overtemperature—first stage
26R2 Rectifier diode overtemperature—second stage
33X Rectifier enclosure door open
57G Grounding device
64 Rectifier enclosure energized—trip
64G Rectifier enclosure grounded—alarm
89N Rectifier negative pole disconnect switch
98A Rectifier diode failure—first stage
98T Rectifier diode failure—second stage
99A Rectifier surge protection failure

5. Rectifier circuits
5.1 General
Figure 1 includes rectifier circuits with standard diagrams, approved names, and identifying numbers. The
circuit diagrams in Figure 1 are voltage vector diagrams and show standard terminal markings, phase relations,
and dc winding voltage. The terminal markings and phase relations are so selected that phase Ri is either in
phase with Hi to neutral or lags Hi by the minimum amount. This figure does not imply that other rectifier
configurations may not be used.

Rectifier circuit nomenclature is based on descriptive name given in the following order:

a) The connection of the transformer alternating-current windings.

b) The number of pulses of the rectifier unit.
c) The connection of the transformer dc windings and rectifying elements.
d) Type of circuit (single way or double way). In describing multiple rectifiers, the prefixes double, triple,
and quadruple are used to indicate the number of component simple rectifiers, and the names diametric,

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wye, cross, star, fork, zigzag, aster, etc., are used to denote the connection of each component simple
rectifier.

Figure 1—Rectifier circuit diagrams

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6. Service conditions
6.1 Usual service conditions
Equipment conforming with this standard shall be capable of carrying its rating under the following conditions:

a) The ambient air temperature at the equipment is above 0 °C and does not exceed 40 °C.
b) The altitude does not exceed 1000 m (3300 ft).
c) None of the conditions listed in 6.2 are present.

6.2 Unusual service conditions

The use of semiconductor power converter equipment under conditions departing from those in 6.1 shall be
considered special.

Unusual conditions of the kind given as follows may require special construction or protective features and,
where they exist, shall be specified by the purchaser.

a) Exposure to excessive moisture.

b) Exposure to excessive dust.
c) Exposure to rail dust (airborne steel particles from train wheel-rail interaction).
d) Exposure to abrasive dust.
e) Exposure to salt air.
f) Exposure to abnormal vibration, shocks, tilting, or seismic conditions.
g) Exposure to weather or dripping water.
h) Exposure to unusual transportation or storage conditions.
i) Exposure to extreme or sudden changes in temperature.
j) Unusual space limitations.
k) Unusual operating duty.
l) Harmonic distortion in the ac supply outside the limits prescribed in IEEE Std 519™.
m) Three-phase voltage unbalance in the ac supply greater than the recommended 3% maximum provided
in ANSI C84.1.
n) Portable or movable equipment.
o) Exposure to excessive sun thermal loading.
p) Unusual restrictions on electromagnetic interference (EMI) emissions.
q) Operation at an altitude higher than that given in 6.1. (Refer to 4.2.3 of IEEE Std C57.12.01™ for
recommended rated kVA altitude derating factors.)

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7. Ratings
7.1 Rating of rectifier units
The rating of a rectifier unit shall be regarded as a test rating that defines the output that can be taken from the
apparatus under prescribed conditions of test without exceeding any of the limitations of established standards
(which apply to various components of a rectifier unit) or incurring structural failure.

The time for the rectifier diodes to reach final junction temperature is very short because of the extremely low
thermal capacity of the parts. For this reason, the relation between magnitude and duration of permissible
overloads differs materially from that of other types of conversion equipment.

7.2 Basis of rating

The basis of rating of a rectifier unit shall be as follows:

a) A rectifier unit shall have its load expressed in kilowatts available at the output terminals at rated
output voltage and rated current.
b) Loads other than the rated load shall be designated in terms of percent of rated output current.

7.3 Standard service ratings

The following ratings, often referred to as overload cycles, are the standard ratings that shall apply to rectifier
units for the various services indicated. These ratings are based on service requirements and do not necessarily
represent the inherent load-time characteristics of the component parts of the unit.

Any rated overload may be reapplied only after all items of equipment and their component parts have returned
to temperatures at or below temperatures obtained after continuous operation at 100% rated load.

The standard service ratings below shall permit a six-hour period between repetitions of the specified overload
cycle.

7.3.1 Light traction service

The standard rating of a rectifier unit for light traction service is as follows (refer to Figure 2).

a) 100% rated load amperes continuously until constant temperatures have been reached by all parts of
the rectifier unit, followed by a one-minute period of 200% of rated load amperes.

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Figure 2—Light traction service

7.3.2 Heavy traction service

The standard rating of a rectifier unit for heavy traction service is as follows (refer to Figure 3).

a) 100% rated load amperes continuously until constant temperatures have been reached by all parts of
the rectifier unit, followed by 150% of rated load amperes for two hours, with a superimposed current
of 300% of rated load amperes for the final one-minute period.

Figure 3—Heavy traction service

7.3.3 Extended heavy traction

The standard rating of a rectifier unit for extended heavy traction service is as follows (refer to Figure 4):

a) 100% rated load amperes continuously until constant temperatures have been reached by all parts of
the rectifier unit, followed by 150% current for three hours and a superimposed cycle of overloads
consisting of three periods of one min each at 300% of rated load amperes. These periods shall be
evenly spaced throughout the three-hour period as indicated in Figure 4.

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Figure 4—Extended heavy traction service

7.3.4 Extra heavy traction service

The standard rating of a rectifier unit for extra heavy traction service is as follows (refer to Figure 5, which can
also be found in the former NEMA Pub. No. RI 9):

a) 100% rated load amperes continuously until constant temperatures have been reached by all parts of
the rectifier unit, followed by 150% of rated load amperes for two hours and a superimposed cycle of
overloads consisting of five periods of one min each at 300% of rated load amperes, followed by one
period of 450% of rated load amperes for 15 s at the end of the two-hour period. These periods shall be
evenly spaced throughout the two-hour period as indicated in Figure 5.

Figure 5—Extra heavy traction service

7.3.5 Custom rating (load cycle)

A custom rating may be defined for load cycles not reasonably covered in the standard load cycles defined
above. This could include cycles defined by simulation results and international or foreign rectifier standards

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(e.g., IEC 62590). It is noted that the standard load cycles typically represent long-term and transient
characteristics of a rectifier that can be used for assessment of most load (thermal) cycles.

7.4 Operation above rated voltage

The rectifier unit shall be capable of operating under the following conditions:

a) 10% above rated voltage on the transformer ac winding at no load.

b) 5% above rated voltage on the transformer ac winding at 5% below rated output current.
c) The ratio of diode peak reverse voltage (PRV) to crest working voltage shall be based on rated dc
(secondary) winding voltage unless voltage conditions more severe than item a) and item b) are
specified.

8. Performance characteristics
8.1 Efficiency and losses
8.1.1 Efficiency determination

The efficiency of a rectifier unit shall be determined by calculation for rated voltages, currents, and frequency
based on separately measured or calculated losses in the various components of the rectifier unit, and for the
normal mode of operation obtained with the specified rectifier transformer connection. Rated direct voltage
shall be assumed in determining the efficiencies at all loads. The efficiency of a rectifier unit provided with
transformer taps for adjusting the output voltage shall be based on the tap designed to produce rated output
voltage, unless efficiencies at other voltages are specified. Efficiency determination shall be made at loads for
which efficiency values are specified.

8.1.2 Classification of losses

The following losses shall be included when calculating the efficiency of a single rectifier unit or multiple
units supplying a common load:

a) Losses in diodes, fuses, busbars, cables, connectors, potential dividers, and diode current balancing
devices
b) Losses in surge absorbing equipment
c) Power absorbed by fans or pumps for moving the cooling media through the cooling system of the
rectifier, despite whether these devices are integrally mounted in the rectifier
d) Losses in controls, monitors, and indication equipment related directly to the proper functioning of the
rectifier
e) Losses in rectifier transformer and interphase transformers
f) Losses in ac current-limiting and balancing reactors
g) Losses in dc inductors

8.1.3 Rectifier losses

The forward power loss includes all forward losses in the circuit elements and their connections. For rectifiers
in the voltage class addressed in this standard, most of this loss is generated in the forward drop of the diodes.
This loss is approximately equal to the product of the forward voltage drop, averaged over the conducting
period, and the average forward current.

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Forward power losses, if required for efficiency d etermination, s hall b e o btained b y m easurement in
accordance with Clause 11.

Reverse current power losses in voltage divider resistors may be measured or computed.

8.1.4 Auxiliary losses

Auxiliary losses to be included in efficiency determinations are the losses in those auxiliaries that operate
continuously, unless specifically excepted, as follows:

a) Blowers and motors, if used continuously.

b) Relaying, metering, indication, and control devices consuming more than 200 W total if used
continuously.
c) Isolating transformers.

8.1.5 Special losses

The losses in equipment listed as follows are to be included in the efficiency determination of a rectifier unit
if serving only that unit, or in the overall efficiency determination of a multiple unit installation serving a
common load, if they serve all of them:

a) Wave-filtering equipment such as reactors or resonant shunts

b) Current limiting reactors
c) Auxiliary and control power transformers or sensors necessary for rectifier operation

The losses in equipment listed as follows are not to be included in the efficiency determination. The losses in
such equipment, under various operating conditions, shall be stated separately by the manufacturer:

a) Light-load voltage rise suppressing equipment, unless permanently connected

b) Dynamic braking equipment
c) Special loads that may be taken off between the transformer and the rectifier
d) Other special equipment

8.2 Voltage regulation

8.2.1 Specification

Inherent voltage regulation shall be specified unless otherwise indicated. It is recommended that the
purchaser’s requirements for inherent voltage regulation in the rated overload range be specified in the form
of an output voltage versus rectifier load current tolerance curve (max/min tolerance band) that extends from
rated output current through the rated overload current range defined by the rectifier service rating. This curve
may be in graphical or tabular format, indicating the acceptable maximum and minimum output voltages at
each load level. Alternatively, inherent voltage regulation in the overload range may be specified as a single
output voltage versus rectifier load current curve with a plus/minus voltage regulation tolerance expressed in
percent. The total voltage regulation of a rectifier unit shall be determined via calculation by the supplier based
on the specified characteristics of the ac supply system and separately measured characteristics of the rectifier,
transformer, and interconnecting equipment. The regulation shall be expressed in volts. Inherent voltage
regulation shall also be calculated by the supplier for a comparison with rectifier unit test results.

