Ee Unit 1

GateWay Classes
B.Tech First Year

Subject : Basic Electrical Engineering
Sub. Code : KEE-101T /201T

UNIT-1 : DC Circuits
UNIT-1 Syllabus
DC Circuits : Electrical circuit elements (R, L and
C), Concept of active and passive elements,
voltage and current sources, concept of linearity
and linear network, unilateral and bilateral
elements, Kirchhoff‟s laws, Loop and nodal
methods of analysis, Star-delta transformation,
Superposition theorem, Thevenin theorem, Norton
theorem.
Lecture-1 CONTENT
 Concept of Network and Circuit
 Classification of Electrical Network
 Active & Passive Network
 Unilateral & Bilateral Network
 Linear & Non-Linear Network
 Ohm’s Law
 Types of Sources
 Voltage Source
 Ideal Voltage Source
 Practical Voltage Source
 Current Source
 Ideal Current Source
 Practical Current Source
 Source Transformation
Electrical Elements
Concept of Network and Circuit
Network Circuit
• A combination of various • A combination of various

electric elements like Resistor, electrical elements like
Inductor, Capacitor, Voltage Resistor, Inductor, Capacitor,
source & Current source) etc. Voltage source & Current
in which there may or may not source) etc. in which there is
be close path is called an a close path is called an
electrical network. electrical circuit.
Classification of Electrical Network
Based on Based on Based on

Energy Direction Linearity
Active Unilateral Linear
Non
Passive Bilateral
Linear
Based on Energy
Active Element Passive Element
• An element which can supply • An element which can

or delivered energy is called dissipate or absorbs energy
Active Element. is called Passive Element.
• For e.g.- Voltage Source, • For e.g.- Resistor, Capacitor,

Current Source, Battery, Inductor, Diode (General
Generator, Transistor etc. Purpose Diode)
Based on Direction
Unilateral Element Bilateral Element
• An element which V-I • An element which V-I

characteristics changes with characteristics does not
change in direction of current changes with change in
is called Unilateral Element direction of current is called
Bilateral Element
• For e.g.- Diode.
• For e.g.- Resistor, Capacitor
and Inductor.
Unilateral Element
Bilateral Element
Based on Linearity
Linear Element Non-Linear Element
• An Element which obey the • An Element which does not

principle of Ohm’s law is obey the principle of Ohm’s
called Linear Element or an law is called Non-Linear
element which obey the Element or an element which
principle of superposition and doesn’t obey the principle of
homogeneity is also called superposition and
Linear element. homogeneity is also called
Non-Linear element.
• For e.g.- Resistor, Inductor
Ohm’s Law
Statement:-Voltage drop across a conductor is directly
proportional to the current passing through that
elements if atmospheric condition (temperature,
pressure and humidity etc.) kept constant.
Ohm’s Law
Explanation:-
R
Types of Sources
Voltage Current
Source Source
Ideal Ideal
Voltage Current
Source Source
Practical Practical
Voltage Current
Source Source
Voltage Source
 Ideal Voltage Source:- It gives constant voltage across its terminals

irrespective of current drawn through its terminals.
𝑳 𝒕 𝒔
 Note:- Internal resistance of Ideal Voltage Source is Zero. [ 𝑺= 0]

Current source
 Ideal Current Source:- Source which gives constant Load current at

its terminal irrespective of the load voltage or terminal voltage is
called Ideal Current Source.
𝑳 𝒔
 Note:- Internal resistance of Ideal Current Source is Infinite. [ 𝒔𝒉 = ∞]

𝑳 𝑺
𝑺 𝒔𝒉 𝑳
𝑳 𝑺 𝒔𝒉
Source Transformation
 Voltage Source Current Source
 For e.g.-
Source Transformation
 Current Source Voltage Source
 For e.g.-
LECTURE-2 CONTENT
 Kirchhoff’s Law
 Kirchhoff’s Current Law
 Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law
 Current Division Rule
 Voltage Division Rule
 Basic Concept Related to Node, Junction, Branch, Mesh
and Loop
Kirchhoff’s Law
Kirchhoff’s
Law
First Law
(Kirchhoff’s
Current Law)
Second Law
(Kirchhoff’s
Kirchhoff’s Current Law
 Statement:- It is based on “Law of Conservation of Charge.”
It states that the algebraic sum of currents at the junction at any
instant is equal to zero.
𝒋
𝒋 𝟏
 Concept:- It is based on “Law of Conservation of Charge.”
𝒅𝒒𝟏 𝒅𝒒𝟐 𝒅𝒒𝟑 𝒅𝒒𝟒 𝒅𝒒𝟓

=0
𝒅𝒕 𝒅𝒕 𝒅𝒕 𝒅𝒕 𝒅𝒕
 i.e. number of electron

𝟏 per 𝟐
second𝟑 enter 𝟒the node
𝟓 is equal to the number
of electron leave the node.

