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They could be burnt the same way as this experiment (with the adjustments mentioned in the
evaluation). I would also have marked the can used, so that it could be used again, and had a more
accurate timing system As these errors were only small, they could not have made the massive
differences between the predicted results, so there must have been other factors that caused the heat
from the burner not to reach the water, and cause these errors. The correlation is strong as it has a
coefficient of 1 and the best fit line is straight. The molar mass increases by 14g with each CH2
group. If there had been more anomalous results, I would not have had enough data to compare them
with so as to determine the anomalous results. Propanol didn't follow the pattern in the sequence of
the carbon atoms in the hydrocarbon chain as its mass change did not seem to decrease, which was
wrong, as methanol should have produced the least amount of heat energy as it had the least amount
of carbon atoms. After the alcohols have been lit by the splint it will give out oxygen and water as
well as heat energy to heat the water, which will crack the hydrocarbons into simpler molecules and
then will combust later, making this experiment an exothermic reaction. The 50g mass was too large
a rise as this caused too much heat to be lost to the environment, and 150 was to small. Looking at
all the alcohol's I have noticed that they're all alkanes, which means that they all have single bonds. I
will then light the sprit lamp with a wooden splint wearing my safety glasses, and making sure the tip
of the flame reaches the calorimeter flask at the same time will be starting the stop clock. Our
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through pinterest OnSpecScience 4.48 231 reviews Not the right resource. An experiment for
comparing the enthalpy change of combustion of different. Keep wick length relatively low or the
flame will be very high. Do not stand with your face directly above the calorimeter if the flame is
strong as the hot air could burn you. This is because if the measurement were over 100 cm 3 then I
would have expected the percentage error to be higher, whereas if it had been slightly below 100 cm
3 then the percentage error will have been lower. This table shows the amount of bonds broken and
the amount of bonds made in the combustion of ethanol. My prediction was not close to the results,
the graph displayed the line of best fit was close to all the points so there was not a wider scatter of
results. Because of this and to gain more accurate results, I will need to find out how much heat the
calorimeter has absorbed and add it on to how much heat the water will have absorbed. This would
have taken it longer to heat up, so it would have needed more alcohol to complete the change in
temperature. The results were accurate enough to see some trends but in some cases to inconclusive
to be used as hard evidence. The longer the hydrocarbon chain the less soluble the alcohol. These
reactions must be heated. E.g. with a Bunsen burner. For the same reason, the lid must be kept on at
all times when the spirit burner is not lit. Reactions where the energy of the reactants (alcohol and
oxygen) is more than the energy of the products (carbon dioxide and water) are known as exothermic
reactions. This shows that what I expected to see when the isomers were combusted has occurred.
This will be kept constant throughout, as well as the mass of water, and the temperature will be kept
constant, to ensure that only the type of alcohol is being investigated, so that this can be a fair test.
Therefore I would expect that when the alcohol is being burned and producing heat energy, carbon
dioxide, and water will be produced meaning the alcohol would lose some mass which would
evaporate into the air. As with a gas oven, the fuel needs to be in gaseous form for the most efficient
combustion. The can being copper meant that as well as heat being added easily, heat is lost just as
easily, as the water heats up. This would have had two different affects.. The mass of the water was
higher than expected so, if read correctly, the enthalpy would have been higher because of the
calculation cm(T. 2. The mass of alcohol was more than needed so it would make (H smaller when the
amount of moles used was found than it actually was.
So, I reduced the distance by 3cm so that more water would be absorbed, and I could get a more
realistic value for the enthalpy change of combustion. They would give different results altogether, as
their specific heat capacity is different. In this experiment the key factor that I plan to investigate is
the amount of energy released from burning different fuels. Investigation - Comparing The Enthalpy
Changes Of Combustion Of Different A. This meant it would go undetected and would cause more
alcohol to be needed to heat the water than otherwise. Investigation - Comparing The Enthalpy
Changes Of Combustion Of Different A. These can be of two types: covalent, in which the atoms
share electrons. This would result in an inaccurate record of the weight difference in each run.
