Computer Concepts

Computer & Computer System

 A computer is an electronic machine that takes input from the
user, processes the given input and generates output in the
form of useful information
 Data refers to the raw details that need to be processed to
generate some useful information
 Computer has no intelligence and is referred to as hardware,
which means simply the physical equipment
 A computer cant be used until it is connected to other parts
 A computer system is a combination of six elements
1)Hardware 2)Software
3) Data/ Information 4) Procedures
5) People 6) Communication
The Computer System
 Hardware
• Physical devices that make up the computer are called Hardware
• Responsible for entering, sorting, and processing and displaying
the output to the users
• Keyboard , mouse, memory, monitor, CPU, printer are the basic
hardware units
 Software
• Term used to describe the instructions that tell the hardware how
to perform a task
• Without software hardware is useless
• Mainly two types of software
1) Application Software: Designed to perform specific task
;Example: Word processor, Presentation Programs etc.
2) System Software: Designed to control different operations
of the computer; Example: Operating Systems, device drivers,
etc. System software manages and supports the computer system
itself, ensuring its smooth operation.
The Computer System
 Data/ Information
• Data considered as the raw material- whether in paper;
electronic or other form that is processed by the computers
• Information is summarized data or otherwise processed data
• Data & information are often use synonymously
 Procedures
• Descriptions of how things are done, steps for accomplishing
a result
• Appear in a documentation manuals, contain instructions,
rules, to follow when using hardware and software
The Computer System
 People
• Most important component of the computer systems
• Design & Develop computer systems
• Operate the computer hardware and they create the software
 Communication
• Becomes an element of computer system when one
computer system is set up to share data & information
electronically with another computer
• Manner in which the various individual systems are
connected ( by phone lines, satellite etc.) is an element of
computer systems
History of Modern Computers

 To date, computer technology has evolved through five

distinct generations
of
 Each generation computers became smaller, more powerful,
and less expensive
 History of computer development is often discussed in terms
of different generation of computers
1. First Generation Computers (1944-1958)
2. Second Generation Computers(1959-1963)
3. Third Generation Computers(1964-1970)
4. Fourth Generation Computers(1971- 1989)
5. Fifth Generation Computers (1990- Now)
First Generation Computers (1944-1958)
• These are the earliest general purpose computers
• Most input & output media were punched cards and
magnetic tape
• Main memory was almost exclusively made up of
hundreds of vacuum tubes
• Slow & large and produce a tremendous amount of heat
• Could run only one program at a time
• Example : ENIAC, EDVAC, EDSAC & UNIVAC
First Generation Computers

Vacuum Tube
Second Generation Computers (1959-1963)

• Transistors & some other solid-state devices that were much

smaller than the vacuum tubes were being used for much of
the computer circuitry.
• Tended to be smaller, more reliable, and significantly faster
than first generations computers
• Required very less power in caring out their operations
• Example: PDP-8, IBM 1401 & IBM 7090
 Limitations
• Input & output media were not improved to considerable level
• Required to be placed in a air conditioned places
• Cost was very high
• Execute only specific application
Second Generation Computers

Transistors
Third Generation Computers (1964-1970)
• The integrated circuit – a complete electronic circuit on a
silicon chip- replaced transistorized circuitry
• The use of magnetic disk become wide spread
• Computers began to support such capabilities as
multiprogramming ( Processing several programs at a time)
& timesharing ( people using the same computer
simultaneously)
• Size of the computers continued to decrease
• Example: NCR 395, IBM 370, PDP 11
 Limitations
• Storage capacity of these computers was still very small
• Cost of these computers was very high
Third Generation Computers

Integrated Circuit (IC)

Fourth Generation Computers (1971- 1989)

• First electronic computers were introduced that used Large Scale

Integrated ( LSI) and Very Large Scale Integrated circuits (VLSI) –
thousands to millions of transistors on tiny chip for main memory
and logic circuitry
• Had a much larger capacity to support main memory
• The microprocessor introduced in 1971, combined all the
circuitry for the central processing unit on a single chip of silicon
• Useful software applications pushed the microcomputer into the
mainstream
• Example: IBM PC, CRAY-1
• Limitation
• Required complicated technologies to bind LSI & VLSI on the
wiring board
Fourth Generation Computers

