0% found this document useful (0 votes)
30 views29 pages

Opp Overview02

The document summarizes key concepts of object-oriented programming in Java including objects, classes, inheritance, encapsulation, and packages. It discusses how objects communicate through methods and attributes defined in classes. Inheritance allows subclasses to extend and specialize behaviors of superclasses. Encapsulation separates internal state from external access through interfaces. Packages provide a hierarchical structure for organizing Java code.

Uploaded by

Cabdi Casiis
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
0% found this document useful (0 votes)
30 views29 pages

Opp Overview02

The document summarizes key concepts of object-oriented programming in Java including objects, classes, inheritance, encapsulation, and packages. It discusses how objects communicate through methods and attributes defined in classes. Inheritance allows subclasses to extend and specialize behaviors of superclasses. Encapsulation separates internal state from external access through interfaces. Packages provide a hierarchical structure for organizing Java code.

Uploaded by

Cabdi Casiis
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 29

Object Oriented Programming

OOP In Java

Lecture #01
Prof- Maqsood Ahemd Razi
Different Programming Paradigms

• Functional/procedural programming:
– program is a list of instructions to the computer

• Object-oriented programming
– program is composed of a collection objects
that communicate with each other
Main Concepts
• Object
• Class
• Inheritance
• Encapsulation
Objects
• identity – unique identification of an object
• attributes – data/state
• services – methods/operations
– supported by the object
– within objects responsibility to provide these
services to other clients
Class
• “type”
• object is an instance of class
• class groups similar objects
– same (structure of) attributes
– same services
• object holds values of its class’s attributes
Inheritance
• Class hierarchy
• Generalization and Specialization
– subclass inherits attributes and services from its
superclass
– subclass may add new attributes and services
– subclass may reuse the code in the superclass
– subclasses provide specialized behaviors (overriding
and dynamic binding)
– partially define and implement common behaviors
(abstract)
Encapsulation
• Separation between internal state of the object
and its external aspects

• How ?
– control access to members of the class
– interface “type”
What does it buy us ?
• Modularity
– source code for an object can be written and maintained
independently of the source code for other objects
– easier maintainance and reuse
• Information hiding
– other objects can ignore implementation details
– security (object has control over its internal state)
• but
– shared data need special design patterns (e.g., DB)
– performance overhead
Why Java ?
• Portable
• Easy to learn

• [ Designed to be used on the Internet ]


JVM

• JVM stands for


Java Virtual Machine

• Unlike other languages, Java “executables”


are executed on a CPU that does not exist.
Platform Dependent

myprog.c myprog.exe
gcc machine code
C source code

OS/Hardware

Platform Independent

myprog.java myprog.class
javac bytecode
Java source code

JVM

OS/Hardware
Primitive types

• int 4 bytes
• short 2 bytes
• long 8 bytes
Behaviors is
exactly as in
• byte 1 byte
C++
• float 4 bytes
• double 8 bytes
• char Unicode encoding (2 bytes) Note:
Primitive type
• boolean {true,false} always begin
with lower-case
Primitive types - cont.

• Constants
37 integer
37.2 float
42F float
0754 integer (octal)
0xfe integer (hexadecimal)
Wrappers

Java provides Objects which wrap


primitive types and supply methods.
Example:

Integer n = new Integer(“4”);


int m = n.intValue();

Read more about Integer in JDK Documentation


Hello World
Hello.java
class Hello {
public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println(“Hello World !!!”);
}
}

C:\javac Hello.java ( compilation creates Hello.class )

C:\java Hello (Execution on the local JVM)


More sophisticated
class Kyle {
private boolean kennyIsAlive_;
Default public Kyle() { kennyIsAlive_ = true; }
C’tor public Kyle(Kyle aKyle) {
kennyIsAlive_ = aKyle.kennyIsAlive_;
}
public String theyKilledKenny() {
if (kennyIsAlive_) {
Copy
kennyIsAlive_ = false;
C’tor return “You bastards !!!”;
} else {
return “?”;
}
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
Kyle k = new Kyle();
String s = k.theyKilledKenny();
System.out.println(“Kyle: “ + s);
}
}
Results

javac Kyle.java ( to compile )

java Kyle ( to execute )

Kyle: You bastards !!!


