Assignment-1

Q-1=How is Formula different from a

Function in excel ?
Ans= Formulas are defined as a statement written by
any user, either simple or complex whereas a function is
a type of formula which is pre-defined. On the other
hand, functions are predefined formulas that are already
there in the sheet.

 Major differences between a formula and a function

WHILE CALCULATING SOMETHING WE OFTEN INTERCHANGE

THE WORDS, FORMULA, AND FUNCTION. THIS IS A VERY
COMMON MISTAKE AS THE TWO ARE NOT TECHNICALLY THE
SAME. FORMULAS CONSIST OF VALUES, DEFINED NAMES AND
IN SOME CASES PRE-EXISTED FUNCTIONS. THE FORMULA IS
A TYPE OF EXPRESSION IN AN EXCEL SHEET THAT CAN
CALCULATE THE VALUE OF A CELL. A FORMULA OR A
MATHEMATICAL EXPRESSION CAN EXIST WITH OR WITHOUT A
FUNCTION ALSO. HOWEVER, WE CANNOT COMMENT ON THE
SIMILARITIES OR THE INTERDEPENDENCE OF THESE TWO. A
FORMULA CAN BE WRITTEN AS =1+2. THE SAME
 CALCULATION AS A FUNCTION IS =SUM (1, 2). LOOKING AT
THIS EXAMPLE, WE CAN FIGURE OUT THE FACT THAT A
FORMULA IS MUCH MORE FLEXIBLE THAN A FUNCTION IN A
FIELD. SOME EXAMPLES OF THE FUNCTIONS USED VERY
OFTEN ARE, IF, AVERAGE, SUM, COUNT, ETC.

MAJOR DIFFERENCES BETWEEN A FORMULA AND A

FUNCTION
Any type of calculation is a formula in excel whereas function is designed beforehand. A function is often used in the formula that’s needed.

1. One of the main differences between the two is, one can
use any type of operation with a formula according to
his/her need to calculate or get a value of something. A
function is not something that can be customized. It’s a
pre-existent operation.

2. Formulas can be used to work within a range of cells or

just within a cell in complex calculative measurements.
On the other hand, functions are used in case of quick
arrangements needed such as to find the minimum or
the maximum, the highest or the lowest, an average of
something, etc.

3. To modify things, a function can be modified as per the

developer’s requirement but the formula cannot be
updated like this. One can use formula only in times of
need.
4. A function can be used as a formula but formula cannot
be used as a function.

5. The user can use a formula to do simple calculations

manually but in the case of using a function, it’s not so
easy to work out complex calculations using a function.

6. In excel there is no structure or syntax of formula but

functions do have a syntax.

7. Every function has its own pre-designed parameters

basis through which a function executes results. A
formula can never have pre-defined parameters.
In complex situations of calculating something, we can
combine formulas and a function to get results. These
are often used in the times of calculating mortgage
paybacks, mathematical problems, solving engineering
calculations, etc. The easiest way to include functions in
the worksheets is a formula palette. All functions have a
dependent variable but we can’t say the same about
functions.
 WHAT ARE FORMULAS IN EXCEL?

As the general understanding goes, a Formula in Excel is also a

mathematical equation or a statement used for calculations.
Formulas in Excel are used to perform any calculation with the
values or data present in cells. The user usually enters a formula.
Formulas can be simple or complex, it depends on the
calculations the user wants to perform.
A formula can contain the following:
a) Mathematical values
b) Reference to cells
c) Defined names
d) Pre-existing Functions
In short, Formulas are used to calculate the values of cells.
Formulas always start with an equal sign. For example:
=C1+C2+C3, here we are trying to add the values present in 1,2
and 3 rows of the C column.
 WHAT IS FUNCTION IN EXCEL?

A function is a pre-existing Formula in Excel. Functions are

written with specific values known as arguments. The values
in all functions are structured and follow a particular
sequence. Excel consists of more than 500 functions in total.
Complex calculations that would take a long manually can
be performed quickly using functions.
You may use simple formulas like C2+C5 if you have to add
a few cells, but what if you have to add hundreds of cells at
once? Then the easiest way is to use the SUM function
existing in Excel like =SUM(C1:C100). Here you can see all
the values from 1 to the 100th row in the C column.
Therefore, functions in Excel make a lot of your tasks a lot
easy.
The content of functions in Excel cannot be changed, unlike
formulas. Functions carry out numerous complex
computations in addition to basic ones like SUM or
AVERAGE. Excel provides multiple functions for selection,
use, and insertion into newly formed formulas. They are
always shown in capital letters like – SUM or AVERAGE.
ADDITIONALLY, YOU NEED TO UNDERSTAND THAT
A FORMULA CANNOT BE USED IN A FUNCTION, BUT
FUNCTIONS ARE USED WITHIN A FORMULA. A
FUNCTION IS ALWAYS WRITTEN IN A PARTICULAR
ORDER CALLED SYNTAX. THE SYNTAX MUST BE
WRITTEN PROPERLY FOR THE FUNCTION TO
COMPUTE CORRECTLY. SYNTAX ALWAYS STARTS
WITH A "=" SIGN IN A FUNCTION. NEXT, SUM, FOR
EXAMPLE, IS THE FUNCTION NAME. LASTLY,
ARGUMENTS CONSIST OF DETAILS YOU WANT THE
 FORMULA TO COMPUTE, SUCH AS THE CELL
DETAILS.