VLSI
Fifth Generation Computers (1990- Now)
• Development of various portable computer, such as
laptop, pocket computer, Personal Digital Assistant
(PDA) etc.
• Use of ULSI – Ultra large Scale Integration, helps in
decreasing the size of these computers
• Can execute large number of application at a very high
speed
• Versatile for communications and resource sharing
• Fastest & powerful computer till date
Fifth Generation Computers

ULSI
Computer Hardware
Computer Hardware
 Any machinery (most of which uses digital circuits) that
assists in the input, processing, storage, and output
activities of an information system.
 Computer Hardware can be divided into five categories
1) Input Hardware
2) Processing Hardware
3) Storage Hardware
4) Output Hardware
5) Communication Hardware
Computer Hardware
Input Hardware
 Used to collect data and input it into the computer system in
computer usable form
 Interface between the computer & user
 Means of communication between the computer & outer
world
 Task of an input device is to take input from the user,
translate it into machine readable form, present it to the
processing unit for execution
 Numeric data, text command , graphics, video, audio are the
different form of input
 Keyboard, Pointing devices, Scanning devices, Optical
recognition devices etc.
 Keyboard
 Most commonly used input device
 Use to type data, text and execute command
 Consists of following groups of key
• Alphanumeric Keys: Include the number keys & alphabet keys
• Function Keys: Helps to perform specific tasks, such as searching a
file or refreshing a web page
• Central Key: Used for controlling the movement of cursor & screen
display, includes arrow keys & modifier keys such as SHIFT, ALT,
CTRL
• Numeric keypad: looks like a calculator’s keypad located on the
right side of the keyboard
• Special purpose key: Escape, Insert, Delete, Print Screen, Tab,
Spacebar various special purpose key
Keyboard
Pointing Devices
 Generally used for moving cursor to a particular location to
point an object on the screen
 Can easily select the icons, menus , windows, etc on the GUI
 Can easily interact with a computer system by means of pointing
device
 Commonly used pointing devices are
1. Mouse
2. Trackball
3. Light pen
4. Joystick
5. Touchscreen
Mouse
 Small hand-held pointing device
 Helps in selecting a portion of the screen & copying and pasting
the text
 Common types of mouse are
➢ Mechanical Mouse
• Consists of three buttons: left, right & scroll button
• Ball, which is rolled over a flat surface corresponding to which the
cursor moves on the display device
➢ Optical Mouse
• Reflected light determines the movement of the cursor
• Consists of Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs), Optical sensor, Digital
Signal Processor( DSP)
Different Parts of Mouse

Optical Mouse
Trackball
 Consists of a socket containing the ball, which rolled
manually to move the cursor
 Socket contains a censor which detect the movement of the
ball
 Classified into two types: Small & large trackball
 Small trackballs are commonly used in portable computer
 Large trackballs are used in the desktop systems, which are
used for computer- aided designing
 Can be placed on different surfaces, such as desk, mouse pad,
users hand
Trackball
Light Pen
 Light sensitive stylus or pen like device
 Generally connected to Visual Display Unit (VDU)
 Can directly draw the objects on the screen by holding it in
our hand
 When the tip of the pen brought in contact with the screen
causes a pulse to be generated in the pen which in turn
cause the processor to identify the position pointed to by
the pen
 Provide all the capabilities of mouse
 Used by engineers, graphic designer, illustrators
Light Pen
Joystick
 Consists of one or more
handle and a stick which
controls the movement of
the cursor
 Used principally in video
games & in some computer
–aided design systems