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In determining the regulation, any voltage rise resulting from a change in mode of operation at light transition
load shall not be included. The direct voltage of the rectifier unit at no load under normal operating conditions
with rated alternating voltage applied shall be stated. If a no-load voltage suppression equipment is used, then
the no-load voltage with the suppression equipment in operation shall be stated.

8.2.2 Determination of inherent voltage regulation

For an uncontrolled rectifier, the direct voltage Ed at the specified load current Id is Ed0 minus the voltage
regulation in volts, or

Ed = Edo − Er − ( s × E F ) − Ex (1)

where

Edo is the dc no-load or light transition load voltage

Er is the direct voltage drop due to circuit (commutating) resistances
s is the circuit type factor (single way or double way)
EF is the total forward voltage drop per circuit element (diodes in a rectifier phase leg)
Ex is the direct voltage drop due to commutating reactance

EF is often characterized as two components, a constant forward-bias junction diode voltage Vo and a current-
dependent voltage. The current-dependent term can be approximated by Ro × I, where Ro is the diode forward
resistance and I is the current through one diode. Vo and Ro are typically obtained from diode manufacturer
data. In the normal load and overload range, Vo accounts for a large portion of the diode drop, and the diode
drop can be considered constant for regulation calculations.

Edo = s × 2 × Es × ( p / π ) ×sin(π / p ) = C × Es (2)

where

Es is the rectifier transformer secondary winding line-to-neutral voltage

p is the number of rectifier phases

For three-phase, double-way 6-pulse and 12-pulse rectifiers, the value of the constant C is 3 6 / π or 2.3391.

Er = Pr / I d + EB (3)

where

Pr is the resistive load loss in the rectifier transformer

I d is the average rectifier dc load current
EB is the resistive voltage drop in the circuit conductors interconnecting the rectifier and the rectifier
transformer, and the circuit elements within the rectifier (busbars, connectors, fuses, etc.)

Ex = ( s × p / 2π ) × I c × X c (4)

where

s is the circuit type factor (single way or double way)

p is the number of rectifier phases
Ic is the direct current commutated in one set of commutating groups, in amperes
Xc is the line-to-neutral commutating reactance for a set of commutating groups, in ohms

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This expression is normally valid for typical loading conditions encountered in traction service. For heavy
overloads or short-circuit conditions, the voltage drop due to commutating reactance becomes a much more
complicated expression that varies with rectifier pulse number, commutating angle, and the degree of coupling
between rectifier transformer secondary windings.

For an analysis of rectifier commutating reactance voltage drop for extended load ranges, AIEE Transactions
papers by Dortort [B2]8 and by Witzke et al. [B10] should be consulted as a minimum. A brief summary of
the methods used in Witzke et al. ([B9] and [B10]) is provided below for the most common traction rectifier
circuits, service load ranges, and load characteristics. For rectifier installations not included, software-based
circuit simulation of voltage regulation is recommended.

Dortort [B2] and Witzke et al. [B10] utilize the commutating reactance factor Fx = I c X c / Es to determine and
differentiate between rectifier modes of operation for loads in excess of 100%.

8.2.2.1 Six-pulse double-way rectifiers

Six-pulse double-way rectifiers exhibit three modes of operation between no load and short circuit. For
operation up to 450% rated load with an inductive load that is typical for traction power applications, however,
only mode one needs to be considered normally. Mode one is characterized by reactance factors ranging from
0 to 6 /4 , or 0.6214 for inductive loads (this corresponds to commutating angles varying from 0° to 60°). In
this range, the following expression may be used to calculate the direct voltage drop due to commutating
reactance, Ex:

Ex = 1 / 6 × Edo × Fx (5)

where

Edo is the dc no-load or light transition load voltage

Fx is the commutating reactance factor

8.2.2.2 Twelve-pulse double-way rectifiers with interphase transformers

Twelve-pulse double-way rectifiers with interphase transformers exhibit five modes of operation between no
load and short circuit. These dual-bridge rectifier circuit configurations 31, 31A, and 25 and 26 are connected
to different secondary windings on the same rectifier transformer. The current flow in these windings may
cause them to influence each other through their mutual reactance. The coupling factor Ks represents the degree
to which the transformer secondary windings interact. A coupling factor Ks of zero represents secondary
windings that are on entirely separate cores (no mutual coupling). The direct voltage due to commutating
reactance Ex for a 12-pulse double-way rectifier with a Ks of zero is the same as Ex for the six-pulse rectifier
noted in 8.2.2.1 for the same reactance factor range. When Ks > 0, however, the commutating reactance varies
with Ks, which greatly complicates the calculation of Ex.

For Ks > 0, Ex may be obtained from Equation (5) when Fx is between 0 and 0.1641 (12-pulse mode 1). For
values of Fx greater than 0.1641, Ex may be calculated from the various equations in Witzke et al. [B10].
Alternatively, the corresponding value of Ed/Edo may be obtained from Figure 1 in Witzke et al. [B10], which
has been reproduced in Figure 6 and Figure 7. Using this method,

Ex = Edo ×(1− Ed / Edo ) (6)

where

Edo is the dc no-load or light transition load voltage

8
The numbers in brackets correspond to those of the bibliography in Annex D.

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Ed is the average direct voltage under load

Figure 6—Reactive regulation for 12-pulse rectifiers using reactance factors

Figure 7—Extended-range reactance factor curves for 12-pulse rectifiers

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8.2.2.3 Twelve-pulse double-way rectifiers without interphase transformers

Twelve-pulse double-way rectifiers without interphase transformers (circuit configuration 31B and 31C) also
exhibit five modes of operation between no load and short circuit.

The direct voltage due to commutating reactance Ex for a 12-pulse double-way rectifier with a rectifier
transformer Ks of zero is the same as Ex for the six-pulse rectifier noted in 8.2.2.1 for the same reactance factor
range (from 0 to 1.414).

For values of Fx greater than 0.6214, Ex may be calculated from the various equations in Witzke et al. [B10].
Alternatively, the corresponding value of Ed /Edo may be obtained from Figure 7.

If 12-pulse double-way rectifiers are used without interphase transformers, it is highly recommended that
loosely coupled rectifier transformers be used to obtain the characteristics of rectifier circuit configuration
31. A loosely coupled rectifier transformer produces less eddy-current winding loss in the windings when an
interphase transformer is not used. The impedance of the loosely coupled transformer secondary windings
performs a function similar to an interphase transformer. In either case, the additional losses and heating
associated with the removal of the IPT shall be accounted for in design and testing.

8.2.3 Effect of harmonics in line voltage

The presence of harmonics in the alternating input voltage of a rectifier unit may affect the direct output
voltage. The output voltage of a rectifier is determined by the average voltage applied to an anode during its
conducting period; therefore, the effect of a harmonic component of the voltage will depend on the magnitude,
order, and phase position of the harmonic component. In large installations having phase-shifting transformers
connected between the ac line and the rectifier units, the output voltages of the units may differ because of
the different phase relations between the fundamental and harmonic components in the various units. These
differing output voltages result in current unbalance between paralleled 6-pulse rectifier units that use phase-
shifting transformers to obtain 12-pulse operation, and between the rectifier bridges in 12-pulse rectifier units.
Common parallel combinations of 6-pulse rectifier units employing phase-shifting transformers include the
circuit 23 with the circuit 25, and the circuit 25 with the circuit 26.

The effect of harmonics in the ac line voltage arising from the voltage drop in the line reactance with a rectifier
unit operating alone may be determined by direct calculation. The effect of harmonics arising from other
rectifiers, capacitors, or other sources external to the rectifier can be determined from tests on the installation
or by detailed harmonic load flow simulations.

8.3 Power factor

8.3.1 Value of power factor

The power factor of a rectifier unit is less than unity for three reasons:

a) Distortion of the current wave due to the inherent action of the rectifier. This represents harmonic
components in the alternating line current, which do not add to the active power but add to the
voltamperes. The effect of distortion decreases as the number of phases is increased.
b) Displacement of the fundamental component of the alternating line current with respect to the voltage,
due to the reactance of the rectifier transformer.
c) The effect of transformer exciting current. The power factor is the ratio of kilowatts to kVA measured
at the alternating line terminals of the rectifier transformer. It may also be expressed as the ratio of the
in-phase or watt component to the rms value of the ac line current. The watt component of the line
current is sinusoidal, on the assumption that the alternating line voltage is sinusoidal.

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Copyright © 2020 IEEE. All rights reserved.

The power factor for a specific load current can be determined by calculation based on the measured
characteristics of the transformer equipment and associated reactors by the method outlined below. Refer to
IEEE Std 519 for additional information.

By the analysis of its theoretical wave shape, the alternating line current can be resolved into its components
as follows:

IL is the alternating line current (rms value)

I1 p is the fundamental watt component of IL

I1q is the fundamental reactive component of IL.