TIPS TO FOLLOW WHEN WRITING EXCEL

FORMULAS
Formulas in Microsoft Excel are useful for performing
multiple calculations. The thing about formulas though, is
that they do not work if they’ve been entered in the wrong
format. Even the tiniest of space issues renders the entered
formula useless. Here are a few tips to follow when you write
Excel formulas.
a) No formatting in Formulas: The cardinal rule for
numbers in Formulas is that while entering them, it should
not be formatted. For instance, do not use dollar signs or
decimal separators.
These characters might mean something else for Excel
because in places like North America the dollar sign is used
to make cell references. Simply add your numerical and
carry on with the formula.
b) Copy instead of re-typing: Excel is a spreadsheet that
reduces repetitive work. Therefore, the next time you type a
formula into a cell, you don’t have to retype it for all the
other cells where it applies.
Instead of retyping, you can merely copy the formula in one
cell to the other ones. This can be done by ragging the fill
handle – small plus-shape icon that appears at the lower
right-hand corner of the cell.
c) Do not put numbers in double quotes: In Microsoft Excel,
double quotes are used to enclose text in formulas but never
numbers. Doing so will result in Excel treating them as text
values. For example, the right way to type a formula is:
=IF(B2=”pass”,1,0)
The wrong way to type a formula is:
=IF(B2=”pass”,”1”,”0”)
d) Opening and closing parenthesis must match: One
advantageous feature of Excel is that upon having multiple
Functions and Formulas, a combination of two Functions or
two Formulas can also be used as commands.
Sometimes, complex Formulas will carry more than one
nested function. When this happens, more than one
parenthesis would be needed to render the function
successful. Parentheses must be paired correctly in a way
that every opening parenthesis has a closing one. Excel tries
to make the process easier by shading different parenthesis
pairs in different colours.
e) Calculation options should be set to automatic: Excel
formulas have settings that allows automatic and manual
recalculation. Sometimes, the formulas might stop
recalculating automatically and this might be because the
Calculation options being switched from ‘Automatic’ to
‘Manual’. To change the settings back to ‘Automatic’, go to
‘Formulas’ tab, click on the ‘Calculation’ group, go to the
‘Calculation Options’ button, and finally select ‘Automatic’.

Conclusion
FUNCTIONS AND FORMULAS BOTH ARE VERY
USEFUL TOOLS WHILE CALCULATING IN OUR
DAILY LIFE OR EVEN IN OFFICE-RELATED
CALCULATIONS. SO LEARNING THEIR USE
PROPERLY HAS BECOME A NECESSITY. THEY
HAVE DIFFERENT OPERATIONS TO PERFORM SO
THERE’S ALWAYS SOME DIFFERENCE BETWEEN
THEM. IT DOESN’T HAVE TO BE FORMULA VERSUS
FUNCTION ALWAYS; WE CAN EASILY COMBINE
THEM TO CREATE A MORE POWERFUL TOOL TO
ANALYSE. A COMBINATION LIKE THIS IS VERY
USEFUL IN COMPLEX CALCULATIONS LIKE
CALCULATING MAJOR TAX PAYMENTS,
MATHEMATICAL PROBLEMS, AND ALSO IN
CREATING FINANCIAL MODELS. EVEN THOUGH
WE HAVE THE DRAWBACKS OF USING A
MACHINE, USING TECHNOLOGY MAKES LIFE
MUCH EASIER IN MANY WAYS.

Q-2 = What is the difference between

Count and Countblank ?
Ans= (1) What is Count ?
(A) The COUNT function is generally used to count
the number of cells in Excel or array of numbers.
Example: To count the numbers between A1 and A20,
you may enter the following formula:
=COUNT(A1:A20). For example, if the range contains
three cells containing numbers, the result is 3.
There are two different ways to use COUNT in Excel.
The syntax is as follows:

COUNT(VALUE1,[VALUE2],…)

The parameters of the COUNT function include comma-

separated values. This function returns the total count of
numeric values specified.