 Application:- In Nodal Analysis and to determine a branch

current.
 Limitations:- 1. Only apply at a node where more than two

branches are connect.
2. Only applicable in a Lumped Network.

Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law
 Statement:- It is based on “Law of Conservation of Energy.” It

states that the algebraic sum of voltage in a close path (Mesh or
Loop) is equal to zero. 𝒌
𝒋
𝒋 𝟏
Where:- is the voltage drop or voltage rise across the element

in a close path and there are K elements.
Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law
H 𝟏 𝟐 𝟑
Where:-
In electrical circuit work done is equivalent to energy and work

done per unit charge is known as voltage. So:-
𝟏 𝟐 𝟑
 The above equation is the direct mathematical statement of Kirchhoff’s
voltage law.
 Note:- All voltage drop are treated as a negative sign and voltage rise
are treated as a positive sign or vice-versa.
 Application:-
1. In Mesh Analysis (to determine a mesh or branch current).
2. To determine a voltage across an electrical element.
 Limitations:-
1. Only applicable in a Lumped Network.
2. There should be a close path.

Current Division Rule
 Current division always takes place in parallel path.
𝟐
𝟏
𝟏 𝟐
Current Division Rule
(𝑹𝟐 𝑰𝑰𝑹𝟑 )
𝟏 ]
(𝑹𝟐 𝑰𝑰𝑹𝟑 ) 𝑹𝟏
(𝑹𝟏 𝑰𝑰𝑹𝟑 )
𝟐 ]
(𝑹𝟏 𝑰𝑰𝑹𝟑 ) 𝑹𝟐
Voltage Division Rule
 Voltage division always takes place in series.
𝟏
𝟏
𝟏 𝟐 𝟑
Basic Concept Related to Node,
Junction, Branch, Mesh and Loop
Node:- The point at which two or more than two circuit elements are
connected is known as Node. It is also called “Simple Node”. In the
above figure a, b, c, d & g are Nodes.
Total number of Nodes (N) = 5

 Junction:- It is the point in a network where three or more than three circuit
elements are connected. It is also called a “Principal Node”.
In the given figure a , b & g are Junctions.
Number of Junction (J) = 3
 Reference Node:- The Node which is at zero potential or ground potential is

known as “Reference Node” or “Datum Node”.
In the given figure h , g , f & e are combine a single node which is

“Reference Node” or “Datum Node” i.e. number of reference node is always
one.
 Branch:- It contains elements. It is that part of a network which lies between
nodes.
In the given figure:-
Number of Branch (B) = 7
 Mesh:- It is the shortest close path which is a part of loop. It can’t be further
divided into other close path. “Every Mesh is a Loop but every Loop is
not a Mesh”. For e.g.- caghc , abfga & bdefb
Number of Mesh (M) = 3

 Loop:- It is an any close path of the Network. For e.g.- caghc , abfga , bdefb
, cabfghc , abdefga & cabdefghc.
Number of Loop (L) = 6
 Note:- M=B–N+1
 Where:- M :- Number of Mesh
B:- Number of Branch
N:- Number of Node
Mesh Analysis
Mesh Analysis
 Step 1:- Identify the number of Mesh in the circuit.
 Step 2:- Assume current in each Mesh (any direction).
 Step 3:- Apply KVL in each Mesh and write Mesh equation for each Mesh.
 Step 4:- Solve the Mesh equation and find Mesh current.
 Note:-
Number of Mesh Equation = Number of Mesh
Problem:- Find out the current in 2Ω resistance in the given
figure using Loop analysis.
Solution:-
Apply KVL in each mesh:-

