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Gases

1. Gases fill their container completely and have very low density compared to liquids and solids. 2. A gas's volume changes greatly with both pressure and temperature, whereas liquids and solids resist significant changes in volume. 3. Several gas laws describe the relationships between a gas's pressure, volume, temperature, and amount, including Boyle's law, Charles's law, and Avogadro's law.

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31 views55 pages

Gases

1. Gases fill their container completely and have very low density compared to liquids and solids. 2. A gas's volume changes greatly with both pressure and temperature, whereas liquids and solids resist significant changes in volume. 3. Several gas laws describe the relationships between a gas's pressure, volume, temperature, and amount, including Boyle's law, Charles's law, and Avogadro's law.

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MMacalua, Franzyl
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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GASES

• a solid has a fixed shape regardless of the container shape because its
particles are held rigidly in place;
• a liquid conforms to the container shape but has a definite volume and a
surface because its particles are close together but free to move around
each other;
• a gas fills the container because its particles are far apart and moving
randomly.

Although the chemical behavior of a gas depends on its composition, all


gases have very similar physical behavior.
Several other aspects of their behavior
distinguish gases from liquids and solids:
1. Gas volume changes greatly with pressure. In contrast, a liquid or solid resists significant
changes in volume.
2. Gas volume changes greatly with temperature. This volume change is 50 to 100 times greater for
gases than for liquids or solids.
3. Gases have relatively low viscosity.
4. Most gases have relatively low densities under normal conditions.
𝒈 𝒈
Gas density: liquid and solid densities: , about 1000 times as dense.
𝑳 𝒎𝑳

at 20°C and normal atmospheric pressure, the density of O₂(g) is 1.3 g/L, whereas the density of H₂O(l)
is 1.0 g/mL and that of NaCl(s) is 2.2 g/mL.
5. Gases are miscible.
The molecules are much farther apart in the gas than in either the liquid or the solid.
Earth’s gravitational attraction pulls the atmospheric gases toward its surface, where they exert a force on all
𝑙𝑏
objects. The force, or weight, of these gases creates a pressure of about 14.7 pounds per square inch ( 2 ;
𝑖𝑛
psi) of surface
• Molecules in a gas are moving in every direction, the pressure of the atmosphere is exerted
uniformly on the floor, walls, ceiling, and every object in a room.
• The pressure on the outside of your body is equalized by the pressure on the inside, so there is
no net pressure on your body’s outer surface.
The barometer is a common device used to measure atmospheric pressure.

At sea level and 0 ֯C, normal atmospheric pressure is 760 mmHg; at


the top of Mt. Everest (29,028 ft, or 8848 m), the atmospheric
pressure is only about 270 mmHg. Thus, pressure decreases with
altitude: the column of air above the sea is taller and weighs more
than the column of air above Mt. Everest.
A simple manometer, a device for measuring
the pressure of a gas in a container.
follow-uo
The physical behavior of a sample of gas can be described completely by four variables:
pressure (P), volume (V), temperature (T), and amount (n).

Any one of them can be determined by measuring the other three.

Three key relationships exist among the four gas variables— Boyle’s, Charles’s, and Avogadro’s
laws.
• The product of
corresponding P and V values
is a constant (part C,
rightmost column).
• V is inversely proportional
to P (part D).
• V is directly proportional to
1/P (part E) and generates a
linear plot of V against 1/P.
This linear relationship
between two gas variables is
a hallmark of ideal gas
behavior.
Boyle’s law: at constant temperature, the volume occupied by a fixed amount of gas is inversely
proportional to the applied (external) pressure, or
Charles’s law: at constant pressure, the
volume occupied by a fixed amount of gas is
directly proportional to its absolute (Kelvin)
temperature, or

The dependence of gas volume on absolute temperature means


that you must use the Kelvin scale in gas law calculations.
1. The pressure-temperature relationship. Charles’s law is expressed as the effect of a
temperature change on gas volume. However, volume and pressure are interdependent, so the
effect of temperature on volume is closely related to its effect on pressure (sometimes
referred to as Amontons’s law).
at constant volume, the pressure
exerted by a fixed amount of gas
is directly proportional to the
absolute temperature:
2. The combined gas law. A simple combination of Boyle’s and Charles’s laws gives the combined gas
law, which applies to situations when two of the three variables (V, P, T) change and you must find
the effect on the third
Avogadro’s law, which states that at fixed temperature and pressure, equal volumes of any ideal gas
contain equal numbers of particles (or moles).
standard conditions called standard temperature and pressure (STP):
R is a proportionality constant known as the universal gas constant.
each gas in a mixture exerts a partial pressure, a portion of the total pressure of the mixture,
that is the same as the pressure it would exert by itself

Dalton’s law of partial pressures: in a mixture of unreacting gases, the total pressure is
the sum of the partial pressures of the individual gases:
: a fraction of the total number of moles in the mixture; Multiplying X by 100 gives the
mole percent
at a given temperature, all gases have the same average kinetic energy.

if a heavy object and a light object have the same kinetic energy, the heavy object must be
moving more slowly
effusion, the process by which a gas escapes from its container through a tiny hole into an
evacuated space

Graham’s law of effusion: the rate of effusion of a gas is inversely proportional to the square
root of its molar mass,

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