I H = I L 2 − I1 p 2 − I1q 2 is the total harmonic component of IL

The magnitude of these components will vary with rectifier load and transformer commutating reactance. If
the transformer exciting current Ie is assumed to be wholly reactive, with no harmonic components, the power
factor is given by:

I1 p
Power factor (total) =
2
I L 2 − I1q 2 + ( I1q + I e )

The errors resulting from neglecting the watt component and harmonic components of the exciting current are
negligible in practical cases.

8.3.2 Determination of displacement power factor

The displacement power factor is the ratio of kilowatts to kVA of fundamental frequency at the ac line terminals
of the rectifier transformer. The instrumentation commonly employed for determination of the power factor
is not responsive to the harmonic components of the line current to the rectifier unit, assuming sinusoidal line
voltage, and will measure the displacement power factor.

The displacement power factor is calculated by the same procedure as described in 8.3.1, except that the
harmonic component Ih is neglected.

I1 p
Displacement power factor =
2
I1 p 2 + ( I1q + I e )

The theoretical value of the displacement power factor, as a function of the per-unit direct voltage drop caused
by the commutating reactance, neglecting transformer exciting current, is:

cos (ϕ1' ) = ( Edo − Ex ) / Edo

The correction for transformer exciting current Ie is approximately:

  Ie 
cos(φ 1) = cos (arccos(cos(φ 1 ')) + arctan   (7)
  I 1 p 


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8.4 Tolerances and unbalance criteria

8.4.1 Voltage regulation

The voltage regulation in the rated overload range shall be within the purchaser’s specified output voltage
versus the rectifier load current tolerance curve, or within the specified ± percent tolerance if a tolerance
curve is not specified, when the rectifier transformer is set on the rated voltage tap and is connected to an ac
system with the specified sinusoidal voltage and impedance (see 8.2.1). If no tolerance is specified, the voltage
regulation in the overload range shall be ±10% of the specified value when the rectifier transformer is set on
the rated voltage tap and is connected to an alternating-current system having the specified sinusoidal voltage
and impedance.

The voltage regulation tolerance for rectifier output currents less than or equal to the rated output current shall
be governed by the requirements of 8.4.2.

8.4.2 Rated output voltage

The output direct voltage (inherent), as determined by calculation (see 8.2.2), shall not differ from the rated
value by more than 1% or 2 V, whichever is higher, when the rectifier transformer is set on the rated voltage
tap and is connected to an ac system with the specified sinusoidal voltage and impedance (inherent) for which
compensation is provided.

8.4.3 Displacement power factor

In an uncontrolled rectifier, the displacement power factor cos(ø1) is determined by the voltage regulation.
If a power factor is specified that is in conflict with the power factor determined by the voltage regulation
specification, the voltage regulation specification shall take precedence, and the power factor defined by the
regulation shall be substituted for that specified.

8.4.4 Current unbalance within rectifier units

The supplier of rectifier units shall coordinate rectifier, rectifier transformer, interconnecting circuits,
and interphase transformer (where applicable) designs to provide equipment that meets the performance
requirements for current unbalance. The unit equipment shall be designed such that the phase and bridge
current unbalance does not exceed ±10% between 50% and 150% rated current with input power quality
parameters in compliance with IEEE Std 519; this shall be achieved without the need for balancing reactors.

8.4.5 Parallel operation of rectifier units

A rectifier unit shall be considered to be in satisfactory parallel operation with other similar rectifier units if its
output direct current does not differ from its proportionate share of the total current by more than ±10% when
operating from 50% to 150% of rated load at rated voltage with input power quality parameters in compliance
with IEEE Std 519. The proportionate share of current for a unit is the total current multiplied by the ratio of
the rated current of the unit to the sum of the rated currents of all the units operating in parallel. This does not
imply that the rectifier will be permitted to operate beyond its nameplate ratings.

The supplier of rectifier units intended for parallel operation shall prepare detailed calculations demonstrating
satisfactory parallel operation for submission with equipment shop drawings. If certain operating conditions
shall prevail for successful parallel operation, these conditions shall be stated by the supplier.

8.4.6 Diode current unbalance

Parallel diodes shall be designed to remain within specified performance limits under all operating conditions,
including short-circuit conditions, with the specified number of diodes removed (if any). No diode shall carry
more than 120% of its proportionate share of the rectifier section current under all operating conditions.

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Copyright © 2020 IEEE. All rights reserved.

8.5 Auxiliaries
8.5.1 Rectifier auxiliaries

The limits of temperature rise and allowable variation from rated voltage and frequency for auxiliary apparatus
such as motors, transformers, and control and indication devices shall be governed by existing North American
standards for such equipment, where applicable.

9. Nameplates
The following is the minimum information that shall be provided on rectifier nameplates:

a) Name of manufacturer
b) Descriptive name
c) Rectification circuit number/configuration
d) Serial number(s)
e) Manufacturer’s type designation of semiconductor devices used in main rectifier circuit elements
f) Output rating
1) Kilowatts
2) Voltage
3) Current—continuous
4) Overload currents—magnitude and duration (the service rating)
g) Input and output phases and phase designations with schematic diagram
h) Input frequency
i) Method of cooling (convection cooling, or forced air with design air flow rate)
j) Maximum ambient temperature
k) Weight (fully equipped)
l) Number of parallel diodes
m) Design commutating impedance (external)
n) IPT nameplate information (refer to 10.3)
o) Date of manufacture
p) Operation and maintenance book identification
q) Compliance with this IEEE design standard

10. Interphase transformers

10.1 General
Interphase transformers are employed between paralleled rectifier circuits such as the type 31, 31A, 25 and
26, 45, and 46 to place an impedance between the two circuits. Interphase transformers permit circuit 31
rectifier units to operate as two independent 6-pulse bridges at a 120° current conduction angle, resulting
in more favorable electrical characteristics. Under ideal conditions of perfectly balanced phase currents
and voltages, the design of interphase transformers is relatively straightforward. Such conditions, however,

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Copyright © 2020 IEEE. All rights reserved.

are purely theoretical, particularly with type 31 rectifier circuits, which have an inherent voltage imbalance
between delta and wye transformer secondary windings. Preexisting harmonic voltages, outside the limits
of IEEE Std 519, in the ac supply to the rectifier unit will also create imbalances that will impact interphase
transformer operation negatively; this information shall be provided to the rectifier unit supplier.

Unbalanced input current biases the iron core of an IPT toward the saturation of the core iron unless it has
been designed to accommodate the levels of unbalance to which it is exposed. High current unbalance could
saturate the core iron at the peak current, which produces increased harmonics resulting in higher losses and
heating in the transformer secondary windings. It is the responsibility of the rectifier unit supplier to coordinate
the design of the IPT with the rectifier and rectifier transformer designs to ensure that the IPT will function
acceptably under the expected levels of unbalance for the specified service conditions. Because most of the
IPT parameters do not affect input or output, an evaluation of the effects of parameters such as saturation
shall be based on their impact on the transformer rectifier unit characteristics, such as efficiency and voltage
regulation.

10.2 Specification information

The specification f or a n i nterphase t ransformer s hall c ontain t he f ollowing i nformation a s a minimum;
information shall be provided by the system designer or rectifier manufacturer as appropriate:

a) Rectifier open-circuit voltage, Edo

b) Rectifier rated output current
c) Rectifier service (overload) rating
d) Incoming line frequency and circuit number
e) Required IPT temperature rise in °C at 100% rated current
f) Rectifier transformer voltage unbalance or turns ratio
g) Rectifier transformer reactance unbalance
h) Dielectric test strength of the interphase transformer (refer to 11.3.1.6)
i) Required audible sound level of stand-alone IPT
j) Excitation current at light transition load at specified IPT terminal to terminal voltage
k) Maximum allowable ac flux density of iron core

10.3 Submittal information

The interphase transformer manufacturer shall provide the following design information to the purchaser
during the shop drawing review phase as a minimum. This information shall be recorded on the rectifier
nameplate:

a) Excitation current and core loss at rated frequency, at specified IPT light transition load average
voltage and at 100% load average voltage, respectively
b) Calculated load loss at the load levels specified for the rectifier-transformer unit
c) Rated reactance in ohms and inductance in Henries, at specified light transition load and at 100% load
with specified current unbalance
d) Calculated IPT temperature rise, °C, at 100% rated current
e) Maximum allowable unbalance current

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f) Audible sound level

11. Test procedures

The purpose of this clause is to outline accepted test practices as a guide for making tests on rectifier units and
associated major components. The word “shall” indicates a requirement.

11.1 Rectifier transformer tests

Design and routine tests for rectifier transformers shall be performed by the transformer manufacturer in
accordance with IEEE Std C57.18.10™ and IEEE Std 1653.1™.

11.2 Interphase transformer tests

The following tests shall be performed on an interphase transformer in accordance with IEEE Std C57.12.91™.

11.2.1 Factory tests

The following tests shall be performed:

a) Resistance measurement.
b) Reactance, excitation current, and core loss measurements at light load transition terminal average
voltage and reactance, excitation current and core loss measurement at 100% load average terminal
voltage with a calculated reduction in reactance due to the specified dc current unbalance. The 100%
load reactance test may be performed with an injected dc current unbalance. Reactance measurements
shall also include inductance measurements in Henries.
NOTE—The measurement of the reactance, excitation current, and core loss may be made at a frequency within
(± 20%) of the rated frequency and corrected to rated frequency.

c) Calculated dc loss at rated load shall be obtained by using the dc resistance measurement.
d) Insulation resistance test between windings and core.
e) Applied voltage or hi-pot test at the test voltage level of the rectifier in which the IPT will be installed.