Mesh (1):-
40 - 4 𝟏 𝟏 𝟐 0
6 𝟏 𝟐
Mesh (2):-
By solving equation (i) & (ii) we get:-
Mesh Currents:-
𝟏 𝟐
𝟐 𝟏 𝟐
Answer
Problem:-To find out the Mesh Current in the given
circuit.
Solution:-
Mesh (1):-
60 - 7 𝟏 𝟏 𝟐 0
15 𝟏 𝟐 𝟑
Mesh (2):-
Solution:-
Mesh (3):-
-15 - 𝟑 𝟐 𝟑 𝟑
𝟏 𝟐 𝟑
By solving equation (i), (ii) & (iii) we get:-
Mesh Currents:-
Branch Currents:-
𝟏 𝟐 𝟑
𝟕𝜴 𝟏
𝟖𝜴 𝟏 𝟐
𝟏𝟐𝜴 𝟐
𝟏𝟎𝜴 𝟐 𝟑
Voltage Drop:-
𝟓 𝟓 𝟑
 Answer
 Power Loss:-
𝟓
Answer
Problem:- Apply Mesh analysis and obtain the current
through 5 Ω resistor in the given circuit.
Solution:-

Mesh (1):-
𝟏
Mesh (2):-
-5 𝟐 𝟐 𝟑 𝟐 𝟏
9 𝟐 𝟑
By solving equation (ii) & (iii) we get:-
Mesh Currents:-
𝟐 𝟑
Answer
𝟓𝜴 𝟐
Problem:- Determine current in 4Ω resistor by using Mesh
analysis in the circuit shown in figure below.
Solution:-
Mesh (3):-
𝟑
Mesh (1):-
8-5 𝟏 𝟏 𝟐 0
9 𝟏 𝟐
By solving equation (ii) & (iii) we get:-
Mesh Currents:-
𝟏 𝟐
Answer
𝟒𝜴 𝟏 𝟐
Problem:- Using Mesh analysis find out the current in 20Ω,
40Ω and 15Ω resistor in the given circuit.
Solution:-
Mesh (1):-
𝟏
Mesh (4):-
Mesh (3):-
10 𝟑 𝟐 𝟑 𝟑 𝟒
By solving equation (ii) & (iv) we get:-
Mesh Currents:-
𝟐 𝟑
Branch Currents:- Answer
𝟐𝟎 𝟐
Answer
𝟒𝟎𝜴 𝟑
Problem:- Calculate by using Mesh analysis.
Solution:-

Mesh (3):-
𝟑
Mesh (1):-
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟐
𝟏 𝟐
Mesh Currents:-
Answer
𝟏 𝟐
Super-Mesh
 If a current source is common between two Mesh then it is
called a Super-Mesh. In this case don’t directly apply KVL

in both Mesh. Apply KVL to the Super-Mesh (Combined
Mesh) and apply KCL at common Node to establish the
relation between Mesh Current and Current Source.
Problem:- Find out the Mesh Current in the given figure using
Mesh analysis.
 Branch h-e consists current source between Mesh-1 and Mesh-2. That’s
why it is a Super-Mesh:-
Now apply KVL to Super-Mesh (g-h-a-d-e-f-g):-
Apply KVL in Mesh-3 :-
Apply KCL at Node h:-

5 𝟏 𝟐 𝟐 𝟑 0
5 𝟏 𝟐 𝟑
Apply KVL in Mesh-3 :-
By solving equation (i),(ii) & (iii) we get:-

- 𝟑 𝟐 − 𝟑
Mesh Currents:- 6 𝟐 𝟑
Answer
Nodal Analysis
Nodal Analysis
 Step 1:- Take a reference Node at generally ground (V=0).
 Step 2:- Identify number of Nodes.
 Step 3:- Assume current in each branch (Any direction).
 Step 4:- Apply KCL at each Node and make equations.
 Note:- Number of Node Equations = (N – 1)
Where N is a Principal Node
 Step 5:- Solve equations to find Node voltages.
 Step 6:- Put Node voltages in equations to find out Branch Currents.
Problem:- Using Nodal analysis find out current in 10Ω
resistance.
Solution:- Node (N) = 3

So number of Nodal Equation = (N-1) = 2
Apply KCL at Node-1:-
𝟏 𝟐 𝟑
𝟏 𝟐 𝟑
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟐
𝟑 𝟒 𝟓
𝟑 𝟒 𝟓
𝟏 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
𝟏 𝟐
Answer
𝟏 𝟐
𝟑
Problem:- Determine Current through 15Ω resistance by
Node analysis.