Arrays
• Array is an object

• Array size is fixed

Animal[] arr; // nothing yet …

arr = new Animal[4]; // only array of pointers

for(int i=0 ; i < arr.length ; i++) {


arr[i] = new Animal();

// now we have a complete array


Arrays - Multidimensional
• In C++
Animal arr[2][2]

Is:

• In Java
Animal[][] arr=
new Animal[2][2]

What is the type of


the object here ?
Static - [1/4]
• Member data - Same data is used for all the
instances (objects) of some Class.
Assignment performed
Class A {
on the first access to the
public int y = 0;
Class.
public static int x_ = 1;
Only one instance of ‘x’
};
exists in memory
A a = new A();
A b = new A(); a b
System.out.println(b.x_); Output: 0 0
a.x_ = 5; y y
System.out.println(b.x_);
A.x_ = 10;
1
System.out.println(b.x_); 5 1
10 A.x_
Static - [2/4]
• Member function
– Static member function can access only static members
– Static member function can be called without an
instance. Class TeaPot {
private static int numOfTP = 0;
private Color myColor_;
public TeaPot(Color c) {
myColor_ = c;
numOfTP++;
}
public static int howManyTeaPots()
{ return numOfTP; }

// error :
public static Color getColor()
{ return myColor_; }
}
Static - [2/4] cont.

Usage:

TeaPot tp1 = new TeaPot(Color.RED);

TeaPot tp2 = new TeaPot(Color.GREEN);

System.out.println(“We have “ +
TeaPot.howManyTeaPots()+ “Tea Pots”);
Static - [3/4]
• Block
– Code that is executed in the first reference to the class.
– Several static blocks can exist in the same class
( Execution order is by the appearance order in the class
definition ).
– Only static members can be accessed.
class RandomGenerator {
private static int seed_;

static {
int t = System.getTime() % 100;
seed_ = System.getTime();
while(t-- > 0)
seed_ = getNextNumber(seed_);
}
}
}
String is an Object
• Constant strings as in C, does not exist

• The function call foo(“Hello”) creates a String object,


containing “Hello”, and passes reference to it to foo.

• There is no point in writing :

String s = new String(“Hello”);

• The String object is a constant. It can’t be changed using


a reference to it.
Flow control
Basically, it is exactly like c/c++.
do/while
int i=5; switch
if/else do { char
If(x==4) { // act1 c=IN.getChar();
// act1 i--; switch(c) {
} else { } while(i!=0); case ‘a’:
// act2 case ‘b’:
} for // act1
break;
int j;
default:
for(int i=0;i<=9;i++)
// act2
{
}
j+=i;
}
Packages

• Java code has hierarchical structure.


• The environment variable CLASSPATH contains
the directory names of the roots.
• Every Object belongs to a package ( ‘package’
keyword)
• Object full name contains the name full name of the
package containing it.
Access Control
• public member (function/data)
– Can be called/modified from outside.
• protected
– Can be called/modified from derived classes
• private
– Can be called/modified only from the current class
• default ( if no access modifier stated )
– Usually referred to as “Friendly”.
– Can be called/modified/instantiated from the same package.
class Base {
Inheritance Base(){}
Base(int i) {}
protected void foo() {…}
}
Base
class Derived extends Base {
Derived() {}
protected void foo() {…}
Derived(int i) {
super(i);
Derived …
super.foo();
}
}

As opposed to C++, it is possible to inherit only from ONE class.


Pros avoids many potential problems and bugs.
Cons might cause code replication
Polymorphism
• Inheritance creates an “is a” relation:
For example, if B inherits from A, than we say that
“B is also an A”.
Implications are:
– access rights (Java forbids reducing access rights) -
derived class can receive all the messages that the base
class can.
– behavior
– precondition and postcondition

You might also like