Propan-2-ol is branched and so when it is grouped with other propan-2-ol atoms, they cannot get as
close to each other as the branches are in the way. Examples of this are water and carbon dioxide,
which has a double covalent bond because it shares two pairs of electrons are shared. The alcohol
reacts with the oxygen in the air to form the products water and carbon dioxide. On the other hand
the results from this experiment show a nonlinear relationship with the anomaly in the standard
enthalpy of combustion for Pentanol which is surprisingly higher than the results for Butanol and
Propanol. Conditions are important The conditions for the reaction that favour substitution or
elimination are different. We should in theory obtain a negative number from this, as energy is lost
in the reaction. This is because copper has a low specific heat capacity so most of the heat it absorbs
will be passed onto the water and it also has high thermal conductivity which again means. Butan-2-
ol This is flammable so it must be used carefully with the spirit burner. The hole was made for the
thermometer leaving some space for the escapement of the heat. Spirit burner, 3 burners each
containing a different alcohol: Ethanol Propan1ol Butan1ol 6. This water may therefore have had
impurities which could have affected the specific heat capacity of the water. It could have also been
because of the flame as it might have been too small, which might have also gave a low temperature
reading to heat the 100cm 3 of water. I have also kept the same height of the copper calorimeter the
same so the tip of the flame would touch the bottom of the calorimeter for each experiment knowing
it will be a fair test. Upload Read for free FAQ and support Language (EN) Sign in Skip carousel
Carousel Previous Carousel Next What is Scribd. This is because during a reaction the reactants are
losing energy which is used to heat its surroundings such as the calorimeter and the air. However it
would be a much harder task to do so with a high accuracy. This is probably because more heat was
being lost into the atmosphere from the combustion, as more energy was being released per unit of
time than with the alcohols of lower calorific value. This will be kept constant throughout, as well as
the mass of water, and the temperature will be kept constant, to ensure that only the type of alcohol
is being investigated, so that this can be a fair test. The process by which bonds are made gives out
energy. The reaction needs a spark or burning splint to light the flame to supply the activation
energy. To complete this coursework I shall use the following equipment: safety glasses, a
calorimeter to hold the water, various sprit burners using a different alcohol in each, a thermometer to
measure the change in temperature, a clamp to hold the calorimeter, and a system to which will
reduce the amount of heat lost in this experiment. This is where electrons are transferred from one
ion to another, so there is an electrostatic force between the ions.
However, the results are not sufficiently accurate to draw up any formula to predict the enthalpy
change of combustion for any alcohol molecule. Except for my anomalies all the repeats were very
close. Predict that octanol will release the most heat energy. This allowed the maximum amount of
heat to reach the calorimeter. The thermometer was stirred but not constantly so different places in
the water may have been hotter than others. The smaller alcohols (up to 3 carbons) are soluble in
water because they can form hydrogen bonds with water. May be increasing the number of used
alcohols may improve to the quality of the evidence. Because of this and to gain more accurate
results, I will need to find out how much heat the calorimeter has absorbed and add it on to how
much heat the water will have absorbed. This shows that what I expected to see when the isomers
were combusted has occurred. An experiment for comparing the enthalpy change of combustion of
different. Evaluation Two main problems appear from the evidence gathered. Comparing The
Enthalpy Changes Of Combustion Of Different Alcohols. This means that the alcohol's are made up
of chains of carbon atoms with single covalent bonds between them, which are called saturated
hydrocarbons because they have no spare bonds left meaning they won't form polymers. This can be
attributed to the weaknesses and limitations that are associated with this experiment. The results
were accurate enough to see some trends but in some cases to inconclusive to be used as hard
evidence. So if I know the number of carbon atoms present this formula allows me to find the
formula for every alcohol. Again, the burner was weighed before and after heating the water, but this
time the lid was kept on to make sure no alcohol evaporated on the way to the scales, which would
compromise the integrity of the readings. The Burning Of Alcohols: Enthalpy Change of
Combustion. We also decided that we should test each alcohol 2 times so that we can obtain an
accurate average result. This is because the data that I used to work out the enthalpies of combustion
will have been collected under controlled standard conditions (298Kelvin and 1 atmospheric
pressure), using specialized equipment; therefore the overall energy transferred is likely to be higher
and more reliable. Perhaps one way that this could be solved were the experiment to be repeated is
to actually cut the used section of the wick off of the end so that the length and capacity for holding
alcohol could be kept constant. Keep wick length relatively low or the flame will be very high.