Joystick
 1. Capacitive Touch Screens:
Principle: These screens use the electrical
properties of the human body to detect
Touchscreen touch.
2. Resistive Touch Screens:
Principle: These screens use pressure
 Video display screen, to detect touch.
sensitized to receive input
from the touch of a finger
 Screen is covered with a
plastic layer, behind which
are invisible beams of
infrared
 Used in ATM’s PDA’s
Scanning Devices
 Devices that electronically captures the text & images
 Basic task is to convert an image or the textual data into digital
data
 Can be differentiated on the basis of the following characteristic
• Resolution: Closeness of the pixels in the bit map
• Size : Some are big & some are small
• Scanning technologies:
➢ Charged Coupled Device ( CCD) consists of series of light which
are variant in the light frequency
➢ Photo Multiplier Tubes (PMT) consists of photocathode , which is
photo sensitive surface used for generating the electrons
Optical Recognition Devices
 Used for recognizing the characters optically
 Basically make use of optical scanner for inputting data
 Saves a lot of time to enter data than the keyboard
 Commonly used optical recognition devices are
1. Optical Character Recognition (OCR)
2. Optical Mark Reader (OMR) Optical mark recognition
3. Magnetic Ink Character Recognition (MICR)
4. Bar Code Reader
OCR
 Scan a particular document
by recognizing its
individual characters and
converting it into enable
editable
form
 Distinguishes dark area on
the documents from the
light areas for recognising
the character
 Consists of Image scanner,
OCR Software &
hardware, Output Interface
OMR Optical mark recognition

 Make use of marked

technology , which helps in
obtaining the data from the
marked fields
 OMR devices are used for
scanning the documents
having multiple choices
 OMR devices do not scan the
entire documents, instead
they analyses the darkened
area only to check whether it
is marked or not
MICR
 Special devices used for
recognizing the characters
written with magnetic ink
consisting of iron oxide
particles
 Specially developed for the
banking operations
Bar Code Reader
 Usually reads bar code,
which is used to label the
items in the retail stores,
books numbering in library
 Scanner is used for
scanning the bar code,
which is later converted
into numbers or letters
using decoder
 Decoded data is sent to
computer system via cable
for processing
Processing Hardware or stored
• Retrieve & execute instruction provided to
computer
• Most essential parts are the Central Processing
Unit (CPU) & main memory(RAM)
• CPU is the brain of the computer & referred to as
processor
• Main memory is volatile, all contents are lost
when the computer power is off
 Central Processing Unit
 Follows the instruction of the software to manipulate data into information
 CPU consists of three parts
• Arithmetic Unit:
- Performs arithmetic operations ( addition, subtraction, multiplication,
division) on the data
- Output of AU contains the result of the operation & status of the operation
• Logic Unit:
- Performs logical operations ( <,> =) & makes use of various logic gates
(AND,OR)
• Control Unit:
- Controls the flow of data & information
- Guides the AU & LU about the operation that are to be performed and also
suggests the I/O devices to which the data to be communicated
Main Memory
 Internal or primary memory known as RAM ( Random Access
Memory) of the computer
 Temporary storage medium that holds the data only for short
period of time
 Is said to be volatile( When computer is switched off , the stored
in RAM gets erased)
 Memory space available in RAM affects the speed of the computer
system
 Performs three tasks
1. Holds data for processing
2. Holds instructions
3. Holds data that has been processed & waiting to be sent to an
output or storage
 RAM
Static RAM (SRAM) Dynamic RAM(DRAM)
 Data stored till the power  Retains the data for a very
of the computer system is short period of time, even
switched off after the power supply is
 Uses a number of switched off
transistors to store a single  Consisting of a transistor &
bit of computer a capacitor
DRAM: Relies on capacitors to store data. Capacitors hold an electrical charge, but this charge leaks over
time when no power is present, eventually causing the data to be lost.

SRAM: Uses transistors to store data. While transistors are more stable than capacitors, they still require a
constant flow of current to maintain the data state. Without power, the transistors lose their state and the
data is lost.
Read Only Memory (ROM)
 Primary memory that stores data permanently i.e.
retains data even when the power of the computer is
switched off
 Data can be easily read from this type of memory but
cannot be changed
 ROM does not allow the random access of data rather it
allows sequential access of data
Types of ROM
1-PROM
PROM stands for Programmable Read Only Memory.This form of ROM is initially
blank.The user or manufacturer can write data/program on it by using special devices.
However, once the program or data is written in PROM chip, it cannot be changed. If
there is an error in writing instructions or data in PROM, the error cannot be erased.
PROM chip becomes unusable.