11.3 Rectifier tests

The following routine tests shall be performed by the rectifier manufacturer on all rectifiers. Rectifiers shall
be completely assembled before the tests are performed, except for the removal of sensitive components as
needed for tests.

11.3.1 Dielectric tests

11.3.1.1 Purpose of dielectric tests

Dielectric withstand tests shall be made on traction power rectifiers to verify the integrity of the insulation
and to prove the adequacy of the solid insulation, the creepage distances, and the clearances between device
terminals and elements

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The following tests shall be conducted with the semiconductor devices shorted:

Buswork Enclosure Control wiring

Voltage probe Grounded Grounded
Grounded Grounded Voltage probe

These tests cannot be used to test the reverse voltage capabilities of the semi-conductor devices, and every
precaution shall be taken to avoid the appearance of the test voltage or any part thereof across the semiconductor
devices. Generally, this is done by short circuiting the individual semiconductor devices or by removing them.

The tests shall be deemed successful if no flashover occurs during any of the 1 min tests. If a flashover occurs,
then an investigation shall be conducted to find the cause and appropriate corrective action taken. The tests
may then be repeated.

11.3.1.2 Condition of the equipment to be tested

Dielectric tests shall be made on complete component pieces of equipment making up the rectifier unit,
such as the rectifier, or separately mounted auxiliaries. Dielectric tests to determine whether manufacturing
specifications are fulfilled are admissible on new equipment only.

11.3.1.3 Conditions under which dielectric tests are to be made

Dielectric tests on the rectifier shall be made under atmospheric pressure, temperature, and humidity conditions
normally prevailing at the testing facility, except that dielectric tests shall be made at an ambient temperature
between 10 °C and 40 °C so that no correction factors need to be applied.

11.3.1.4 Frequency and wave shape of test voltage

The frequency of the ac dielectric withstand test voltage shall be 60 Hz ±20% and shall be essentially
sinusoidal.

11.3.1.5 Duration of application of dielectric tests

The test voltage shall be applied continuously for a period of 60 s unless otherwise specified.

11.3.1.6 Voltage for dielectric tests

The test voltages for rectifier dielectric testing shall be as indicated in Table 2 below (these are consistent with
the test values in IEEE Std C37.14™ [B5]):

Table 2—Rectifier dielectric test voltages

Maximum-rated AC dielectric rms DC dielectric
output voltage test voltage test voltage
800 V 3.7 kV 5.2 kV
1000 V 4.6 kV 6.5 kV
1200 V 4.8 kV 6.8 kV
1600 V 5.4 kV 7.6 kV

To facilitate these tests, the following categories are established.

a) All auxiliary devices shall conform to existing North American standards for their class and may be
tested at time of manufacture. If the conditions of use in the rectifier are more severe than those covered

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Copyright © 2020 IEEE. All rights reserved.

in the standards under which it has been manufactured and tested, then additional tests appropriate to
the more severe conditions shall be made.
b) Auxiliary devices conductively connected to any part of the rectifier, but whose frame or housing is at
a different potential, shall be tested together with the part to which they are conductively connected.
c) Floating auxiliary devices that are exposed to dielectric stresses from a power circuit through their
mountings or otherwise, but are not connected to a power circuit, shall be treated as being connected
to the particular power circuit terminal most nearly duplicating operating conditions, and shall be so
connected for all dielectric tests.
d) Any auxiliary devices and circuits in items a), b), or c) that cannot meet these tests shall be guarded
from heavy fault currents by suitable fuses; in which case, these fuses may be removed during the
dielectric tests.
e) Auxiliary components and circuits that become conductively connected to the rectifier as a normal
consequence of their operation shall be so connected during the dielectric tests.

11.3.2 Polarity tests

Tests shall be performed to verify that all measuring and monitoring devices, including shunts, transducers,
sensors, meters, and relays, are connected correctly with the proper polarities.

11.3.3 Controls sequence and wiring continuity tests

Tests shall be performed to verify that all control devices operate correctly and in the correct order.

11.3.4 Control wiring continuity tests

Tests shall be performed to verify correct wiring and of all control devices and circuits via operation of all
control devices. For control devices and circuits that will be connected to external devices, point-to-point
continuity tests shall be performed.

11.3.5 Rated voltage test

The rectifier shall be subjected to 110% of rated ac voltage for a period of 5 min. with the load terminals open
or lightly loaded.

The following methods for obtaining the required 6-phase ac voltage for the rated voltage test on a 12-pulse
rectifier shall be acceptable:

a) A 12-pulse test rectifier transformer similar in design (similar circuit configuration) to the transformer
that will power the rectifier being tested is used to power the entire rectifier (preferred)
b) A three-phase test source is used to test each rectifier section independently

11.3.6 Mechanical tests

Tests shall be performed to verify the proper positioning and functioning of all mechanical devices, including
access doors, switches, air handling equipment, interlocks, bolted connections, and so on.

11.3.7 Rated current test

If a rectifier is being procured without a rectifier transformer, then a rectifier rated current test shall be performed
by the supplier on at least one representative rectifier in a multiple rectifier project. The requirements for this
test are the same as those described in 11.4. The rated current test includes testing for current balance.

11.3.8 Loss measurement tests

If a rectifier is being procured without a rectifier transformer, then loss measurement tests shall be performed
by the supplier on at least one representative rectifier in a multiple rectifier project. The requirements for this
test are the same as those described in 11.4.

11.3.9 Summary of rectifier tests

Rectifier tests are summarized in Table 3.

Table 3—Summary of rectifier tests

Test description Design test Production test Optional test
Rated current X
Loss measurement X
Dielectric X
Polarity X
Controls sequence X
Wiring continuity X
Rated voltage X
Mechanical X

11.4 Rectifier unit tests

The large size and high overload rating of traction rectifiers generally makes testing at full voltage and
power impractical. Testing with the rectifier dc output short circuited at lower voltage can provide a method
to determine the parameters necessary to calculate full voltage performance and capability, but it cannot
provide accurate numerical data applicable to actual operation. Therefore, when a rectifier unit is specified, its
performance and capability shall be determined from calculation by parameters determined for the individual
components by the methods described in this and other pertinent standards. These components shall include
the transformer, rectifier, and interconnections when inherent regulation is specified. When total regulation is
specified, these components shall also include source characteristics.

As an option, a rectifier unit “package test” or “in-line test” test may be performed on a completely assembled
rectifier unit, including rectifier transformer, rectifier, and interconnecting bus ducts, assembled in line. This
test may include a rated current test and a short circuit test. If this test is specified, the specifier shall describe
the quantities to be measured, the test methods and test criteria. These quantities, methods and criteria are
needed by the facility performing the testing to conduct the testing, and to serve as the means for determining
whether the rectifier unit successfully performs as specified. Test methods specifically for rectifier unit tests
are not addressed in this standard.

11.4.1 Parameters to be determined

The following parameters shall be determined to calculate rectifier unit performance.

11.4.1.1 Parameters for all rectifiers

The following parameters shall be determined for performance calculations for all rectifier units:

a) Transformer no load and load loss, in accordance with IEEE Std C57.18.10
b) Transformer no load voltage and commutating resistance and reactance
c) Interconnecting bus loss

d) Interconnecting bus resistance and reactance

e) Rectifier conductor loss
f) Rectifier resistance and reactance
g) Rectifier diode loss
h) Interphase transformer loss, resistance, and reactance

11.4.1.2 Parameters for multiple, cascade, parallel, and series rectifiers

If the rectifier consists of more than one simple rectifier, then the parameters defined in 11.4.1.1 shall be
determined for each simple rectifier to determine compliance with 8.4.4 (current unbalance) and to provide
data for determination of rectifier unit performance and capabilities.

a) For multiple secondary transformers in which each secondary is associated with a simple rectifier, the
defined transformer parameters shall be determined from the primary to each secondary.
b) Short-circuit currents and balance shall be determined from the values of each secondary in a
transformer test with all secondaries shorted. The values shall be used to determine the necessary
capability of each simple rectifier.

11.4.1.3 Rectifier unit performance characteristics

The following rectifier unit performance characteristics, as a minimum, shall be calculated prior to rectifier unit
testing. In units consisting of more than one simple rectifier, the effect of voltage, impedance, and resistance
unbalance shall be included:

a) Efficiency at 25%, 50%, 75%, 100%, and 150% load currents.

b) Inherent voltage regulation, light load to 100% load current.
c) Total voltage regulation, light transition load to maximum-rated overload current.
d) Displacement power factor at 25%, 50%, 75%, 100%, and 150% load currents.
e) Transformer primary current harmonic spectrum, including individual harmonic orders and
magnitudes, at 50%, 100%, and maximum-specified overload.
f) Diode junction temperatures resulting from the specified load cycle and calculated imbalance.
g) Short-circuit current, including imbalance effect of item b) in 11.4.1.2.

11.4.2 Rated current test

The primary purpose of this test is to determine diode junction temperatures during the specified overload
cycle. Calculations or test modifications shall be included that demonstrate junction capability, including the
imbalance determined in rectifier unit tests.

A rated current test, if specified, shall be made in accordance with the following provisions unless previously
performed on a rectifier of essentially duplicate design as determined by the purchaser/specifier:

a) The rated current test shall be performed at reduced ac voltage so that the dc terminals may be
connected to a low resistance load or short circuited. With this arrangement, the rectifier is operated
under short-circuit conditions at a sinusoidal wave shape and 180° conduction angle.
b) Thermocouples shall be applied to representative components, including diode cases and bus ducts for
purposes of temperature recording at intervals no farther apart than 1 min for the duration of the test.