Usage:
 Here we specify multiple values as the parameter
and the COUNT function finds the total count of values
in it.
NOTE: This function works only on numeric data.
Hence, it will not find the count of text values if
specified.

Count (range)
This function is used to count the number of cells in a
specified range. It can be used to quantify data.
As we can see, using =COUNT(A2: A6), we get the count
of cells in the range A2 to A6. This function works only
on numeric data.

(B)WHAT IS THE COUNTBLANK FUNCTION?

(A)The COUNTBLANK Function[1] is categorized under

Excel STATISTICAL functions. COUNTBLANK will count the
number of empty cells in a given range of cells.

It is typed =COUNTBLANK

Note: The COUNTBLANK function is helpful to find empty

cells in a range.

How to use the =COUNTBLANK function:

1. Select a cell
2. Type =COUNTBLANK
3. Double click the COUNTBLANK command
 4. Select a range
5. Hit enter

Let's see some examples!

Apply the =COUNTBLANK function to range C2:C21, to find

the Pokemons which do not have a 2nd Type:
COUNTBLANK function, step by step:

1. Select C23
2. Write =COUNTBLANK
3. Double click COUNTBLANK in the menu
4. Select range C2:C21
5. Hit enter
The COUNTBLANK function successfully counted 8 blank
cells in the range C2:C21.
Q-3= Define all memory Units?

ANS= MEMORY
Memory is basically a device that has the capacity to store
information. A memory unit is the amount of data that the
memory can hold. Besides, we measure this storage capacity
in terms of bytes. Moreover, there are different units of
memory as per the requirement. Before studying the units of
memory let us know about the memory.

PARTS OF MEMORY
PRIMARY MEMORY-
This is the internal memory that stores the data and
instructions of the CPU. It is volatile in nature (data is lost
when the power is disconnected).
The primary memory has two types:

1. RAM (RANDOM ACCESS MEMORY)

As per the name, data can be accessed randomly and quickly.

1. ROM (READ ONLY MEMORY)

As per the name, we can only read data and cannot write (store) to it.

SECONDARY MEMORY-
As we know that the primary memory is volatile therefore, we
need some devices to store the data permanently so we use
some external storage devices for this purpose which we name
as the secondary memory. Some examples: CD, DVD, etc.

UNITS OF MEMORY
The storage capacity of the memory is expressed in various
units of memory. These are as follows:

BIT
ON state A microprocessor uses binary digits 0 and 1 to decide the
OFF and respectively, of various circuits. Furthermore, a bit is the
smallest unit of representation in the binary language.

NIBBLE
A nibble is a collection of 4 bits.

BYTE
A byte is the representation of a group of 8 bits. Moreover, a byte is a
unit that expresses any word, symbol, or character in the computer
language. Besides, computer memory is always in terms of multiples
of bytes.

WORD

A COMPUTER WORD IS SIMILAR TO A BYTE, AS IT IS

ALSO A GROUP OF BITS. MOREOVER, A COMPUTER
WORD IS FIXED FOR EACH COMPUTER. AT THE SAME
 TIME IT VARIES FROM COMPUTER TO COMPUTER.
BESIDES, THE LENGTH OF A COMPUTER WORD IS
THE WORD-SIZE OR WORD LENGTH. THEREFORE, A
COMPUTER STORES INFORMATION IN THE FORM OF
COMPUTER WORD

KILOBYTE

 It is the most common unit of memory which is the smallest of

all. But, it is greater than the byte.
 The abbreviation for kilobytes is ‘KB’.
 It contains 1000 bytes. Besides, it is synonyms to kibibytes
which contain 1024 (2^10) bytes.
 Megabytes usually measures the size of text documents,
graphics of websites, individual files, etc.

MEGABYTE

 The abbreviation for megabyte is ‘MB’.

 It contains 1000,000 bytes. Besides, it is synonyms to
mebibytes which contains 1048576 (2^20) bytes.
 Kilobytes usually measure the size of large files. For example
high-resolution images, songs, storage of compact disks, etc.

GIGABYTE

 The abbreviation for the gigabyte is ‘GB’ or ‘gigs’.

 It contains 1000,000,000 bytes. Besides, it is synonyms to
gibibytes which contain 1073741824 (2^30) bytes.
 Kilobytes usually measure the capacity of storage devices.
TERABYTE

 The abbreviation for terabytes is ‘TB’.

 It contains onetrillion bytes. Besides, it is synonyms to
tebibytes which contains 2^40 bytes.
 Kilobytes usually measure the capacity of large storage
devices, for example, HDDs (Hard Disk Drives).