Number of Nodal Equation = (N-1) = 2
𝟏 𝟐 𝟑
𝟏 𝟐 𝟑
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟐
𝟑 𝟓 𝟒
𝟑 𝟒 𝟓
𝟏 𝟐
Answer
𝟐
𝟒
Nodal Analysis
Problem:- Determine Current through 8Ω resistance by Node
analysis.
Solution:-
Node (N) = 3
𝟏 𝟐 𝟑
𝟏 𝟐 𝟑
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟐
𝟑 𝟒 𝟓
𝟑 𝟒 𝟓
𝟏 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
𝟏 𝟐
Answer
𝟏 𝟐
𝟖 𝟑
Problem:- Using Nodal analysis find the current through 1Ω
resistance.
Solution:-
Node (N) = 3
𝟏 𝟐 𝟑
𝟏 𝟐 𝟑
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟐
𝟑 𝟒
𝟑 𝟒
𝟏 𝟐
Answer
𝟏 𝟐
𝟏 𝟑
Problem:- Find the current in all resistances using Nodal
analysis.

So number of Nodal Equation = (N-1) = 2
𝟏 𝟐 𝟑
𝟏 𝟐 𝟑
𝟏 𝟏 𝟐 𝟏 𝟑
𝟐 𝟒 𝟓
𝟐 𝟒 𝟓
𝟏 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟑
𝟑 𝟓 𝟔
𝟑 𝟓 𝟔
By solving equation (i) , (ii) & (iii) we get:-
𝟏 𝟐 ; 𝟑
𝟏 𝟑 𝟐
𝟑 𝟒
𝟏 𝟐 𝟐 𝟑
𝟐 𝟓
Answer Answer
𝟏 𝟑
Star-Delta
Transformation
Star-Delta Transformation
Fig.(a) Fig.(b)
 Delta to Star Transformation:-
From Fig.(a):-
𝑨𝑩 𝑨 𝑩
𝑩𝑪 𝑩 𝑪
𝑪𝑨 𝑪 𝑨
…………..(1)
Similarly from Fig.(b):-
𝑨𝑩 𝑩𝑪 𝑪𝑨
𝑨𝑩 𝑨𝑩 𝑩𝑪 𝑪𝑨
𝑩𝑪 𝑪𝑨 𝑨𝑩
𝑩𝑪 𝑩𝑪 𝑪𝑨 𝑨𝑩
 Now Equate the resistance of Star and Delta:-
 ………….(3)
𝑨 𝑩
…………(4)
𝑩𝑪 𝑪𝑨 𝑨𝑩
𝑩 𝑪
…………(5)
𝑪𝑨 𝑨𝑩 𝑩𝑪
𝑪 𝑨
 Add equation (3), (4) & (5) we get:-
……………….(6)
𝑨𝑩∗ 𝑩𝑪 𝑪𝑨∗ 𝑨𝑩 𝑩𝑪 𝑪𝑨
𝑨 𝑩 𝑪
Subtract equation (4), (5) and (3) from equation (6), we get respectively:-
…………..…..(7)
……….……...(8)
𝑨𝑩 𝑪𝑨
𝑨
……………….(9)
𝑨𝑩 𝑩𝑪
 Star to Delta Transformation:-
Multiply equation (7)&(8) ; (8)&(9) and (9)&(7) we get:-
𝟐
𝑨 𝑩 𝟐 …….(10)
𝟐
𝑩𝑪 𝑨𝑩 𝑪𝑨
𝑩 𝑪
𝟐 …….(11)
𝟐
𝑪𝑨 𝑨𝑩 𝑩𝑪
𝑨 𝑩 𝟐 …….(12)
Add equation (10), (11) & (12) we get:-

 Divide equation (13) by equation (9) , (7) & (8) we get
respectively:-
𝑨 𝑩 𝑩 𝑪 𝑨 𝑪)
𝑨𝑩
𝑪
𝑩𝑪
𝑨
𝑪𝑨
𝑩
Problem:- Three resistances each of 20Ω, 30Ω & 50Ω are connected in
Delta. Calculate corresponding resistances in equivalent Star connection.
Solution:-
𝟏
Answer
Problem:- Find the power supplied by the battery by star-delta
transformation.
Solution:- Covert upper Delta into Star.
𝒄
Answer
Problem:- Find 𝑨𝑩 𝑩𝑪 𝑪𝑨
Solution:- Converting the parallel resistances
𝑨𝑩
𝑩𝑪
𝑪𝑨
𝑨𝑩 𝑨𝑩 ( 𝑩𝑪 𝑪𝑨 ( 2.4+1.33) = 1.069 Answer
( 1.5+1.33) 1.
Problem:- By Star-Delta transformation determine 𝒂𝒃 and
power drawn from supply.
Solution:- Convert Delta formed by 8Ω, 3Ω & 7Ω into star.
𝑪
Answer
Answer
(
Problem:- Find the equivalent resistance of the
given circuit and calculate the current supplied by
source.
Solution:- 𝒆𝒒
𝒆𝒒
𝒆𝒒
𝒆𝒒 8)
𝒆𝒒
𝒆𝒒
𝒆𝒒
Answer
Superposition
Theorem
Superposition Theorem
 Statement:- In an any Linear, Active & Bilateral resistive network
having two or more than two voltage/current sources, the net
response (current/voltage) in any branch is the algebraic sum of
responses by individual sources taking one source at a time and
replacing other source by its internal resistance.
 Note:-
 (1) If the other source is voltage source then it is to be replaced by

