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Fluid Mechanics 2A (STRCIA2)

Chapter 2: Viscosity of Fluids
by Thabang Mafokoane ([email protected])
14 February 2024

Module Schedule

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Outline

✓Section 2.2 Dynamic Viscosity

✓Section 2.3 Kinematic Viscosity
✓Section 2.4 Newtonian & non-Newtonian Fluids
✓Section 2.5 Variation of Viscosity with Temperature
✓Section 2.6 Viscosity Measurement

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Chapter 2: Viscosity of Fluids

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Outline

✓Section 2.2 Dynamic Viscosity

✓Section 2.3 Kinematic Viscosity
✓Section 2.4 Newtonian and non-Newtonian Fluids
✓Section 2.5 Variation of Viscosity with Temperature
✓Section 2.6 Viscosity Measurement

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Objectives

1. Define dynamic viscosity.

2. Define kinematic viscosity.

3. Identify units for viscosity.

4. Differentiate between Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids.

5. Describe variation of viscosity with temperature for both liquids and gases.

6. Define viscosity index.

7. Describe methods for viscosity measurements.

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Viscosity (2.2 and 2.3)

• Viscosity → quantity that describes fluid’s resistance to flow

• Dynamic viscosity
→ ratio of shear stress (τ = F/A) to velocity gradient (Δv/Δy) in a fluid.
µ = τ (Δy/Δv) Units → Pa.s

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Viscosity (2.2 and 2.3)

• Examples:
✓Stirring fluid with a spoon
✓Mashed potatoes

• Kinematic viscosity
→ ratio of dynamic viscosity to the density of the fluid
→ measure the resistive flow of a fluid under the weight of gravity

ν = µ/ρ Units → m2/s

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STR2A11 (2017)

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Types of Fluids
• Rheology → study of deformation and flow characteristics of a
substance

• Types of fluids
1. Ideal fluids
- a fluid which is incompressible and have no viscosity
2. Real fluids
- a fluid which possesses viscosity

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Newtonian and Non-Newtonian Fluids (2.4)

1. Newtonian Fluids
✓ Viscosity depends on the condition of the fluid, particularly its
temperature.

✓ Magnitude of velocity gradient has NO effect on magnitude of µ

✓ Behave in accordance to
τ = µ(Δv/Δy)

✓ E.g.: Water, oil, alcohol, air etc.

✓Appendices A to E
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Newtonian and Non-Newtonian Fluids (2.4)

2. Non-Newtonian Fluids
✓ NOT in accordance with τ = µ(Δv/Δy)
✓ Viscosity depends on velocity gradient
• Time-independent fluids:
➢ Pseudoplastic: syrup, ink and molasses
➢ Dilatant: starch in water (oobleck) and TiO2
➢ Bingham: paint, toothpaste and mayonnaise
• Time-dependent fluids:
➢ Electrorheological and Magnetorheological Fluids
➢ Thixotropic and Rheopectic Fluids
➢ Eg: Polymer solutions, some jellies and flour dough
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Newtonian and Non-Newtonian Fluids (2.4)

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STR2A11 (2017)

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Variation with Temperature (2.5)

• Cold oil → difficult to pour → high viscosity
• Hot oil → easy to pour → low viscosity
• Thus:
ºC ↑ µ↓ ….for liquids
• However,
ºC ↑ µ↑ ….for gases
• Viscosity Index (VI) → measure of how greatly viscosity changes with
temperature.
• Fluids with high VI exhibits small change in µ with temperature, and
vice versa.
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Viscosity Measurement (2.6)

• Viscometers (or rheometers) → characterise
flow behaviour of liquids

• Types:
1. Rotating Drum Viscometer
2. Capillary Tube Viscometer
3. Standard Calibrated Glass Capillary
Viscometer
4. Falling-Ball Viscometer
5. Saybolt Universal Viscometer
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1. Rotating Drum Viscometer

Measures viscosity by definition of µ.

µ = τ / (Δv/Δy)

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2. Capillary Tube Viscometer

• Magnitude of the pressure drop is related to the fluid viscosity

• Equation: µ = (p1 – p2)D2 / 32vL

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3. Standard Calibrated Glass

Capillary Viscometer
• Suction draws fluid through the bulb
slightly above the upper timing mark
• Fluid is allowed to flow by gravity
• Time required for the fluid to pass
from the upper timing mark to the
lower timing mark is recorded
• ν = time ×calibration constant
• Units: centistoke (cSt) = mm2/s

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4. Falling-Ball Viscometer
• Measures time required for a
ball to drop to a known distance

• Equation:
µ = (γs – γf )D2 / 18v

• Fluid must be transparent for

observation

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5. Saybolt Universal Viscometer

• Measures the ease with which fluid flows through a small-diameter
orifice.

• Measures time required to

collect 60 mL of the fluid.

• Resulting time indicates

viscosity, measured in SUS
(Saybolt Universal Seconds).

• Results are relative.

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5. Saybolt Universal
Viscometer
• SUS versus kinematic
viscosity ν in mm2/s for a
fluid temperature of 100oF.

• Above ν = 75 mm2/s:
SUS = 4.632 ν

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• SUS value for any other temperature t in degrees Fahrenheit can be found by
multiplying the SUS value for 100oF by the factor A which can be computed from

A = 6.061 * 10-5t + 0.994

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Source: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tvRc4BAYtsk
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Exercises
2.18 to 2.22. Appendix D gives dynamic viscosity for a variety of fluids as a
function of temperature. Using this appendix, give the value of the viscosity for
the following fluids:

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Exercises

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Exercises

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Exercises

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Exercises

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References
1. Cengel. Y.A and Cimbala, J.M. (2017). Fluid Mechanics: Fundamentals and
Applications (third edition). New York: McGraw-Hill.

2. Mafokoane, TT. (2024). Fluid Mechanics 2A: Learning Guide. Johannesburg:

University of Johannesburg.

3. Mott. R.L and Untener, J.A. (2017). Applied Fluid Mechanics (seventh edition,
global edition). Boston: Pearson Education Limited.

4. Munson, B.R. et al. (2013). Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics (seventh edition).

New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

5. White, F. M., 2009. Fluid Mechanics. 7th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill Education.

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Thought for the day

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