LINUX

Submitted by: Submitted to:

Amita Kumari Patel Anup Shrestha sir
Anjali Shrestha 2022/07/05
Kabita Maharjan

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Contents
• History
• Kernel Modules,
• Process Management,
• Scheduling,
• Inter-process Communication
• Memory Management,
• File System Management Approaches,
• Device Management Approaches.

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Introduction
• Linux is one of the popular version of UNIX operating system.
• Linux is one of the most reliable ,secure and worry free operating
system available.
• Linus is generally for less vulnerable to ransomware, malware or
viruses.
• LINUX,MINT,MANJARO,DEBIAN,UBUNTU,SOLUS etc. are popular Linux
distribution.

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History
• The history of LINUX began in 1991 with the beginning of a personal
project by a Finland student Linus Torvalds to create a new free
operating system kernel.
• In the year 1992, Hewlett Packard 9.0 was released.
• 1993, NetBSD 0.8 and FreeBSD 1.0 released.
• 1994, Red Hat LINUX was introduced.
• 2001,Linus Torvalds released LINUX 2.4
• 2004,Ubuntu was released.
• 2011, LINUX kernel 3.0 versions were released.
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Kernel modules
• LINUX kernel is a monolithic kernel
• It is one single large program where al the functional components of
the kernel have access to all of its internal data structures and routine
• Kernel Module is an object file that contains code that can extend the
kernel functionality at runtime.
• Kernel modules are usually stored in the /lib/modules subdirectory.

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• Kernel Module include following:
1. Applications and OS services:
-user application running on LINUX system.
-OS services includes utilities and services like shell, libraries, compiler,
etc.
2. LINUX kernel:
- Kernel abstracts the hardware to the upper layer.
-mediates and control access to system resources.
3.Hardware:
-This layer consists of the physical resources of the system that finally
do the actual work.
-includes the CPU, the hard disk, system RAM, etc.
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Process Management
• Process refers to a program in execution.
• A process takes an input, process it and gives output.
• Controlling a process is process management.

in LINUX two vectors define a process:

- Argument vector: having command line argument used by process
- Environment vector: has a list where different environment variable
values are specified.

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Types of process
1.Foreground Process:
When a process is run in foreground, no other process can be run on
the same terminal until the process is finished. During this process, the
system receives input from the keyboard(stdin) and gives output in
screen(stdout).
2. Background Process:
- Adding ‘& ‘ to a foreground commands makes it a background
process.
- While the process runs in the background, other process can be run
in the foreground.

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Linux scheduling
• It is based on the time sharing technique.
• If a currently running process is not terminated when its time expires,
a process switch may take place.
• Time sharing relies on timer interrupts.
• No additional code need to be inserted in the programs to ensure
CPU time sharing.
• The scheduler always succeeds in finding a process to be executed.

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• Every Linux process is always scheduled according to one of the
following scheduling classes:
1. SCHED_FIFO: It is a first in, first out real time process.
2. SCHED_RR: It is Round Robin real-time process
3. SCHED_NORMAL: It is conventional, time-shared process.

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Inter-Process Communication
• It refers to mechanism, where the operating system allow various
process to communicate with each other.
• It involves synchronizing their action and managing shared data.

Components:
1.Module management
2.Driver management
3.Conflict resolution

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1. Module management
• The LINUX kernel maintains a symbol table and symbols defined here can
be exported explicitly
• It defines all the required communication interfaces for newly inserted
module.
2. Driver registration
• The registration of drivers is maintained in a registration table of the
module.
• The driver registration contains the following things:
Network protocols and packet filtering rules.
File formats for executable and other files.
File system context to store files in LINUX virtual file system.
3. Conflict resolution
• The conflict resolution mechanisms help in preventing modules from
having
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Memory management
• Have two major component in LINUX memory management:
1.The page management
2.Virtual memory management

1.The page management:

• Pages are usually of size which is power of 2.
• LINUX allocates a group of pages using a buddy system.
• “Page Allocator” software is responsible for both allocation and
freeing the memory.

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2. Virtual memory management:
• LINUX supports virtual memory which uses disk as an extension of RAM so
that the size of usable memory grows correspondingly.
• The part of hard disk that is used as virtual memory is called swap space.
• LINUX can also use normal file system or a separate partition for swap space.
• A swap space is faster so we can go swap partition if needed.

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File system management
• It refers to how linux-based computer organize, store and track
system files.
• It is combination of directories or folders that serve as a placeholder
for addresses of other files.
• In LINUX file system, a directory is considered to be a file containing
names of other files.
• Here, all the files and directories are located in a tree-like structure.

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• Types of files:
1.Regular files: Includes files like text files, image, binary files, etc.
:such files can be created using touch command.
2.Directories: The root directory is the base of the system.
: We can create new directories with mkdir command.
3.Special files: Includes physical devices as printer ,which is used for I/O
operation.
:I/O devices are also considered files .

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Device management
• It includes the management of I/O and other hardware devices.
• Modern LINUX distribution are capable of identifying a hardware
component which is plugged into an already-running system.
• The process of inserting devices into a running system is achieved in a
LINUX distribution by a combination of three component:
Udev: created or removes the device node files in the /dev directory
as they are plugged in or taken out.
HAL: gets information from the Udev service when a device is
attached to system and creates a XML representation of that device
Dbus: like a system bus used for inter-process communication.

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