K. K.

Wagh Polytechnic, Nashik

Department of Computer Technology

Chapter 1: Android and its tools M:04

Relevant CO:
Interpret features of Android Operating System.

Contents:
1.1 Introduction to Android ,Open Handset Alliance, Android Ecosystem
1.2 Need of Android, Features of Android
1.3 Tools and Software required for developing an Android Application
1.4 Android Architecture.

Mobile Application Development(MAD-22617) Prepared By: Mrs. R. Y. Thombare

 K. K. Wagh Polytechnic, Nashik
Department of Computer Technology

1.1 Introduction to Android:

What is Android?
• Android is an open source and Linux-based operating system mainly for
mobile devices such as smartphones.
• But now you can find Android in your Tab, Television, TV Set top box,
Watches and even in your car.
• Android is a rich framework that allows you to develop innovative apps
and Games for your Mobile devices.
• Java is the official development language for android, but in Google I/ O
2017 Google introduced another language Kotlin as a official language.
• We, have two programming language for android development , Java and
Kotlin.
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Mobile Application Development(MAD-22617) Prepared By: Mrs. R. Y. Thombare

 K. K. Wagh Polytechnic, Nashik
Department of Computer Technology

Introduction to Android:
What is Android?
• Android was developed by the Open Handset Alliance, led by Google,
and other companies.
• Android uses Linux as its Kernel.
• Android uses a special virtual machine for your apps called Dalvik
Virtual Machine(DVM).
• You can create your apps and make it available for users through
Google Play Store.
• Every Year Google release a new version of android.
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Mobile Application Development(MAD-22617) Prepared By: Mrs. R. Y. Thombare

 K. K. Wagh Polytechnic, Nashik
Department of Computer Technology

Introduction to Android:
Open Handset Alliance(OHA):

• The Open Handset Alliance (OHA) is a consortium of 84 firms to

develop open standards for mobile devices. Member firms
include HTC, Sony, Dell, Intel, Motorola, Qualcomm, Texas
Instruments, Google, Samsung Electronics, LG Electronics, T-
Mobile, Sprint Corporation and Wind River Systems.

Mobile Application Development(MAD-22617) Prepared By: Mrs. R. Y. Thombare

 K. K. Wagh Polytechnic, Nashik
Department of Computer Technology

History:
• The code names of android ranges from A to N currently, such as Aestro,
Blender, Cupcake, Donut, Eclair, Froyo, Gingerbread, Honeycomb, Ice
Cream Sandwitch, Jelly Bean, KitKat, Lollipop and Marshmallow.
• Let's understand the android history in a sequence:
• The first beta version of the Android Software Development Kit (SDK) was
released by Google in 2007
• The first commercial version, Android 1.0, was released in September 2008.
• On June 27, 2012, at the Google I/O conference, Google announced the next
Android version, 4.1 Jelly Bean.
• Jelly Bean is an incremental update, with the primary aim of improving the
user interface, both in terms of functionality and performance. 5

Mobile Application Development(MAD-22617) Prepared By: Mrs. R. Y. Thombare

 K. K. Wagh Polytechnic, Nashik
Department of Computer Technology

History:
Android 1.0 BASE 1
Android 1.1 BASE_1_1 2
Android 1.5 CUPCAKE 3
Android 1.6 DONUT 4
Android 2.0 ECLAIR 5
Android 2.0.1 ECLAIR_0_1 6
Android 2.1.x ECLAIR_MR1 7
Android 2.2.x FROYO 8
Android 2.3
Android 2.3.1 GINGERBREAD 9
Android 2.3.2
Android 2.3.3 GINGERBREAD_MR1 10 6
Android 2.3.4
Mobile Application Development(MAD-22617) Prepared By: Mrs. R. Y. Thombare
 K. K. Wagh Polytechnic, Nashik
Department of Computer Technology

History:
Android 3.0.x HONEYCOMB 11
Android 3.1.x HONEYCOMB_MR1 12
Android 3.2 HONEYCOMB_MR2 13
Android 4.0, 4.0.1, 4.0.2 ICE_CREAM_SANDWICH 14
Android 4.0.3, 4.0.4 ICE_CREAM_SANDWICH_MR1 15
Android 4.1, 4.1.1 JELLY_BEAN 16
Android 4.2, 4.2.2 JELLY_BEAN_MR1 17
Android 4.3 JELLY_BEAN_MR2 18
Android 4.4 KITKAT 19
Android 4.4W KITKAT_WATCH 20
Android 5.0 LOLLIPOP 21
Android 5.1 LOLLIPOP_MR1 22
7
Android 6.0 MARSHMALLOW 23
Mobile Application Development(MAD-22617) Prepared By: Mrs. R. Y. Thombare
 K. K. Wagh Polytechnic, Nashik
Department of Computer Technology