2-EPROM
EPROM stands for Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory.This form of ROM is
also initially blank.The user or manufacturer can write program or data on it by using
special devices. Unlike PROM, the data written in EPROM chip can be erased by using
special devices and ultraviolet rays. So program or data written in EPROM chip can be
changed and new data can also be added.When EPROM is in use, its contents can only be
read.

3-EEPROM
EEPROM stands for Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory.This kind
of ROM can be written or changed with the help of electrical devices. So, data stored in
this type of ROM chip can be easily modified.
Cache & Registers Memory
❖ Cache Memory:
 Small, fast and expensive memory that stores the copies of data
that needs to be accessed frequently from the main memory
 The processor before reading data from or writing data to the
main memory checks the for the same data in the cache memory
 Access much faster than the main memory
 Always placed between CPU & main memory
❖ Registers:
 Special purpose, temporary storage units
 High speed memory locations used for holding instructions , data
& intermediate results that are currently being processed
 Computer Organization
Main Memory Unit
Stores & retrieves Data and instruction

Central Processing Unit

Sends Registers
Input data Receives
Unit Results Output
Arithmetic Unit Unit
Logic Unit

Control Unit

The block diagram of computer system

Storage Hardware
Storage Hardware
• Means of storing software and data in a form that is relatively
permanent ( non-volatile )
• Stores data as electromagnetic signals or laser-etched spots,
commonly on magnetic disk or optical disk storage devices
• Involves two process
➢ Writing or recording data, so it can be found for later use
➢ Reading the stored data then transferring it into computer’ s
memory
 Read
Read means the data represented in the magnetized spot on the
disk or tape is converted to electronic signals and transmitted
to the primary storage in the computer. That is, read means the
disk drive copies data from the disk.

 Write
Write means the electronic information processed by the
computer is recorded magnetically on to a disk or tape. So
write means the disk drive transfer data on to the disk.
 Secondary Storage
Devices

