Learning journey: 7G The Particle Model

SOLIDS, LIQUIDS PARTICLES BROWNIAN

DIFFUSION
AND GASES MOTION

END OF TOPIC AIR PRESSURE

WASTE/RUBBISH
TEST
Solids, Liquids and Gases

LO’s:

• State what the 3 states of matter are

• Describe and compare the properties of the 3
states of matter
Keywords
Density The mass of a certain volume
of material
Flow Pour steadily
squashed into a smaller
Compressed volume

The amount of space that an

Volume object takes up. Measured in
cm3
• In general, solids do not flow or
change their shape

• Liquids can change their shape and

flow so they take up the shape of the
container they are in

• Gases can flow and change their

shape
• Density is the mass of a certain
volume of material
• The volume of a solid does not
change much, so even when
squeezed, solids cannot be
compressed (squashed)

• Liquids do not change their volume

and cannot be easily compressed

• Gases can change their volume and

be compressed into smaller volume
as they spread out
Properties of solids, liquids and gases

Solid Liquid Gas

• High density • Quite High • Low density

• Fixed volume density • No fixed volume
• Difficult to squash • Fixed volume • Easy to squash
• Do not flow • Difficult to squash • Flow easily
• Fixed shape • flow easily • No fixed shape
• No fixed shape
 Solids, Liquids and Gases
LO’s:

• Draw the arrangement of the 3 states of

matter
• Describe the arrangement of the 3 states of
matter
Solids

• Held closely together

• Cannot move over each other

• Regular Arrangement

• Vibrate in a fixed position

Liquids

• Held closely together

• Cannot move past each other

• Irregular Arrangement
Gasses
• Far apart- weak forces of
attraction

• Free to move in any direction

• Irregular arrangement
TASK 2: Complete the table.

Need help? Use

page 106 of your
book
TASK 2:Check your answers
Irregular Irregular
arrangement arrangement
Strong forces Fairly strong
forces of
of attraction attraction
Held closely Far apart
together
Can move Can move in
past each all directions
other
Lowest energy Fairly high energy
Highest energy
 Using the Particle Theory
LO’s:

• Use the particle theory to explain the

properties of the 3 states
• Explain how particles change states
Compression
Use the images to explain how and
why gases can be compressed.
Compression
You are going to change water from a solid to a
liquid and then to a gas.
Keywords

Melting
Boiling (evaporation)
Cooling (condensation)
Freezing
Heat
Kinetic Energy
Bonds
TASK 2: Draw the particle arrangement and put the correct keywords in place
to show the processes taking place to change the state of matter

Keywords

Melting
Boiling(Evaporation)
Cooling (Condensation)
Freezing
Add Kinetic Energy
Remove Kinetic Energy
TASK 2: Check your answers
ADD KINETIC ENERGY

MELTING BOILING Keywords

Melting
Boiling (evaporation)
Cooling
(Condensation)
Freezing
FREEZING COOLING Add Kinetic Energy
Remove Kinetic Energy
REMOVE KINETIC ENERGY
1.Heating makes the particles vibrate faster
2.They have gained kinetic energy
3.Bonds between particles break and they
start to move
4.Space between particles increases
5.They form an irregular pattern
6.Become Liquid
Brownian Motion

LO’s:

• Explain what Brownian motion is and how it

supports particle theory
• Convert between millimetres (mm) and
nanometres (nm)
Brownian Motion is the random movement of small specks
of matter caused by being hit by the tiny particles that
make up liquids or gases. Brownian motion supports the
particle theory which states that liquids and gases are
made of particles which are free to move in all directions.
To convert from mm to nm,
we multiply by a million

To convert nm to mm….
Convert from mm to nm Convert from nm to mm

1)0.5mm= 500,000nm 1)2,200,000nm=2.2mm Extend: 1m=

1000000000
2)220mm= 220,000000nm 2)0.3nm= 0.0000003mm nm

3)0.000063mm=63nm 3)560nm=0.00056mm

4)0.0000001mm= 0.1nm 4)7,51000nm=0.751mm

5)1mm=1000000nm 5)1000000nm=1mm
 Diffusion

LO’s:

• Define diffusion
• Use particle theory to explain why diffusion is
faster in some states than others
Diffusion is the
movement of particles
from an area of high
concentration to an
area of low
concentration.
TASK 1: Use the words below to write out a definition of diffusion and complete
the diagram

What is Diffusion?
Diffusion is the movement of particles from an area of
high concentration to an area of low concentration
What factors affect the speed
of diffusion?