History:
• The code names of android ranges from A to N currently, such as Aestro,
Blender, Cupcake, Donut, Eclair, Froyo, Gingerbread, Honeycomb, Ice
Cream Sandwitch, Jelly Bean, KitKat, Lollipop and Marshmallow.
• Let's understand the android history in a sequence:
• The first beta version of the Android Software Development Kit (SDK) was
released by Google in 2007
• The first commercial version, Android 1.0, was released in September 2008.
• On June 27, 2012, at the Google I/O conference, Google announced the next
Android version, 4.1 Jelly Bean.
• Jelly Bean is an incremental update, with the primary aim of improving the
user interface, both in terms of functionality and performance. 8

Mobile Application Development(MAD-22617) Prepared By: Mrs. R. Y. Thombare

 K. K. Wagh Polytechnic, Nashik
Department of Computer Technology

History:

Mobile Application Development(MAD-22617) Prepared By: Mrs. R. Y. Thombare

 K. K. Wagh Polytechnic, Nashik
Department of Computer Technology

Android Ecosystem
Ecosystem in Market terminology refers to the inter-dependence between demand and
supply. In the Android ecosystem this translates to inter-dependence between users,
developers, and equipment makers. One cannot exist without the other:

• Users- buy devices and applications

• Equipment makers -sell devices bundled with applications

• Developers:-make and sell applications

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Mobile Application Development(MAD-22617) Prepared By: Mrs. R. Y. Thombare

 K. K. Wagh Polytechnic, Nashik
Department of Computer Technology

Android Ecosystem

11

Mobile Application Development(MAD-22617) Prepared By: Mrs. R. Y. Thombare

 K. K. Wagh Polytechnic, Nashik
Department of Computer Technology

1.2 Need of Android

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Mobile Application Development(MAD-22617) Prepared By: Mrs. R. Y. Thombare

 K. K. Wagh Polytechnic, Nashik
Department of Computer Technology

1.2 Features of Android

Android is a powerful operating system. Its Features are:
• Beautiful UI
Android OS basic screen provides a beautiful and intuitive user interface.
• Connectivity
GSM/EDGE, IDEN, CDMA, EV-DO, UMTS, Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, LTE, NFC
and WiMAX.
• Storage
SQLite a lightweight relational database, is used for data storage purposes.
• Messaging
SMS and MMS
• Android Beam
A popular NFC-based technology that lets users instantly share, just by
touching two NFC-enabled phones together. 13

Mobile Application Development(MAD-22617) Prepared By: Mrs. R. Y. Thombare

 K. K. Wagh Polytechnic, Nashik
Department of Computer Technology

Features of Android
• Media support
H.263, H.264, MPEG-4 SP, AMR, AMR-WB, AAC, HE-AAC, AAC 5.1,
MP3, MIDI, WAV, JPEG, PNG, GIF, and BMP.
• Web browser
Based on the open-source WebKit layout engine, coupled with Chrome's V8
JavaScript engine supporting HTML5 and CSS3
• Multi-tasking
User can jump from one task to another and same time various application can
run simultaneously
• Resizable widgets
Widgets are resizable, so users can expand them to show more content or
shrink them to save space. 14

Mobile Application Development(MAD-22617) Prepared By: Mrs. R. Y. Thombare

 K. K. Wagh Polytechnic, Nashik
Department of Computer Technology

Features of Android
• Multi-touch
Android has native support for multi-touch. Multi-touch gesture happens when
more then one finger touches the screen at the same time. Android allows us to
detect these gestures.
• Multi-Language
Supports single direction and bi-directional text
• GCM
Google Cloud Messaging (GCM) is a service that lets developers send short
message data to their users on Android devices.
• Wi-Fi Direct
A technology that lets apps discover and pair directly, over a high-bandwidth
peer-to-peer connection. 15