Sequential Direct Access

Access devices devices

Magnetic Optical Memory

disks Disk storage
Magnetic device
tape

Floppy
Disk Hard Disk
CD-ROM WORM CD RW DVD

Zip Disk Winches Flash Memory

disk Pack ter disk Drive Card
Storage Hardware
 Sequential access storage device is one in which arrival at a
desired storage location is preceded by sequencing through
other locations so that access times varies according to
location
Analogous
 Sequential access is analogues to a music tape cassette
 Direct access or random-access storage device is one in
which we can reach and access any storage location at
random, and approximately equal access time required for
accessing each location
 Direct access is analogues to a music CD
 Hard Disk
 Main secondary storage device for most computer systems
 Made of rigid metal platters and come in many sizes ranging
from 1 to 14 inch diameter
 Depending on the packaging, hard disk are normally of three
types
❖Zip Disk
• Consists of single hard disk platters encased in a plastic
cartridge
• Storage capacity varies from 8 GB to 500 GB
Zip or Bernoulli Disk
Hard Disk
Optical Disk
 Storage system consists of a metallic or plastic disk coated with a
highly reflective material
 Uses leaser beam technology for reading & writing of data
 Modern computer system extensively use optical disk as a
random-access medium for high-capacity secondary storage
because of their capability to store very large amount of data in a
limited space
 Types of optical disk
➢ CD- ROM ( Compact Disk- Read –Only Memory)
➢ WORM ( CD-R) (Write Once Read Many)
➢ CD – RW
➢ DVD ( Digital Video ( or Versatile) Disk
Optical Disk
 CD- ROM
• Shiny, silver color metal disk usually of 12 cm diameter
• Made of polycarbonate plastic having thin layer of pure
aluminum coating to make its surface reflective
• Storage capacity of about 650 MB to 700 MB
 WORM/CD-R
• Allows users to create their own CD- ROM disks by a CD-
Recordable (CD-R) drive attached to a computer as a regular
peripheral device
• Can write data only once on a WORM disk but can read
many times
 Optical Disk
 CD- RW
exception
• Similar to WORM disk with the expectation that we can erase its
previous content and write multiple times
• Use metallic alloy layer
• Leaser beam changes the chemical property during writing (or burn
process)
• Great cost saving because of their erase & re write capability
 DVD
• Improved version of CD
• Two variants of DVD – single layer disk & double layer disk
• Single layer storage capacity 4.7GB & double layer storage capacity
8.5 GB
Memory Storage Devices
 Flash Drive ( Pen Drive )
 Compact device of the size of a pen
 Simply plugs it into a USB port of a computer
 Available storage capacity : 256MB, 512MB, 1GB, 2GB,
4GB, 16GB, 32GB, 64GB, several TB
 Memory Card
 Flash memory-based cards
 Various types of digital devices use these cards
 Storage capacity of these cards ranges from 8MB to several
TB
Storage Evaluation Criteria
 Access mode
• Used for accessing some specific data from the memory
 Access time
Completing
• Refers to the time taken by the processor in completely the request
made by the user completely
 Storage Capacity
• Refers to the storage space available in the computer system for
holding the data
 Storage Type
• Refers to the type of the memory used to store data
 Cost
• Cost of storage device used in computer system for holding the data
Output Hardware
 Essential part of computer system
 Provide the user with means to view information
produced by the computer system
 Receive the processed data from the CPU & present it to
user in desired form
 Act as an interface between the computer & and the
user
 Main task is to convert the machine-readable
information into human readable form
 Output devices: Display Monitor, printers, Projectors,
Types of output
 Output devices generates computer outputs that are broadly
of the following two types
 Soft-copy output:
• Temporary in nature because it does not appear on a paper or
some material that a user can carry for showing to others
• Words spoken out by a voice response system are soft copy
display
 Hard copy output:
• Permanent in nature because it appears on a paper or some
material that a user can carry for showing to others
• Out put produced on paper by printers are hard copy output
Monitor
 Most popular soft copy output devices
 Displays an output on a television screen
 On the basis of technology used display monitors may be
classified into following categories
1. Cathode Ray Tube (CRT) Monitor
2. Liquid Cristal Display (LCD) Monitor
3. Thin Film Transistor (TFT) Monitor
4. Light Emitting Diode (LED) Monitor
CRT Monitor
 Contains a empty glass tube
with a phosphor coated
fluorescent screen and a
source of electron called
electron gun
 High contrast ratio & colour
depth because of which many
graphic designers prefers this
types of monitors
 Bulky, consumes lots of
power, generates large
amount of heat
LCD Monitor
 Uses liquid crystal
technology to display
images
 Small in size, light in
weight
 Fixed resolution due to
which the image on LCD
monitor become blurred
when the resolution is
changed
TFT Monitors
 Similar to LCD monitor, but
uses thin film transistors
technology along with liquid
crystal technology
 For each pixel on the screen ,
a small transistor switch as
well as a capacitor is used and
each pixel is controlled
separately
 The transistor is switched off
as soon as the capacitor gets
charged
LED Monitor
 LED (Light Emitting Diode) is a type of backlight
technology in which the pixels light up.
 An LED monitor is a type of LCD monitor, and
while both utilize liquid crystals for picture
formation, the difference lies in LEDs featuring a
backlight.
Printer
 Generates the hard copy of information processed by a
computer system
 Based on the features , such as colour , resolution, memory
speed, possessed by the printer they are classified into many
types
 Some printers have a very high printing speed whereas other
have very slow speed
 On the basis of their working principles printers can be
classified into two major categories namely impact & non-
impact printers
Plotters
 Used to print high quality graphics & images
 Uses one or more pens to produce a high quality drawings
 Used as a substitute to the coloured printers
 Provide cheap & efficient drawing
 Use four basic colours i.e., cyan, magenta, yellow, black
 Divided into four basic categories on the basis of their working
1. Drum plotters
2. Flat- bed plotters
3. Ink- Jet plotters
4. Electrostatic plotters
Plotter
Projector
 Video device for projecting
an image from the
computers or video device
on to big screen
 Consists of an optic
system, a light source &
display which contain the
original image
Communication Hardware
 Function is to facilitate the
connections between the
computers and between
groups of connected
computers
 Modems, Cable, Fax are
some communication
devices
Classification of Computer
 Classification of
Computer