1. Temperature
2. Size of particles
3. The state of the diffusing
substance
1. TEMPERATURE

At higher temperatures, the particles move more quickly

2. SIZE OF THE PARTICLE
 3. THE STATE OF THE DIFFUSING SUBSTANCE

Gases
• Diffusion happens quickly – particles are far apart.
• A particle in a gas travels a long way before hitting another
particle.
The state of the diffusing substance
Liquids
• Particles are closer together than in the gas state.
• Therefore diffusion is slower in liquids compared to gases.
The state of the diffusing substance
Solids
• Diffusion does not happen in solids.
• The particles cannot move from place to place.
Answer the questions on page 110 and 111 of
your textbook
 Air Pressure
LO’s:

•Define gas pressure and recall some of its

effects
•Explain the factors that affect gas pressure
What is air pressure?

We are surrounded by air and its

particles are hitting us all the time

Air pressure is just the force of

these particles hitting a surface
Inside of a balloon there are gas particles freely
moving and colliding at random.

What happens when

the particles collide
with the walls of the
balloon?
When particles collide
with the walls of the ))) )

balloon the wall

experience a force
this is called gas
))) )
pressure. The balloon This force makes
will expand the balloon inflate
 Increase the air pressure in the tyre
1) When you pump air into a tyre...
The number of gas particles increase
2) These particles are constantly….
Expand (inflate)
3) The particles will collide and….
Moving Around
4) This will…
Hit the walls (rubber) of the tyre
5) Air pressure is the….
Force exerted by gas particles hitting a
6) The tyre will then… surface
 Task 1- Check your answers
1)When you pump air into a tyre the number of gas particles increase

2)These particles are constantly moving around

3)The particles will collide and hit the walls (rubber) of the tyres

4)This will increase the air pressure in the tyres

5)Air pressure is the force exerted by gas particles hitting a surface

6)The tyre will then expand (inflate)

 Air Pressure
LO’s:

•Define gas pressure and recall some of its

effects
•Explain the factors that affect gas pressure
 Factors that affect Air Pressure

Temperature
Amount of particles
AMOUNT OF PARTICLES
A balloon with high pressure has lots of particles
inside that are colliding with the walls of the balloon
higher amount
keeping it inflated. of particles

Low amount
of particles ))))

))))

Low High
Pressure Pressure
Have you ever noticed that over time balloons will
deflate. Why?

The balloon has

tiny holes that particles

leak through into the

atmosphere.
Temperature
Sometimes balloons
burst on a hot
sunny day. Why?
 The Scientific Method
LO’s:

•Define the terms observation, hypothesis

and prediction
•Outline the different stages in the scientific
method
1. Observation
What you see

A tall mouse and a short mouse

 2. Question
What do I want to find out?

A B
Do mice grow taller if given vitamin D?
 3. Hypothesis
Scientists thinking of an idea about how or why
something happens

A B
If mice are given vitamin D, they will
grow taller
 4. Prediction
What you think will happen if the hypothesis is
correct

A B
Mouse A will be taller than mouse B
because it has been given vitamin D
 5. Experiment
Testing the hypothesis

A B
Mouse A will be given vitamin D,
mouse B will not
 6. Result
Data collected from the experiment

A B
Both mice measured after 6 months
and mouse A is 2 inches taller than
mouse B
 7. Conclusion
Whether the hypothesis was correct or not

A B
The hypothesis is correct (accepted)-
mice who are given vitamin D will grow
taller
 Conclusion Observation My car won’t
start!

Result Questions

Experiment Hypothesis

Prediction
 A car will not start with Conclusion Observation My car won’t
a flat battery start!

Am I out of
Result Questions petrol? Is my
Recharging the battery battery dead?
started the car

If the battery is flat,

Experiment Hypothesis the car will not start
Recharging the battery

Recharging my battery will

Prediction start the car
Draw a flowchart outlining the stages (and
definitions) of the scientific method
Observation Whether the hypothesis was correct or not
What you think will happen if the
Question hypothesis is correct

Hypothesis What you see

Scientists thinking of an idea about how or
Prediction why something happens

Experiment Testing the hypothesis

Result Data collected from the experiment

Conclusion What do I want to find out?

Observation What you see

Question What do I want to find out?

Scientists thinking of an idea about how or

Hypothesis
why something happens
Prediction What you think will happen if the
hypothesis is correct
Experiment Testing the hypothesis

Result Data collected from the experiment

Conclusion Whether the hypothesis was correct or not