Ambient, supply, and discharge air temperatures shall be recorded, along with rectifier output, bridge,
and phase currents. Diode case temperature measurements shall be extrapolated to diode junction
temperatures in accordance with diode manufacturer data and JEDEC JESD 282.
c) The rectifier shall be operated at 100% rated output current until all rectifier parts have reached
stabilized (constant) temperature before applying overloads. The rated overloads shall then be applied
for the magnitudes and durations defined by the rectifier unit service rating.
d) The temperature and rate of flow of the cooling media during the tests shall be substantially the same
as that designed for regular service.
e) If a maximum ambient temperature is specified for the test, then the test may be conducted at a lower
ambient temperature and the results extrapolated to the specified temperature.
f) Connections between transformer and rectifier shall be the responsibility of the rectifier unit supplier.

Current unbalances shall be checked during this test and the results used as a guide for further testing and
corrective action. Current balance checks and tests shall be made with the specified number of diodes
installed. It is noted that determination of current unbalance between rectifier phases and bridges can only be
approximated during reduced voltage current tests.

11.4.3 Loss measurement tests on rectifier and its auxiliaries

NOTE—When efficiency is guaranteed, the rectifier losses shall be measured unless the manufacturer’s test data are
available from a previously tested duplicate unit.
The efficiency of a rectifier unit is determined by calculation based on the measured losses in the component
parts of the unit.

11.4.3.1 Forward current losses

11.4.3.1.1 Conditions of forward power-loss measurements

a) Forward power losses shall be measured with reduced ac voltage applied and the dc terminals short
circuited.
b) When feasible, the rectifier shall be tested with its own transformer and secondary connections, if
these connections are furnished by the manufacturer.
c) The temperature of the rectifier shall be adjusted or regulated to the design value for the loads at which
losses are to be measured.
d) The ambient temperature shall be no less than 20 °C and not more than 40 °C.
e) When rectifier sections have common cooling systems or closed environments, all sections shall be
equally loaded for loss measurements, although the actual measurements need to be carried out only
on one section, if all have an identical configuration. As an alternative, only the section under test
needs to be loaded if the cooling system can be adjusted to provide the same temperature rise as if all
sections were equally loaded.

11.4.3.1.2 Loss-measurement circuits

This subclause describes general rules applying to loss-measurement circuits but does not give specific test
circuit configurations. An appropriate measurement circuit shall be determined by the manufacturer and shall
be agreed on by the user and the manufacturer. Measurement circuit requirements may vary depending on
whether the test is for an entire transformer rectifier unit or for a rectifier only, as well as by rectifier circuit
configuration. The three test configurations described in the former ANSI C34.2 are summarized as follows:

a) AC voltage and current are measured at the rectifier input (“Test Circuit No. 1”). This is referred to
as the “direct” rectifier loss measurement method. This is the preferred test method for double-way
(bridge) rectifiers, because the losses in the rectifier transformer are not precisely known.
b) AC voltage and current are measured at the rectifier transformer input (“Test Circuit No. 2”). This
method is sometimes necessary for single-way rectifiers, because the full-wave rectifier characteristics
are developed in the transformer windings.
c) AC current is measured at the rectifier transformer input and ac voltage is measured at the rectifier
input (“Test Circuit No. 3”).

Load losses are normally measured by short circuiting the dc output of the rectifier and impressing sufficient
voltage on the test transformer to cause rated current to circulate in the dc output. Rectifier or rectifier
transformer input voltage, current, and power are then measured.

It is recommended that the losses in the rectifier be measured directly because this method avoids the calibration
or inclusion of transformer copper losses (this method was referred to in ANSI C34.2 as Test Circuit No. 1).
Wattmeters suitable for low voltages are required for this method. If the losses of the test transformer are
included in the measurement, then low-power factor wattmeters shall be used, of the same class as those used
in measuring transformer losses. Refer to IEEE Std C57.12.91 for test instrument requirements.

The total power input to the rectifier shall be measured simultaneously (single-test setup), without reconnection
of wattmeters or instrument transformers.

It is recommended that all phase currents and all phase-to-phase voltages be measured and recorded during
these tests. These measurements are useful in determining current balance and the commutating reactance of
the rectifier.

If the loss in the dc shorting bus is appreciable, then the voltage drop across it is to be measured with a millivolt
meter as indicated. If the dc shunt is not part of the rectifier equipment, then the dc millivolt meter may be
connected to include the shunt so that its loss can be deducted.

Secondary connection losses are included by connecting the wattmeter potential leads at the rectifier
transformer secondary terminals. Secondary connection losses can be excluded by connecting the potential
leads at the rectifier terminals.

11.4.3.1.3 Compensation for form factor

a) The form factors of the currents in the circuit elements and in the transformer windings vary
considerably between normal operation and short-circuit testing. For the purpose of this standard, all
circuit element currents in rectifiers of three or more phases are assumed to be rectangular in normal
operation, with a zero commutating angle. All transformer winding and line currents are derived from
this rectangular shape.
b) All currents in short-circuit tests are assumed to be sinusoidal, with a form factor of 1.11. Corrections
shall be applied, if necessary, as described in 11.4.3.1.6.
c) The ratio of the form factor in normal operation to the form factor in short circuit will equal 1.1 for the
commonly used rectifier connections of Figure 1.

11.4.3.1.4 Loss measurements

a) Two loss measurements (P1 and P2) are to be made, P1 at rated dc and Id and P2 at KId. The corresponding
ac line currents will be (1/K)(IL) and IL, respectively, and IL is the rated line current.
b) P2 is made first after reaching constant temperature at KId. P1 is made as quickly as possible after
reducing the load to Id. Some drop in temperature is unavoidable, particularly at the junctions, but
this drop shall be minimized. Changes in copper and junction temperatures will partially cancel their
effect on losses.
c) The loss P corresponding to rated output current, Id under normal conditions of voltage will be given
by Equation (7) after measurements P1 and P2 are adjusted as described in item c)1):
K +1
P= P2 − KP1 (7)
K
where

K is the ratio of the form factor under normal conditions to the form factor under short-circuit
conditions
1) P1 and P2 as measured include the losses in the dc shorting connections and shunts. These losses are
assumed to be equal to the product of the dc voltage drop and Id and KId, respectively. That portion of
the losses not belonging to the rectifier shall be deducted from P1 and P2.
2) Loss measurements P1 and P2 include the copper losses of the rectifier transformer and interphase
transformers, if any. These losses may be segregated or lumped with the rectifier losses.

11.4.3.1.5 Determination of form factor

The K values in 11.4.3.1.4 are based on sinusoidal currents (form factor 1.11) during the short-circuit tests.
In some cases, the circuit element currents may deviate appreciably from the sinusoidal or from the 180°
conduction period.

a) Form factor and conduction period shall be checked at the start of the test, within a circuit element. It
is also advisable to check the form factor of the ac line current.
b) Form factor within a circuit element may be determined graphically from an oscillographic trace
obtained by means of a shunt or a Rogowsky coil, which sees the current of the entire circuit element
or of a single diode. No calibration is needed, and therefore, fuses may be used as shunts. Any
oscillograph is suitable, but linearity of the time scale is important. A plot of the trace exhibited on the
oscilloscope screen may be used.
c) Sharp spikes in the current trace are to be disregarded. They are caused by inductance of the shunt and
shunt leads and cannot exist in the current.
d) The length of the conduction period may be determined graphically from item b) or from a trace of the
voltage across the circuit element.

11.4.3.1.6 Correction for form factor

Correction for form factor may be made by adjusting the value K, or by using the standard value of K from
11.4.3.1.3, and correcting the resulting value of P:

a) Adjustment of K: Because the unidirectional current in the circuit element may flow for more than
180° in the short-circuit test, the form factor of the unidirectional current shall be taken as follows:

1  I rms 
F'=  
2  I avg 
in which Irms and Iavg are integrated over a full cycle. This differs from the standard definition of form
factor by the factor 1/√2.
The corrected value of K will then be:
1.111
K '= K×
F'
If the conduction period is greater than 190° and all ac measurements are made from the rectifier
transformer primary (Test Circuit No. 2), the ac line current form factor will differ from F’ and the
actual rms line currents will differ from IL and IL/K for the P1 and P2 measurements.
The transformer copper loss measurements shall be corrected for the actual currents measured in a
segregated copper loss method employing Test Circuit No. 2. Similarly, the efficiency of the rectifier
unit shall be corrected when using a lumped transformer copper and rectifier loss method employing
Test Circuit No. 2.
b) Correction of P using standard value of K:
1) Determine the form factor F’ and the ratio P’2 / P’1 and obtain the correction for P’ by calculation.
Figure 8 may also be used to obtain the correction factor. If less than 5%, the correction may be
disregarded.
2) In general, if P’2 / P’1 is less than 1.15 and F’ is greater than 1.06 and less than 1.17, no correction
is required.

Figure 8—Correction for form factor

11.4.3.1.7 Correction of P for dc variations

a) If the output currents Id and KId cannot be held accurately during these tests, but neither current is in
error by more than 2.5%, and the total divergent error does not exceed 2.5%, then no correction is
required.
b) If the conditions of item a) are not met and P1 and P2 are measured at aId and bKId, respectively, the
relationship of item c) in 11.4.3.1.4 for P is not valid. Instead,

a ( K 2 − a ) P2 − bK 2 ( K − b) P1
P=
abK (bK − a )
c) If the values of Id and KId cannot be attained, but the ratio can be maintained accurately so that a = b,
then

( K 2 − a) P2 − K 2 ( K − a) P1
P=
a 2 K ( K −1)
11.4.3.2 Loss measurement at other than rated load

When loss measurements at other than the rated load are required, the test procedures and corrections stipulated
herein shall apply, except that Id and KId shall denote the fractional or overloads at which efficiencies are to be

measured. If Test Circuit No. 2 is to be used with segregated transformer copper losses, then the transformer
shall be calibrated for all the loads at which measurements are to be made.