Comparing the Enthalpy Changes of Combustion of Different Alcohols I am going to perform an
investigation with the aim of finding the enthalpy change of combustion (?Hc) of several different
alcohols. An exothermic reaction is one which gives out energy. This will probably be because I
didn't allow the calorimeter enough time to cool following its use, and so when new water was put
in, it instantly heated up to a higher temperature. This meant it would go undetected and would cause
more alcohol to be needed to heat the water than otherwise. This means I can expect that the (Hc will
be negative. The room temperature might have acted as a cooling agent, the calorimeter being copper
means that it loses heat as easily as it gains heat, so there is a possibility that not all the heat would be
transferred as the water heats up. This table shows the amount of bonds broken and the amount of
bonds made in the combustion of ethanol. The amount of wick on the burner will not have been
exactly the same (6mm) on each burner as this was difficult to measure.
Graph 3 will allow a comparison of the two gradients of the best fit line of the predicted and actual
results. Lastly, although we used the digital thermometer, and were stirring the water to get the
temperature, there would still be differences in the temperature of the water at different depths, and
this would affect our results. Firstly, the existing bonds that make up the alcohol and oxygen are
broken, and this requires energy (this energy that we provide is called activation energy). The other
type of bonds is ionic, where a metal is involved. I then used this to work out the total enthalpy
change of combustion. Base strength: the stronger the base used, the more elimination is favoured. If
alcohols get in the eyes, they should be irrigated with water for 10 minutes at least. The presence of
the container during weighing was not important as it cancels itself out when we subtract the before
and after values. To do this I first find out how many moles were in the fuel I used. This makes it an
exothermic reaction and so (H will be negative because of this. (Hc Using Bond Enthalpies To
calculate the value for each enthalpy, the add up all of the values for the bonds broken in the
reactants and then do the same for the products made in the reaction. I used the 3 equations to find
out the energy per mole. I found that by placing a hardboard draught excluder around the
experiment, and a cardboard lid with a hole for the thermometer on top of the can, the heat lost was
significantly reduced to make this experiment more accurate. So, I reduced the distance by 3cm so
that more water would be absorbed, and I could get a more realistic value for the enthalpy change of
combustion. The rise in temperature of the copper vessel means that energy has gone towards heating
the copper can instead of heating the water. So I will measure the amount of energy required to do
so. However I cannot assume that the obtained results are actually accurate. This shows that what I
expected to see when the isomers were combusted has occurred. This is because there is more bond
energy in that molecule than the other alcohols. Also make sure that the thermometer does no touch
the bottom of the calorimeter to avoid the false measurements. I predicted this because I knew the
reaction would be bond making, therefore, it is exothermic which means energy is given out. Empty
reply does not make any sense for the end user Submit reply Cancel Report this resource to let us
know if it violates our terms and conditions. Alcohols of a low molecular mass are miscible in water.
