STEP-BY-STEP GUIDE TO DISTRIBUTED FILE SYSTEM (DFS)

Because shared files are widely distributed across networks, administrators face growing
problems as they try to keep users connected to the data they need. The Distributed File
System (Dfs) in the Microsoft Windows® 2000 operating system provides a mechanism
for administrators to create logical views of directories and files, regardless of where
those files physically reside in the network. Fault tolerance of network storage resources
is also possible using Dfs.
Introduction
Because shared files are widely distributed across networks, administrators face growing
problems as they try to keep users connected to the data they need. The distributed file
system (Dfs) provides a mechanism for administrators to create logical views of
directories and files, regardless of where those files physically reside in the network.
Fault tolerance of network storage resources is also possible using Dfs.
This guide describes how to use the Dfs Share Creation wizard.
Prerequisites
The examples provided in this document assume you have already configured the
Microsoft Active Directory® service, and have administrator permissions for both the
domain and the server where you will be configuring Dfs.
You can create the base configuration by following the Step-by-Step Guide to a Common
Infrastructure for Windows 2000 Server Deployment
http://www.microsoft.com/windows2000/techinfo/planning/server/serversteps.asp
Before beginning this document.
If you are not using the common infrastructure, you need to make the appropriate
changes to this instruction set.
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Using the Dfs Administrator Tool

This step-by-step guide describes how to use the Dfs Administrator snap-in. Installation
of the Dfs service takes place automatically during Windows 2000 Server Setup.
However, you must configure Dfs in order for a Dfs share to be accessible to clients.
Perform these steps on the domain controller while logged on as a user with
administrative privileges.
In the Windows 2000 operating system, Dfs can integrate with Active Directory to create
fault tolerant Dfs roots on Windows 2000 domain controllers (DCs) and member servers.
If you have multiple servers in your Windows 2000 domain, any or all participating
servers can host and provide fault tolerance for a given Dfs root. Active Directory is used
to ensure domain controllers in the domain share a common Dfs topology, thus providing
redundancy and fault tolerance.
Alternatively, you can create a stand-alone Dfs server, which does not take advantage of
Active Directory and does not provide root level fault tolerance. A DC can host a single
Dfs root, and you can have an unlimited number of Dfs roots in each domain. Up to 32
DCs can host the same root. Multiple Dfs root volumes can be hosted in the domain.
Additional computers hosting the root or child nodes (links) improves load balancing,
fault tolerance, and site preference to directory service-aware network clients. Dfs links
below the root can reside on any UNC path accessible to the Dfs server and clients.
In this walkthrough, it is assumed you are creating a fault-tolerant Dfs Root.
Starting Dfs
1. Click Start, point to Programs, point to Administrative Tools, and then click
Distributed File System.
2. Right-click Distributed File System in the left pane, and click New Dfs Root. The
Create New Dfs Root wizard appears, and then clicks Next.
3. Make sure that Create a domain Dfs root is selected, and then click Next.
4. Select the host domain for the Dfs root; in our example, this is reskit.com, and
then clicks Next.

Figure 1: Select Host Domain for Dfs Root

5. Accept the name of the host server for the Dfs root. In our example, this is
displayed as HQ-RES-DC-01.Reskit.com. Click Next
6. Choose the local share point to be used on the target to host the Dfs root. In our
example, click Create a new share and type the path to share as c:\dfsbooks and
the share name as books. The snap-in lets you create both a new share and new
directory if they do not already exist.

Figure2 Select the share for the Dfs root volume

7. Click Next. If the specified folder does not exist, you are asked if you want to
create it. Click Yes to continue. Add a comment if you wish to further describe
this root. Click Next.
 8. Click Finish to create the Dfs root. After the Create New Dfs Root wizard has
completed, you are ready to administer your Dfs root.
If you have multiple domain controllers hosting a fault tolerant Dfs root, keep in mind
that fault tolerant Dfs uses Active Directory to store topology knowledge. Thus, it is
necessary for the topology knowledge to converge between the domain controllers.
Updates to the Dfs configuration initially take place on the host server in the Windows
2000 domain. Domain controllers may have a different view of the Dfs configuration
until multimaster replication from the Dfs host makes changes fully replicated between
all domain controllers in a domain. Dfsthe root and all its linksis stored as a single entity
known as a blob. When a change is made to the blob, the whole blob replicates until
consistent throughout the domain.
This takes about five minutes between any given two replicating domain controllers in
the same site, and at least 15 minutes if the domain controllers are in different sites. Until
convergence occurs, Dfs administrator tools located on different Dfs clients can be
presented with a different Dfs configuration. You can click Refresh to update Dfs with the
current configuration from the Dfs host.
At this point, you have an empty Dfs root in Active Directory. For this share to be
interesting to users, you need to publish non-local shares in the Dfs namespace.
To publish non-local shares
1. Right-click your Dfs Root name and then click New Dfs Link.
2. Right-click \\Reskit.com\Books.
3. Click New Dfs Link.
4. Specify a directory for the link name. In this example, call the link name ART.
Locate a valid Windows 2000 share anywhere on your network, and type the full
universal naming convention (UNC) name in the Send the user to this network
path box. Alternatively, you can browse for it. In our example, this is the
Architecture share on the BR3-VAN-SRV-01 server in the Vancouver domain.
(Note: these shared folders were pre-created for this exercise.)