11.4.3.3 Reverse current power losses

a) When the total reverse current loss in the diodes, voltage divider resistors, and surge suppressor circuits
is reasonably estimated to be less than 0.05% of the output power or 5% of the rectifier forward power
loss, these losses need not be measured and may be disregarded in determination of efficiency.
b) If the total reverse current losses are estimated to be greater than the limiting value determined in item
a) and less than 15% of the forward current power loss of the rectifier, these losses may be estimated
and shall be included in the total losses for efficiency determination.
c) If the total reverse current losses are estimated to be equal to or greater than 15% of the forward
current power loss, these losses shall be measured and included in the efficiency determination.

11.4.3.3.1 Determination of reverse current power loss

a) Estimate of diode loss. Diode or thyristor reverse current power loss:

Prc = ( Number of parallel diodes)×(Average reverse current/dio
ode)×Edo
b) Estimate of resistor loss. The rms value of the reverse voltage across a diode or group of parallel
diodes is as follows:
1) For 6-phase double-wye or double-way rectifiers:
4
Vrc ≈ Edo / ( Number of diodes in series)
3S
2) For single-phase double-way or single-way rectifiers:
π
Vrc » Edo
3S
The loss in each resistor is Vrc2/R. For nonlinear resistors, R shall be considered to be the value of
the resistor at crest reverse voltage.
c) Other voltage losses [not covered by item a) or item b) above] are as follows:
1) Loss may be measured separately on a sample resistor(s), applying the rated ac voltage of the
circuit to which they will be connected.
2) Losses in surge-suppressor circuits that cannot be measured separately may be computed unless
the total reverse current power loss exceeds the limits stated in 11.4.3.3.
3) Losses in voltage divider transformers, diode monitoring equipment, and other devices not listed
in this standard specifically shall be measured separately on a sample specimen, if feasible, under
conditions similar to normal operation. If this is not feasible, then their losses may be computed
unless the total reverse current power loss exceeds the limits stated in 11.4.3.3.

11.4.3.3.2 Measurement of reverse current power loss

If the total reverse current power losses exceed 15% of the forward current power loss, these losses shall be
measured, in place, with all reverse power loss producing devices connected:

a) The test shall be conducted at room temperature (20 °C to 30 °C) with rated voltage applied to the ac
terminals of the rectifier and no load connected to the dc terminals. Surge or peak voltage suppression
devices connected across the dc terminals shall remain connected for this test.
b) In the case of single-way multiple rectifier circuits, the test need only be made on one commutating
group.

11.4.3.4 Losses in rectifier auxiliaries

The losses in rectifier auxiliaries shall be determined by measuring the power input at their supply terminals,
by means of a wattmeter, while they are operating as in regular service.

11.4.3.5 Losses in interphase transformers

11.4.3.5.1 Excitation losses

The excitation losses of the interphase transformer shall be measured with an applied sine-wave voltage
having the same average value and the same fundamental frequency as the voltage appearing on the same
terminals when the rectifier is operating at rated load.

If facilities are not available for tests at this frequency, the test may be made at any frequency within 15% of
the desired value by applying a voltage corrected in proportion to the frequency. The loss shall then be taken as
measured loss multiplied by the ratio of the desired frequency to the test frequency.

An alternative method is to measure the losses at two or more frequencies by applying voltage corrected in
proportion to those frequencies and to determine the loss at the desired frequency by interpolation.

11.4.3.5.2 Load losses

The interphase transformer load losses shall be the ohmic losses computed from the resistance of the windings
corrected to the standard temperature and the current corresponding to operation of the rectifier at rated load.

11.4.3.5.3 Lumped losses

If the lumped transformer copper and rectifier loss method is elected (Test Circuit No. 2), then the computed
load loss of the interphase transformer at Id and KId and at the temperature of the test shall be deducted from
P1 and P2 before the computation of P (total rectifier and transformer load loss), and the load loss at Id will be
corrected to the standard temperature, then the two values will be added to the computed value.

This need not be done if the interphase transformer and rectifier transformer share a common cooling system.
Temperature correction is then sufficient.

11.4.3.6 Losses in diode current balancing reactors

The losses in these reactors may be measured separately or included in the rectifier loss measurements.
Whether measured separately or not, they shall be included in the rectifier loss test specified herein. This loss
measurement includes both the excitation and load losses of the balancing reactors.

11.4.3.7 Losses in secondary saturable reactors

11.4.3.7.1 Excitation losses

Because the equipment is essentially reactors, the excitation losses shall be included with the load losses in a
single measurement. If a substantial voltage will appear across these reactors under conditions of operation
for which efficiency determinations are to be made, the excitation losses shall be determined separately in the

same manner as for interphase transformers, except that a dc bias is to be added, equal to the dc ampere-turns
that will appear on these reactors under the specified conditions.

11.4.3.7.2 Load losses

When the equipment is mounted as an integral part of the rectifier transformer, t he l oad l osses s hall be
measured simultaneously with, and included as part of, the rectifier transformer load losses.

When mounted remotely from the rectifier transformer, the load losses shall be included in the measurement
of the rectifier losses.

11.4.4 Polarity and phase-relation tests

Specific phase relations between the power and control circuits are essential to the proper operation of many
rectifiers. Procedures for making polarity and phase-relation tests are described in the IEEE/ANSI Standards
for Transformers, Regulators, and Reactors, C57 Series.

11.4.4.1 Phase-relation tests on rectifier circuits

The following procedures may be used for making phase-relation tests on a rectifier circuit:

a) For a polyphase rectifier circuit, the phase sequence of the voltages in each part of the circuit may be
determined by means of a phase-sequence indicator, an oscillograph, an oscilloscope, or a stroboscope.
b) To determine the phase relation between the voltages of the rectifier transformer and a control circuit,
the two circuits may be connected together at one point, preferably their neutral points if available, and
excited at their normal or reduced voltages. Voltage readings shall be taken between various terminals
of the two circuits, from which the vector diagram of the voltages may be constructed.
c) A phase-angle meter may be employed, with the vector position of each voltage determined with
respect to a reference voltage.
d) If the control-circuit voltages are nonsinusoidal, an oscillograph or oscilloscope may have to be used
for determining their phase relation to other voltages.

11.4.5 Field dielectric tests

a) Dielectric field tests on the rectifier are to be made with no electrical connections to other equipment.
b) Dielectric tests made in the field are to be carried out at 75% of the test voltages used in the factory.
c) If periodic tests are scheduled for routine testing, they shall be made at 65% of the original test values.
d) Field testing with dc voltage shall be done with a value equal to the rms value of the appropriate ac test
voltage.

Annex A
(informative)

Recommended practice and design guide

This guide provides general recommendations for design and operation of the traction power rectifier units
covered by this standard, which obtain power from three-phase ac supply circuits.

A.1 Harmonics from uncontrolled rectifiers

It is recognized that rectifier operation creates harmonics of voltage and current in the rectifier ac input and dc
output circuits. These harmonics can cause the following:

a) Induction in neighboring metallic communication circuits

b) Additional heating in connected apparatus
c) Unbalance in, or improper paralleling of, rectifier units
d) Additional noise in direct-current traction motors
e) Overcurrents in capacitors connected to the rectifier ac supply circuits

Uncontrolled rectifiers rated less than 500 kW do not typically generate harmonic voltages and currents of
sufficient magnitudes to cause the problems noted above, or to violate the recommendations of IEEE Std 519.
Compliance with IEEE Std 519 is typically required by electrical utilities who provide power to traction power
substations. Larger rectifier applications may need to be investigated from this standpoint because, under
unfavorable conditions, the effects of the harmonics could be significant enough to require remedial measures.
These unfavorable conditions include pre-existing harmonics and unbalanced voltages in the rectifier
ac supply circuits. Weak (high impedance) utility supply feeders can also magnify the effects of rectifier-
generated harmonics. Larger rectifier applications commonly require rectifier circuit phase multiplication to
mitigate harmonic output with 12-pulse rectification being the most typical. For traction power substation
applications utilizing reasonably low impedance medium voltage supply feeders 12 kV and above, the use
of 12-pulse rectification is normally sufficient for compliance with IEEE Std 519. However, if any of the
unfavorable condition noted above is present, or if many rectifiers are connected to a single supply circuit,
other remedial measures such as primary harmonic filters or additional phase multiplication may be needed to
reduce the magnitude of the ac side harmonics.

Methods for determining the harmonic impact of a particular application are described in IEEE Std 399.
D. Paice [B6] also provides useful information specific to traction power rectifiers.

A.2 Rectifier service ratings

Standard rectifier service ratings that define the continuous loading and the magnitudes and durations of short-
time overloads (also called “loading cycles”) are provided in Clause 7. Different rectifier service ratings are
provided to accommodate the anticipated continuous and short-time load characteristics of the systems on
which they will be utilized. It should be noted that rectifiers and rectifier transformers have very different
responses to short time overloads. Rectifier transformers have much larger thermal time constants (overload
capacity) compared to rectifiers and therefore are much less susceptible to damage from short-time overloads.
Rectifier diodes have much smaller thermal time constants, and this is the primary reason for the short-time
overloads that are specified in most of the standard service ratings. The rectifier diode assemblies in particular
must be designed to successfully sustain these short time overloads.