Based on
Based on Based on Size
Operating
Application & Capability
Principle

Analog Digital Hybrid

Computer Computer Computer

Special General
Purpose Purpose

Micro Mini Mainframe Super

Computers Computer Computer Computer
Based on Operating Principle
 On the basis of the operations performed and
methods used to store & process data and
information computer can be classified into the
following categories
1. Analog Computer
2. Digital Computer
3. Hybrid Computer
Analog Computer
 Represents data in the form of continuous electronic signals
having a specific magnitude
 Very fast in their operations & allow several other operations
to be carried out at the same time
 Results produced are not very accurate
 Circuit employed in modern analog computers is generally
an Operational Amplifier ( Op- Amp)
 Designed for very specific work – heavy -duty math or flight
component simulation
 Powerful tools to solve differential equations
Dornier DO-80 Analog Computer
Digital Computer
 Known as digital information processing system
 Stores & process data in the digital form (0s & 1s)
 Also capable of processing the analog data
 Generally faster & more reliable than the analog computer
 Different hardware components of digital computers are
ALU,CU, memory unit & I/O devices
 Computer used by home users is a typical example of digital
computers
Hybrid Computer
 Combination of analog & digital computer
 Encompasses the best features of both these computers
 Hardware components are usually a mixture of analog &
digital components
 Very fast, efficient & reliable
Analog
 Data generally measured & processed in the form of
electrical signals & stored with the help of digital
components
 Cost effective in performing complex situations
 The computer used in hospital to measure the heartbeat of
patient is example of hybrid computer
Based on Application
 On the basis of different applications or purpose computer
can be classified into two categories
 General Purpose Computers:
• Capable to work in work in environment
• Versatile & can store a number of programs meant for
performing distinct tasks
• Not efficient & consumes large amount of time
 Special Purpose Computers:
• Performs only a specified task
• Not versatile, their speed & memory size depends on the task
that is to be performed
Based on Size & Capability
 Computers differ from each other in their shape , size &
weights
 These computers also differ in unique functions & can be
employed in the fields suited for them
 Also differ in terms of processing speed
 Classified into following categories
1) Microcomputers
2) Minicomputers
3) Mainframe Computers
4) Super Computers
Microcomputers
 Small & cheap digital computer designed to be used by
individuals
 Built around microprocessor, a storage unit and I/O channel
 Also include several software programs such as operating
system, system software, & utility software
 4th generation computers are microcomputer
Minicomputer
 First introduced in 1960 by Digital Equipment Corporation
(DEC)
 Called mini computers because of their smaller size than the
other computer
 Handle more data & more input and output than micro
computers
 Referred to as midrange computer
 Able to cater to needs of multiple users at a single instant
time ( 4-200)
 PDP 11, IBM (8000)
Mini & Micro Computer
Mini Computer (PDP-11) Micro Computer
Mainframe Computers
 Very large computer that is employed by large business
organization for handling major application
 Capable of handling almost millions of records in a day
 These computers are termed as mainframe because all the
hardware units are arranged into a frame
 IBM 3000, VAX 8000 & CDC 6600 are the example of
mainframe computer
 Known as super servers or database servers
 Large capacity of primary & secondary storage compared
with other features of computer
An IBM 704 Mainframe (1964)
Super Computer
 Fastest type of computer that can perform complex
operations at a very high speed
 More expensive than the other categories of computers & are
specially designed for the applications in which a large
number of complex calculations have to be carried
 Various application areas of supercomputers are
1. Weather forecasting
2. Animated graphics
3. Fluid mechanics
4. Nuclear energy research
5. Petroleum exploration
 Top supercomputers