Mobile Application Development(MAD-22617) Prepared By: Mrs. R. Y. Thombare

 K. K. Wagh Polytechnic, Nashik
Department of Computer Technology

1.3 Tools and Software’s required for developing an

Android Application
Android application development on either of the following operating
systems
• Microsoft Windows XP or later version.
• Mac OS X 10.5.8 or later version with Intel chip.
• Linux including GNU C Library 2.7 or later.
All the required tools to develop Android applications are freely available
and can be downloaded from the Web. Following is the list of software's
you will need before you start your Android application programming.
• Java JDK5 or later version
• Android Studio 16

Mobile Application Development(MAD-22617) Prepared By: Mrs. R. Y. Thombare

 K. K. Wagh Polytechnic, Nashik
Department of Computer Technology

1.4 Android Architecture

Android operating system is a stack of software components which is
roughly divided into five sections and four main layers as shown below in
the architecture diagram.
 Linux kernel
• At the bottom of the layers is Linux Kernel.
• This provides a level of abstraction between the device hardware and it
contains all the essential hardware drivers like camera, keypad etc.
• The kernel handles all the things that Linux is really good at such as
networking and a vast array of device drivers, which take the pain out
of interfacing to peripheral hardware. 17

Mobile Application Development(MAD-22617) Prepared By: Mrs. R. Y. Thombare

 K. K. Wagh Polytechnic, Nashik
Department of Computer Technology

1.4 Android Architecture

 Linux kernel

18

Mobile Application Development(MAD-22617) Prepared By: Mrs. R. Y. Thombare

 Android
Architecture

19

Mobile Application Development(MAD-22617) Prepared By: Mrs. R. Y. Thombare

 K. K. Wagh Polytechnic, Nashik
Department of Computer Technology

Android Architecture
 Libraries
On top of Linux kernel there is a set of libraries including open-source
Web browser engine WebKit, well known library libc,
SQLite database which is a useful repository for storage and sharing of
application data,
libraries to play and record audio and video,
SSL libraries responsible for Internet security etc.

20

Mobile Application Development(MAD-22617) Prepared By: Mrs. R. Y. Thombare

 K. K. Wagh Polytechnic, Nashik
Department of Computer Technology

Android Architecture
 Application Framework:
The Application Framework layer provides many higher-level services to
applications in the form of Java classes. Application developers are
allowed to make use of these services in their applications.
The Android framework includes the following key services −
1. Activity Manager − Controls all aspects of the application lifecycle
and activity stack.
2. Content Providers − Allows applications to publish and share data
with other applications.
3. Resource Manager − Provides access to non-code embedded resources
such as strings, color settings and user interface layouts. 21

Mobile Application Development(MAD-22617) Prepared By: Mrs. R. Y. Thombare

 K. K. Wagh Polytechnic, Nashik
Department of Computer Technology

Android Architecture
 Application Framework:
4. Notifications Manager − Allows applications to display alerts and
notifications to the user.
5. View System − An extensible set of views used to create application
user interfaces.

 Application:
Android application are on the top layer. We can write application to be
installed on this layer only. Examples of such applications are Contacts
Books, Browser, Games etc. 22

Mobile Application Development(MAD-22617) Prepared By: Mrs. R. Y. Thombare

 K. K. Wagh Polytechnic, Nashik
Department of Computer Technology

Android Architecture
Android Runtime:
• Dalvik Virtual Machine which is a kind of Java Virtual Machine
specially designed and optimized for Android.
• The Dalvik VM makes use of Linux core features like memory
management and multi-threading, which is intrinsic in the Java
language.
• The Dalvik VM enables every Android application to run in its own
process, with its own instance of the Dalvik virtual machine.
• The Android runtime also provides a set of core libraries which enable
Android application developers to write Android applications using
standard Java programming language. 23

Mobile Application Development(MAD-22617) Prepared By: Mrs. R. Y. Thombare

 K. K. Wagh Polytechnic, Nashik
Department of Computer Technology

Android Architecture
Android Runtime:
• This is the third section of the architecture and available on the second layer
from the bottom.
• This section provides a key component called “Dalvik Virtual
Machine” which is a kind of Java Virtual Machine specially designed and
optimized for Android.
• The Dalvik VM makes use of Linux core features like memory management
and multi-threading, which is intrinsic in the Java language.
• The Dalvik VM enables every Android application to run in its own process,
with its own instance of the Dalvik virtual machine.
• The Android runtime also provides a set of core libraries which enable
Android application developers to write Android applications using standard 24
Java programming language.
Mobile Application Development(MAD-22617) Prepared By: Mrs. R. Y. Thombare