The previous Light and Heavy Traction ratings have been modified so that each has a single, unique load
cycle; this eliminates the overlap and potential ambiguity from their previous definitions. An Extended Heavy
Traction rating has been added to accommodate peak service (rush hour) periods lasting up to three hours. A
custom service rating option continues to be provided for applications in which the standard service ratings are
judged to be insufficient. To make use of the custom service rating, the specifier should provide the rectifier
manufacturer with a graphical rectifier load current versus time characteristic similar to those provided in
Clause 7 for the standard service ratings.

It is good practice for the all of the equipment comprising the transformer-rectifier unit to be sized in
accordance with the rectifier service rating. This includes the rectifier transformer ac bus duct or cables,
rectifier transformer, rectifier dc bus ducts or cables, and rectifier dc circuit breaker. The rms equivalent of
the service rating per cent current loading versus time characteristic is commonly used for this purpose. For a
rectifier with an Extra Heavy Traction rating, for example, the minimum rating for the connected equipment
would be 1.60 times the continuous rating (1.60 being the rms equivalent of the Extra Heavy Traction service
rating two hour “waveform” provided in Clause 7).

A.3 Rectifier current unbalance

This standard limits the current unbalance between rectifier phases and bridges to ±10% between 50% and
150% of rated current without the use of balancing reactors. It is also common practice to limit the current
unbalance between paralleled diodes to 20% (that is, no paralleled diode should conduct more the 120% of its
share of current that would be equally divided between all paralleled diodes). This typically requires selective
matching of the diodes for equal forward voltage drop. In addition, this requires a rectifier design that has
approximately equal impedance in each rectifier phase including rectifier fuses and their associated bus bars,
cabling and connections. Care must be taken during the assembly of bolted connections that the entire areas of
both sides of the connection are in full contact, and that the contact areas are fully conductive.

A.4 Rectifier transformer unit circuit configurations

Common traction power rectifier circuit configurations are provided in Cl ause 5. Th e mo st co mmon
configurations currently in use in North America are discussed below. Electrical characteristics for most of
these circuits can be found in Table 9 of IEEE Std C57.18.10.

A.4.1 IEEE circuit 24, circuit 25, and circuit 26

These circuits are 6-pulse bridge type rectifier circuits supplied by a single two-winding transformer. The
circuit 24 has wye-wye connected transformer windings, the circuit 25 employs delta-delta connected
windings, and the circuit 26 utilizes wye-delta windings. It is common for a circuit 25 rectifier and a circuit 26
rectifier to be connected to common ac and dc busses (paralleled), where they behave as a 12-pulse rectifier.
For this reason, circuit 25 and circuit 26 rectifiers are normally installed in pairs when 12-pulse operation is
desired. However, when one of the units in a pair is out of service, the resulting rectification becomes 6-pulse
with its associated higher ac side harmonic current content.

Single circuit 25 or 26 rectifier transformer units are often used for lower power applications such as
maintenance shop rectifiers, where the additional ac side harmonic content from 6-pulse operation is typically
not a significant issue due to the relatively low load current.

A.4.2 IEEE circuit 31

Circuit 31 rectifiers are comprised of two paralleled bridge type rectifiers that are powered from a single
3-winding transformer. The transformer has a delta primary winding and delta and wye secondary windings.

The delta secondary winding output has a phase shift of 30 degrees relative to the wye secondary winding
output, resulting in a six phase rectifier transformer output. The outputs from the three delta phases are
connected to one bridge circuit, and the outputs from the three wye-connected phases are connected to the other
bridge circuit. The positive sides of the two bridge circuits are interconnected by an interphase transformer
(IPT), and the negative sides are connected to a common bus.

The function of the interphase transformer is to equalize the instantaneous voltages between the paralleled
bridge circuits. The rectifier transformer delta and wye secondary winding output voltages will always have
slight differences due to the inherent impossibility of perfectly matching the turns ratios of the delta and wye
windings. If the interphase transformer is omitted in the circuit 31, circulating currents will occur between
bridges, transformer secondary winding losses will increase, rectifier voltage regulation will be higher and
less linear, and the rectifier light load output voltage rise will not be as effectively suppressed. The use of an
appropriately-designed IPT with the circuit 31 is highly recommended, particularly for rectifiers with high
coupling factors (rectifiers utilizing closely-coupled rectifier transformer secondary windings). The IPT
design should mitigate the possibility of saturation from unbalanced input voltages, and the inherent noise
caused by the 360 Hz rectifier bridge ripple voltages. For more information on IPT design and application, see
Schaefer [B8] and Paice [B6].

A.4.3 IEEE circuit 25 and circuit 26

IEEE circuit 25 and circuit 26 is similar in configuration to the IEEE circuit 31, except that separate transformers
are utilized for each rectifier bridge. One transformer is connected delta-delta, the other wye-delta. The positive
sides of the two bridge circuits are interconnected by an interphase transformer, and the negative sides are
connected to a common bus. The use of separate input transformers results in essentially no coupling between
the transformer secondaries (a coupling factor near zero). Because there is no secondary coupling, this circuit
can theoretically be implemented with no interphase transformer, in which case it becomes an IEEE Circuit
31C. However, omitting the IPT will result in a higher light load output voltage, higher voltage regulation and
higher secondary winding eddy current losses, since there is still an inherent voltage unbalance between the
paralleled rectifier transformer wye and delta secondary windings.

A.5 Rectifier protection

To minimize the impact on the rectifier and connected equipment from disturbances arising from diode
failures and dc short circuits, rectifier transformer unit switchgear protective relays and fuses should provide
the shortest possible operating time consistent with selectivity. The first consideration should be the rectifier
diodes because of their relatively small thermal capacity.

The individual diodes of a semiconductor rectifier are protected against voltage surges caused by lightning, ac
and high speed dc circuit breaker operation, and commutation. Snubber type overvoltage protection circuits
are typically provided for this purpose. In addition, the diodes in traction power rectifiers should have a peak
reverse voltage (PRV) rating at least twice the normal crest working voltage that appears across them.

A.5.1 Diode failure monitoring and protection

Due to high fault current availability, traction power rectifiers are protected by semiconductor type current
limiting fuses. These fuses are equipped with indicating features that provide a visual indication and a contact
closure upon fuse operation. The current ratings of these fuses are selected to sustain (coordinate with) the
specified rectifier service rating.

Traction power rectifiers are normally equipped with devices that monitor diode fuse operation (Device 98,
diode fuse failure). The diode fuse monitor provides rectifier alarm and trip signals when rectifier diode fuses
operate and indicates the location of the blown fuse(s). The decision whether to alarm or to trip the rectifier

upon fuse operation depends on the number of parallel diodes in each rectifier bridge leg. It has been traditional
practice to specify that each diode leg contain one extra diode for redundancy, so that the rectifier will provide
full performance with one diode in any bridge leg out of service. This traditional practice is known as “N-1”
rectifier design. This practice dates from the early days of silicon diode rectifiers, when diodes were new
devices and less reliable.

Traction power rectifiers are also normally equipped with devices that monitor diode temperature (Device 26).
The action to be taken when a diode overtemperature condition is detected is dependent on whether redundant
diodes are incorporated into the rectifier design (N-1 rectifier design) and the number of diodes that are in an
overtemperature condition.

A.5.2 Rectifier enclosure protection

Traction power rectifier e nclosures a re p rotected b y e ither h igh r esistance o r l ow r esistance enclosure
grounding schemes (Device 64). These protection schemes are described in IEEE Std 1653.6 [B4].

A.6 Rectifier short circuit current

The available short circuit current from a traction power rectifier is a function of many parameters [B8, B1,
B7]. For 12-pulse rectifiers, the most significant parameter affecting rectifier short circuit output current is
the rectifier transformer secondary coupling factor Ks. Because the coupling factor is a specific relationship
between rectifier transformer primary and secondary reactances, it is sometimes referred to as the reactance
ratio. Lower coupling factors result in higher values of short circuit current and more linear voltage regulation
in the extended load range. Since modern 800 V and 1200 V class high-speed dc circuit breakers are available
with rated short circuit currents up to 200 kA and 132 kA respectively [B5], the need to limit rectifier short
circuit output current is rarely an issue when one or two rectifiers are connected to the same dc bus (this
should be confirmed by calculation). However, for substations at which more than two large rectifiers will be
connected to the same dc bus, it is possible that the total rectifier short circuit output current will exceed the
dc switchgear short circuit current rating if the rectifier-transformer coupling factors are very low. For this
reason, it is important for the rectifier and rectifier-transformer equipment providers/integrators to determine
the appropriate coupling factor and other relevant design parameters based on the actual equipment to be
provided. For large substations in which total rectifier short circuit current output will exceed the dc switchgear
short circuit current ratings even with the use of close-coupled rectifier transformers, normally-open dc bus
tie breakers can be used to keep the available short circuit current at each bus below the dc switchgear ratings.

Annex B
(informative)

Commutating reactance transformation constant and power

factor specification
B.1 Commutating reactance transformation constant
When calculating total voltage regulation, the reactance of the supply line shall be included in the total
commutating reactance of the rectifier circuit. The value of line reactance XL, which is equivalent to a given
commutating reactance Xc, or vice versa, may be determined by conversion to per-unit reactance, or it may be
calculated from the following transformation formula:

X L / X c = Dx × ( En / Es ) 2 in which En and Es represent the rectifier transformer primary and secondary

nameplate voltages.

The values of the commutating reactance transformation constant Dx for the circuits of Figure 1 are given in
Table B.1. These rectifier circuit factors may also be found in Table 9 of IEEE Std C57.18.10.