1. Fugaku, Japan. Built by Fujitsu, installed at the RIKEN

Center for Computational Science in Kobe, Japan.
2. Summit, U.S.
3. Sierra, U.S.
4. Sunway TaihuLight, China.
5. Selene, U.S.
6. Tianhe-2A, China.
7. JUWELS Booster Module, Germany.
8. HPC5, Italy
9. Frontera, US
10. Dammam-7, Saudi Arabia
The National Center for Atmospheric
Research's Cray Super Computer
Characteristics & Capabilities of
Computer
 Volume of data
- suited to handling large volume of data
 Accuracy
- ensures high degree of accuracy and their consistency is reliable
 Repetitiveness
- processing cycles that repeat time and time again are ideally suited
to computers
 Complexity
- computer can perform complex calculation
 Speed
- work at a very high speed & this enables to respond quickly
Characteristics…
 Storage Capacity
- can store huge amount of data in its different storage
components in many different formats
 Versatility
- can perform many different task and can be used for many
different purpose
Limitations of Computer
Computer is a programmed machine
only
Computer cannot think/ has no
intelligence/emotions
Computers can not do anything without
human instruction
Computer cannot make any adjustment
as human being can do
Operating System
a "job" might refer to a task or a piece of code executed to
perform a specific action within the software.
Operating system
 Operating System is also known as system software

 Heart/brain of the computer system

 Platform for application software

 Operating system consists of two types of program:

1. Control program
2. Service program
Organization of operating system

Operating system

Control Program service program

Supervisor Interpreter
program program

Job control
Utility program
program

I/O control System support

program program
 Control Program
 Key to the operating system
 Functions:
- Input-output (I/O) control
- resolving interrupts
-error handing
-sending messages to the users
-user protection
-time allocation
-resource control
-job scheduling
- performing many programs at a time
-maintaining sequence of programs
 Control Program
Control program consists of three types of programs:
a) Supervisor program
-Establish connection between CPU and input output devices
-sending error messages to the users
b) Job control program
Job control program helps to perform specific task of the users by
establishing the connection between users and CPU. Job Control Language
(JCL) helps for this purpose. It identifies the users, programs and necessary
devices to perform the specific task and interrupt the program when it is
completed.
c) Input output control program
It takes input through the input devices and after processing, provides the
output through the output devices.
 Service program
The service program can be three types:
a) Translator/Processor program: This program translate the high level
language (e.g. Human language) to machine language that is understandable to
the computer. Some translator programs are
i) Compiler
ii) Assembler
iii) Interpreter
iv) Debugger
b) Utility Program: It provides utility to the users e.g. creating file, sorting,
merge program, disk format etc. some example of utility programs are:
i) Sort-merge program
ii) library program
iii) Linker program
iv) file handler
c) System Support program: It support the whole functioning of the
computer. Sometimes, it is considered as the part of control program.
Types of Operating System
 Batch Processing Operating System
 Time Sharing Operating System
 Real time Operating System
 Multiprogramming Operating System
 Multiprocessing Operating System
 Distributed Processing Operating System
Network Operating System
Batch Processing
 Performs processing of tasks in a group known as ‘batch’
 operating system do not interact with the computer directly
as there is an operator responsible for processing
 Operator identifies the similar jobs and incorporates them
under similar batch.
 Example: End of Day (EOD) reporting in a bank.
Batch Processing
 Batch Processing
Advantages:
 Processors of the batch systems knows how long the job would be
when it is in queue
 Multiple users can share the batch systems
 The idle time in batch system is very less
 It is easy to manage large work repeatedly in batch systems
Disadvantages:
 The computer operators should be well known with batch systems
 Batch systems are hard to debug
 It is sometime costly
 The other jobs will have to wait for an unknown time if any job fails
Time Sharing Operating System