Figure 3: Browse for folder

 5. Click OK. You can optionally specify a comment and a time-out value. The time-out value is
the number of non-use seconds that individual clients have to cache the referral, after
which they must retrieve a fresh referral from one of the hosting Dfs servers.

Figure 4: Add second Dfs link

6. If there are multiple servers to configure (for example, two servers host identical
information, one in Hartford, the other in Seattle), you can add to this replica set.
To do this, highlight the junction, right-click it, and click New Replica.
7. Browse to the Reskit\BR2-RES-SRV-01\Engineering Diagrams folder and click
OK.
8. Click OK again.
9. Right-click the juncture and click Replication Policy. Select each shared folder
and click the Enable button; then click OK.
Note: For replication to be enabled, the shares for the Dfs root or link must reside on an
NTFS 5.0 Formatted partition on a Windows 2000 domain controller or member server.
The Primary flag marks the specified servers' files and folders as authoritative the first
time replication takes place, after which normal multimaster replication takes place.
 Figure 5: Replication policy
The DFS root snap-in now looks like the one illustrated below.

Figure 6: Dfs root

Test Drive the Dfs
Any user of Windows 2000 logged on to your domain can now access the fault tolerant Dfs.
Assuming they have proper access privileges, they can negotiate the individual junctions by using
the following commands.
1. Click Start, click Run, type cmd into the Open box, and click OK. Then type:

2 . NET USE dr i ve le t te r : \ \ you r doma in name\your Dfs sha re name

In the example used in the document, the command would be:

NET USE J : \ \RESK I T.COM\BOOKS

J:
DIR
In a production environment, this alternate drive could reside on another server or on a
user's workstation. Any user accessing the fault tolerant share would be able to continue
to work uninterrupted. Scheduled file server maintenance, software upgrades, and other
tasks that normally require taking a server off-line can now be accomplished without user
disruption.
To access the Dfs root using Windows Explorer
1. Click Start, click Run, and type \\reskit.com\books in the Open box. Click OK.
 Click the DFS tab in Windows Explorer to view:
• The list of servers backing the Dfs root or link.
• The specific server the Dfs client is connected to.
• The Clear History function, which flushes the Partition Knowledge Table (PKT)
to obtain a new one the next time that part of the Dfs namespace is accessed.
You can also turn off one of the two servers and access the same Dfs path. This will show
the failover that occurs when a server in the Dfs namespace becomes unavailable. Note
that this takes place for fault tolerant roots and child nodes that are backed by more than
one server.
Note: Regarding Microsoft Cluster service, at present, Dfs supports Microsoft Cluster
service using machine-based Dfs only. You cannot create fault tolerant Dfs topologies on
systems running Microsoft Cluster service.
Convergence
If you are using fault tolerant Dfs where multiple domain controllers exist, it is important
to consider that the Dfs configuration requires time to converge between domain
controllers in the domain. For immediate replication, install and use the REPLMon tool
that is found in the support\tools directory of the Windows 2000 Server product CD-
ROM.
Dfs-aware clients using earlier versions of the operating system (such as Microsoft
Windows NT® 4.0) are not able to connect with fault tolerant Dfs roots. They can,
however, connect directly to individual Dfs roots that participate in a fault tolerant Dfs.
To do this, substitute the machine name for the domain name in the above Net Use
command.
Windows NT–based workstations browsing Dfs can also verify what physical storage
they are referencing by viewing the Dfs tab available in System Properties found in
Windows Explorer.
Note: Most administrative functions can be performed from the command line or scripted
using DFSCMD.EXE. Type DFSCMD /? for online Help.
 Figure 7: View Dfs properties
You can later modify the properties of this object.
You can also publish your fault tolerant Dfs root as a shared folder in the directory
service, and then access it using any directory service browsing tools. From the Active
Directory Management snap-in, select your domain, right-click New, Volume. Fill in
the appropriate information.