Table B.1—Rectifier circuit factors

Circuit number Value of Dx
23, 24, 25, 26, 31, 31A, 31C, 45, 46, 25&26 1
29, 31B
2+ 3

B.2 Specification of power factor

Except when otherwise specified, the displacement power factor for a rectifier unit shall be given. The value
shall be determined by calculation based on separately measured characteristics of the transformer equipment
and any reactors supplied as part of the rectifier unit, the measurements being made at the factory or testing
facility. The calculation shall include the effect of phase displacement between the fundamental components
of current and voltage and the exciting current of the transformer. Except when otherwise specified, the
displacement power factor shall be given for rectifier operation at rated direct voltage and current with rated
alternating voltage applied.

Annex C
(informative)

Example of current unbalance calculation

Under normal operating conditions, the output currents of the two paralleled rectifier bridges of a circuit 31
transformer rectifier unit are different because of the unequal commutating reactance of the high voltage
winding and the two low voltage windings of the transformer. Under short-circuit conditions, the current
unbalance between the two bridges is the same if a totally uncoupled transformer is used (Ks = 0) or is amplified
if a closely coupled transformer is used. The following example calculates the percentage unbalance between
the two bridges of a circuit 31 transformer rectifier unit during normal operation and short-circuit conditions
for a closely coupled rectifier transformer.

C.1 Data pertaining to the transformer rectifier unit

Circuit number Circuit 31 (see Figure 1)
Transformer kVA 2109 kVA (each secondary)
Rectifier kW 4000 kW
Vll 586 V (transformer secondary voltage, line to line)
Z%LV1 8.35% (primary to secondary winding 1)
Z%LV2 8.75% (primary to secondary winding 2)
Z%SC 15.22% (primary to both secondary windings 1 and 2)
RHV 0.4976 Ω
Ks (coupling factor) 0.78
VDC 750 V dc
IDC 5333 A (rated output current)
PLoss 39 kW (load loss of transformer and rectifier assembly)
Voltage unbalance 0.28% (secondary winding 2 has a voltage 0.28% higher than secondary winding 1
voltage because of the turns ratio)

C.2 Unbalance at 100% load under normal operating conditions

Convert the primary to secondary percent impedances into real ohms:

Z LV 1 = 8.35% ×586V 2 / 2109 kVA = 0.01360 Ω

Z LV 2 = 8.75% ×586V 2 / 2109 kVA = 0.01425 Ω

Total resistance of the transformer rectifier unit is as follows:

2
RHV = 39 000 W / (5333 A ) = 0.001371 Ω

Assume the resistance of the primary windings equals the resistance of the secondary windings:

The output current of one rectifier bridge, IDC1, does not equal that of the other bridge, IDC2, because of the
difference between the impedance of the transformer primary winding to the two secondary windings.
However, the output voltages of two bridges will be equal. Therefore,

Z LV 1 × I DC1 × 0.955 + RLV 1 × I DC1 = Z LV 2 × I DC 2 × 0.955 + RLV 2 × I DC 2 + 586×1.335× 0.28%

and

I DC1 + I DC 2 = 5333 A

I DC1 = 2805A

I DC 2 = 2528A

I DC1 / I DC / 2×100% = 105.2% of appropriate share

I DC 2 / I DC / 2×100% = 94.8% of appropriate share

C.3 Unbalance under short circuit conditions

The following calculation is for current unbalance when the output of the circuit 31 transformer rectifier unit is
short-circuited and reduced voltage is applied to the primary windings to obtain rated rectifier output current,
similar to a short-circuit condition.

Convert the percent Z to real ohms:

Z LV 1 = 8.35% ×586 V 2 / 2109 kVA = 0.01360 Ω

Z LV 2 = 8.75% ×586 V 2 / 2109 kVA = 0.01425 Ω

Z SC = 15.22% ×586 V 2 / 4218 kVA = 0.01239 Ω

Because the transformer is coupled, the transformer impedance can be divided into a common primary
impedance ZCommon and two individual secondary impedances, ZIndividual1 and ZIndividual2. The common primary and
individual secondary impedances can be calculated.

ZCommon = 0.01087 Ω

ZIndividual1 = 0.00272 Ω

ZIndividual2 = 0.00337 Ω

The current unbalance under short-circuit conditions results from the difference of individual impedances
only. Therefore,

Z Individual1 × I DC1 × 0.955 + RLV 1 × I DC1 = Z Individual2 × I DC 2 × 0.955 + RLV 2 + I DC 2 + 586×1.35× 0.28% × Z % SC

and

I DC1 + I DC 2 = 5333 A

I DC1 = 2944A

I DC1 = 2389A

I DC1 / I DC / 2×100% = 110.4% of appropriate share

I DC 2 / I DC / 2×100% = 89.6% of appropriate share

Annex D
(informative)

Bibliography
Bibliographical references are resources that provide additional or helpful material but do not need to be
understood or used to implement this standard. Reference to these resources is made for informational use
only.

[B1] Denning, L.R., Influence of Commutating Reactance on the Design of DC Power Supply Converters,
Power Engineering Journal, no. 4, July 1987.

[B2] Dortort, I. K., “Extended regulation curves for 6-phase double-way and double wye rectifiers,”
Transactions of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers, vol. 72, pp. 192–202, May 1953.

[B3], “IEEE Committee Report, “Recommended grounding practices for single-polarity DC structures,”
IEEE Transactions, vol. 76, no. III, pp. 784–788, April 1957.

[B4] IEEE Std 1653.6™, Draft Recommended Practice for Grounding of DC Equipment Enclosures in
Traction Power Distribution Facilities.

[B5] IEEE Std C37.14™, IEEE Standard for DC (3200 V and below) Power Circuit Breakers Used in
Enclosures.9,10

[B6] Paice, D. A., and E. C. H. Power, Multipulse Methods for Clean Power. Wiley-IEEE Press, 1999.

[B7] Pozzobon, P., “Transient and Steady-State Short-Circuit Currents in Rectifiers for DC Traction Supply,”
IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, vol. 47, no. 4, November 1998, http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/25
.728534.

[B8] Schaefer, J., Rectifier Circuits: Theory and Design. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1965.

[B9] Witzke, R. L., J. V. Kesser, and J. K. Dillard, “Influence of A-C reactance on voltage regulation of 6-phase
rectifiers,” Transactions of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers, July, p. 244, 1953.

[B10] Witzke, R. L., J. V. Kesser, and J. K. Dillard, “Voltage regulation of 12-phase double-way rectifiers,”
Transactions of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers, Nov, p. 689, 1953.

9
IEEE publications are available from The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, 445 Hoes Lane, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
(http://standards.ieee.org/).
10
The IEEE standards or products referred to in this clause are trademarks owned by The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers,
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Ieee Standard For Uncontrolled Traction Power Rectifiers For Sub

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IEEE Standard for Uncontrolled

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IEEE Std 1653.2™-2020

IEEE Standard for Uncontrolled

Rail Transportation Standards Committee

Approved 30 January 2020

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The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.

Copyright © 2020 by The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.

PDF: ISBN 978-1-5044-6450-5 STD24057

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Annex A (informative) Recommended practice and design guide������������������������������������������������������������������ 50

JESD 282, Silicon Rectifier Diodes2

NEMA RI 9, Silicon Rectifier Units for Transportation Supplies (Rescinded)5

3.1 Basic rectifier components and equipment

rectifier diode: A semiconductor d iode h aving t wo electrodes a nd an asymmetrical v oltage c urrent

NOTE—It is a subassembly of, but not a complete, semiconductor rectifier.

3.2 Appurtenances and auxiliaries

3.3 Semiconductor rectifier diode characteristics

3.4 Rectifier circuit properties and terminology

commutating reactance transformation constant (Dx): A constant used in transforming line-to-neutral

commutating voltage (Edx): The phase-to-phase ac voltage of a commutating group.

NOTE—Light transition load is important in multiple rectifier circuits.

loosely coupled: A rectifier transformer with coupling factor Ks ≤ 0.25.

closely coupled: A rectifier transformer with coupling factor Ks ≥ 0.75.

3.5 Rectifier characteristics

3.6 Rectifier unit ratings

4. Symbols and abbreviations

4.2 Rectifier protective device numbers

Table 1—Typical rectifier protective device numbers

a) The connection of the transformer alternating-current windings.

Figure 1—Rectifier circuit diagrams

6.2 Unusual service conditions

a) Exposure to excessive moisture.

7.2 Basis of rating

7.3 Standard service ratings

7.3.1 Light traction service

Figure 2—Light traction service

7.3.2 Heavy traction service

Figure 3—Heavy traction service

7.3.3 Extended heavy traction

Figure 4—Extended heavy traction service

7.3.4 Extra heavy traction service

Figure 5—Extra heavy traction service

7.3.5 Custom rating (load cycle)

7.4 Operation above rated voltage

a) 10% above rated voltage on the transformer ac winding at no load.

8.1.2 Classification of losses

8.1.3 Rectifier losses

8.1.4 Auxiliary losses

a) Blowers and motors, if used continuously.

8.1.5 Special losses

a) Wave-filtering equipment such as reactors or resonant shunts

a) Light-load voltage rise suppressing equipment, unless permanently connected

8.2 Voltage regulation

8.2.2 Determination of inherent voltage regulation

Edo is the dc no-load or light transition load voltage

Edo = s × 2 × Es × ( p / π ) ×sin(π / p ) = C × Es (2)

Es is the rectifier transformer secondary winding line-to-neutral voltage

Pr is the resistive load loss in the rectifier transformer

s is the circuit type factor (single way or double way)

8.2.2.1 Six-pulse double-way rectifiers

Edo is the dc no-load or light transition load voltage

8.2.2.2 Twelve-pulse double-way rectifiers with interphase transformers

Ex = Edo ×(1− Ed / Edo ) (6)

Edo is the dc no-load or light transition load voltage

Annex A (informative) Recommended practice and design guide�� 50