 Multiple jobs can be executed under this system

 But at any point, only one job will be processed
 There is a pre-defined time allocated for each job known as
“TIME SLICE”
 After completing the time slice, processor moves to another
job
 Users share the CPU time among them
 Objective is to minimize response time
 Examples: Multics, Unix etc.
Time Sharing Operating System
Time Sharing Operating System
Advantages of Time Sharing OS:
 Each task gets an equal opportunity
 Less chances of duplication of software
 CPU idle time can be reduced
Disadvantages of Time Sharing OS:
 Reliability problem
 One must have to take care of security and integrity of user
programs and data
 Data communication problem
Real Time Operating System
 Priority based operating system
 serves real time applications without buffering delays
 Time bound system which has well defined fixed time
constraints
 Processing must be done within the defined constraints
otherwise the system will fail
 Applications: missile systems, air traffic control systems,
robots etc.
A real-time operating system (RTOS) is a specialized software
system designed to manage hardware resources and execute
tasks with precise timing and responsiveness. RTOS is optimized
for applications that require instantaneous or near-instantaneous
response times and deterministic behavior.
Real Time Operating System
 Real Time Operating System
Advantages of RTOS:
 Maximum utilization of devices and systems, thus more output from all the
resources
 Time assigned for shifting tasks is very less i.e. 3 micro seconds. (10 Micro
seconds for others)
 Focus on running applications and less importance to others
 These types of systems are error free.
 Memory allocation is best managed in these type of systems.
Disadvantages of RTOS:
 Very few task run at the same time and less concentration to other tasks
 Uses heavy system resources and very expensive as well.
 The algorithms are very complex and difficult for the designer to write on.
 Needs specific device drivers and interrupt signals to response earliest to
interrupts.
Multiprogramming Operating System

 Process two or more programs or task at the same time

 Has only one processor
 When one program(task/job) is waiting for I/O transfer;
there is another program ready to utilize the CPU.
Multiprogramming Operating System
 Multiprogramming Operating System
Advantages
 CPU is used most of time and never become idle
 The system looks fast as all the tasks runs in parallel
 Short time jobs are completed faster than long time jobs
 supports multiply users
 Resources are used nicely
 Response time is shorter

Disadvantages
 It is difficult to program a system because of complicated schedule
handling
 Tracking all tasks/processes is sometimes difficult to handle
 Due to high load of tasks, long time jobs have to wait long
Multiprocessing Operating System
 Has two or more CPU under a single computer system
 Multiple CPUs are in a close communication sharing the
computer bus, memory and other peripheral devices
Multiprocessing Operating System
Multiprocessing Operating System
 Advantages: Throughput refers to the rate at which a
1. Increase throughput system, process, or network successfully
completes a task or delivers a service within a
2.Economy of scale specific period. It measures the amount of
work done or data transferred in a given time
3. Increased reliability frame.

 Disadvantages:
1) If one processor fails then it will affect in the speed
2) multiprocessor systems are expensive
3) complex OS is required
4) large main memory required.
Distributed operating System

 Uses multiple central processors to serve multiple real-time

applications and multiple users.
 Data processing jobs are distributed among the processors
accordingly.
 Processors are connected with the network (LAN or WAN)
and share the resources.
Distributed operating System
Distributed operating System
 Advantages:
1. Reduced load on the host computer.
2. Reduced delay in data processing.
3. Better service to the users.

 Disadvantages:
1. Network Security.
2. Network complexity.
3. Unpredictability.
Network Operating System
 Similar to distributed systems but they differ in the way they
access resources.
 NOS needs special functions/protocols to facilitate
connectivity & communication among the systems.
 NOS employs a client-server model where a DOS employs
a master-slave model.
 In NOS, to process the data, it has to be transferred to the
server.
 Two types: i) Peer to peer ii) Client server.
A Network Operating System (NOS) is a specialized operating
system that manages and facilitates network resources and
services. It's specifically designed to support and manage the
operations of multiple computers connected within a network.
Network Operating System
Network Operating System
 Advantages:
1. Stabilized Servers.
2. Provides file, print, web & back-up services.
3. Authorized access & automatic hardware detection.
 Disadvantages:
1. Expensive as they need to run servers continuously.
2. Need for regular maintenance & updates.
3. Depends on the cent location (server) even for small
operations.
 Thank you
For your kind patience