PETABYTE

 The abbreviation for petabyte is ‘PB’.

 It contains 10^15 bytes. Besides, it is synonyms to pebibytes
which contains 2^50 bytes.
 Petabytes usually measure the total data storage in large
networks or server farms. For example, the data in Google or
Facebook data servers is around more than 10 PBs.

EXABYTE

 The abbreviation for exabyte is ‘EB’.

 It contains 10^18 bytes. Besides, it is synonyms to exbibytes
which contains 2^60 bytes.
 The exabyte unit is so large that it does not even measure the
storage of large cloud servers. Rather, it can be used to
measure the amount of data transfer over the internet for a
certain time limit.

ZETTABYTE

 The abbreviation for zettabyte is ‘ZB’.

 It contains 10^21 bytes. Besides, it is synonyms to zebibytes
which contains 2^70 bytes.
 It can measure a huge amount of data. In fact, the whole data
in the world is just a few zettabytes.

YOTTABYTE

 The abbreviation for yottabyte is ‘YB’.

 It contains 10^24 zettabytes. Besides, it is synonyms to
yobibytes which contains 2^80 bytes.
 It is a tremendously huge unit of measurement. Therefore, it
has no practical use.

CONVERSATIONS OF UNITS

Name Equal To Size (In Bytes)

Bit 1 Bit 1/8

Nibble 4 Bits 1/2 (rare)

Byte 8 Bits 1

Kilobyte 1024 Bytes 1024

Megabyte 1024 Kilobytes 1, 048, 576

Gigabyte 1024 Megabytes 1, 073, 741, 824

 Name Equal To Size (In Bytes)

Terabyte 1024 Gigabytes 1, 099, 511, 627, 776

Petabyte 1024 Terabytes 1, 125, 899, 906, 842, 624

Exabyte 1024 Petabytes 1, 152, 921, 504, 606, 846, 976

Zettabyte 1024 Exabytes 1, 180, 591, 620, 717, 411, 303, 424

Yottabyte 1024 Zettabytes 1, 208, 925, 819, 614, 629, 174, 706, 176

IMPORTANCE OF MEMORY UNITS

o Speed: Memory units make it possible to store and

retrieve instructions and data quickly, which reduces
processing instances and boosts overall system
performance. This is crucial when handling huge amounts
of data or operating complicated programs.
o Temporary storage: Memory units serve as temporary
storage for data and programs that are currently in use,
allowing users to quickly move between programs and
files without waiting for data to be loaded from a storage
device.
o Multitasking: Memory units allow computer systems
and different digital devices to do many tasks
simultaneously because they can store and retrieve data for
multiple programs simultaneously.
o Reliability: Memory devices are extremely reliable
because they're made to resist normal wear and tear. They
are a strong and reliable storage option because they are
less vulnerable to damage from outside forces like shock
or vibration.
o Accessibility: Memory units are readily available and
can be quickly updated or changed. This makes increasing
a system's memory capacity simple, enabling users to
manage more data and execute demanding programs.
o Energy efficiency: Memory units use less power than
standard hard drives, resulting in lower heat generation
and reduced cooling requirements. This makes them more
energy-efficient, specifically crucial for devices like
smartphones and laptops with limited battery life.
Q-4= Create a table using Macro
function in MS Excel.
-WHAT IS A MACRO IN EXCEL?
A macro in Microsoft Excel is a script that allows you to
automate processes to a single key. When creating a
macro, you perform an activity within your spreadsheet
which can comprise multiple steps. Microsoft Excel
records the steps you take and allows you to bind them
to a set of key presses. In the future, you can complete
all the activities you recorded by using the keyboard
shortcut.

USES FOR MACROS IN EXCEL

You may choose to use macros in Excel for a range of
functions. Some of the most common uses for macro
automation can include:

 Data management: Creating a macro that

manages data in your spreadsheet can help to save
you time when sorting information or performing
calculations. A macro allows you to perform
multiple-step adjustments to your data quickly.
 Pivot tables: Using a pivot table allows you to
extract data on groups or categories within a larger
data set for analysis. Using a macro to generate pivot
tables from a selection can quickly provide data for
your analysis.

 Sheet tidying: Excel macros can be a useful tool

for organizing your Microsoft Excel document. You
may create a macro for tasks such as deleting,
rearranging or formatting rows and columns.

 Workbook management: If you create a document

with multiple worksheets, you may choose to
include image galleries or a table of contents to help
users navigate throughout the document. Creating a
macro to insert a table of contents section can make
the workbook management process quicker and
easier.