Although not a significant source of error in this investigation, the use of a standard thermometer
would prevent a very accurate result in an investigation which had neither of the above two
problems. It would therefore be useful to use a more accurate digital thermometer which could
record peak temperature, so that there would be no problem caused by a delay in actually taking the
reading. I have also kept the same height of the copper calorimeter the same so the tip of the flame
would touch the bottom of the calorimeter for each experiment knowing it will be a fair test. The can
might not have been the same as this experiment was done over two lessons, and different cans have
different conduction properties. After the results have been plotted I will add a trendline with the
correlation coefficient and equation. The volume of the water may not have been completely
accurate, which will have also had an effect on the overall energy transfer calculation. These small
inaccuracies are caused by slight differences in the values of the fixed variables, like the mass of
water not being exactly 100g, due human error. The calculations assume all substances are gas and
the vaporisation energy to convert liquid methanol (l) to gas methanol (g) is ignored. 5. Energy given
off and conducted through air was lost and unaccounted for, decreasing the value. Secondly, all of
the results obtained from the evidence gathered are quite different to the actual values, as the above
table shows.
This is because during a reaction the reactants are losing energy which is used to heat its
surroundings such as the calorimeter and the air. Using this known value, I can calculate how much
energy has been absorbed by the water, and therefore the enthalpy change of combustion of one
mole of the alcohol. Because of this I expect butan-2-ol and 2methylpropan-1-ol to have high
enthalpies of combustion whereas methanol and ethanol will have smaller values and the two
propanol isomers will be in between these. Burning fuels is an exothermic reaction, because there is
heat released and the total energy released in bond formation is greater than that energy needed for
bond breaking. Predict that octanol will release the most heat energy. The height of the can above the
flame is also a factor, so this needs too be kept constant just touching the can. This is known because
heat can be felt surrounding the copper can. But the only realistic method could be the draught
excluders. Different readings from the same alcohol would vary erratically, and we decided that this
was due to heat loss to the air and only partial contact of the wick with the beaker at times. I shall
also use the minimum of three different alcohols. The distance between the spirit burner and the
calorimeter did not change as I made sure the distance was always approximately 4.5cm. However,
the length of the wick did vary sometimes, a centimetre at most; this did affect the results though.
Carbon and the molecular diversity of life. (Chapter 4). The increasing values obtained from my
results show no general pattern. I believe this because the alcohol with more carbon means that more
bonds have to be broken, this would require more energy to break the many bonds whereas, if there
were less carbons then not as much energy is needed because there are less bonds to break. We then
simply subtract the total energy given out from the total energy used up. Forming halogenoalkanes
from alcohols Primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols all react with phosphorus(V) chloride to form
a chloroalkane. There were a few constraints, either by the nature of the experiment or the conditions
the experiment was done under. Anomalous results are often due to experimental mistakes being
made unconsciously. Theory (Hc This is the energy change at standard temperature (298K) and
pressure (1 atmosphere). Looking at all the alcohol's I have noticed that they're all alkanes, which
means that they all have single bonds. This will be kept constant throughout, as well as the mass of
water, and the temperature will be kept constant, to ensure that only the type of alcohol is being
investigated, so that this can be a fair test. Report this Document Download now Save Save
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pages Combustion of Alcohols Uploaded by iibtii AI-enhanced description Investigate the heat
energy in a range of alcohol's used as fuels. I have also kept the same height of the copper
calorimeter the same so the tip of the flame would touch the bottom of the calorimeter for each
experiment knowing it will be a fair test. Analysis of the Standard Enthalpy of Combustion for
Alcohols. If more time has been allowed for the experiment, more readings could have been taken,
giving a more accurate average result at the end. For the isomers, I expect propan-1-ol to have a
higher enthalpy than that of propan-2-ol. The enthalpy changes of combustion of these alcohols has
been accurately calculated and this table shows the actual values compared with the calculated
values. I could solve these problems by using a calorimeter which retains all substances inside a
water jacket; to absorb all the energy produced. This also adds on the inaccuracy, this could affect
the content of the water and therefore result in the altered data collected. Secondary information
indicates that the bond energies between two atoms will vary according to where in the molecule the
pair of atoms is.