their internal resistance by assuming voltage source is short circuit,
i.e. for Ideal voltage source.
 Limitations:-
(1) This theorem can’t be apply for power calculation (because

power gives Non-Linear characteristics).
(2) This theorem is applicable only when there is at least two

independent energy sources (current or voltage sources).
Problem:- Using Superposition theorem, find the
current flowing through 2Ω resistance in the given
circuit.
Solution:-
Step-1:-
Apply KVL in each Mesh:-

Mesh(1):-
𝟏 𝟏 𝟐
𝟏 𝟐
Mesh(2):-
𝟐 𝟏 𝟐
𝟏 𝟐
Step-2:-

Mesh(1):-
𝟏 𝟏 𝟐
𝟏 𝟐
Mesh(2):-
𝟐 𝟏 𝟐
𝟏 𝟐
Answer
Problem:- Determine current through 8Ω resistor and power
in the 4Ω resistor in the network shown in figure using
Superposition theorem.
Solution:-
Step-1:- 20V voltage source is Active & 2A current source is dead
(Inactive).
Step-2:- 2A current source
𝒂 is Active & 20V voltage source is
dead (Inactive)
 Apply KCL at Node-1:-
𝟐 𝒂
𝟏 𝟏
𝟏
𝒂
Answer
So;
𝟖𝜴
Answer
Problem:- Find current through 2Ω resistance using
Solution:-
Step-1:- 7A current source is Active & 12V voltage source is
Inactive.
By current division:-
𝟏 𝟐
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝟏
Answer
Problem:- Find the current through all resistances using
Solution:-
Step-1:- Taking 2A current source is active and 10V
voltage source is inactive.
 Due to short circuit the current through 10Ω resistance

is 0A.
 By current division rule :-
Current through 5Ω branch = 1A↑
Current through 5Ω branch = 1A↓
Step-2:- Taking 10V voltage source is active and 2A
current source is inactive.
𝟏𝟎
Current through 10Ω branch 𝟏 𝟏𝟎
𝟏𝟎
Current through 5Ωbranch 𝟐 Answers
𝟏𝟎
Step-3:- Total Branch Current

Thevenin’s
Theorem
Thevenin’s Theorem
 Statement:- In an Active, linear and bilateral complex
network having dependent or independent voltage or
current sources, it can be converted into a simple network
called Thevenin's equivalent network having a voltage
source (Thevenin’s voltage) in series with Thevenin’s
resistance across the load (load remains unchanged).
Thevenin’s Theorem
Thevenin’s
Equivalent Network
𝑻𝑯
𝑳
𝑻𝑯 𝑳
Where:-
𝑳
𝒕𝒉
 Steps to solve any Network by
using Thevenin’s Theorem:-
Step-1:- To determine 𝒕𝒉
It is an internal resistance of the circuit seen from load
terminal side.
Remove load resistance & replace all sources by their internal
resistances. i.e.
Voltage Source ------ Short Circuit (as 𝑺
Current Source ------ Open Circuit (as 𝑺𝒉 ∞
 Step-3:- Draw the Thevenin’s equivalent circuit.
𝒕𝒉
𝑳
Limitations:- 𝒕𝒉 𝑳
(1) This theorem is only applicable for Linear & Active circuit.
(2) This theorem is only applicable for Lumped Network.
Problem:- Using Thevenin’s theorem determine the
current through 6Ω resistor.
Solution:-
Step-1:- 𝒕𝒉 ; remove the load
Voltage Source Short Circuit (as 𝑺
Current Source Open Circuit (as 𝑺𝒉 ∞
𝒕𝒉
𝒕𝒉
Step-2:- 𝒕𝒉 ; remove the load and determine the open
circuit voltage 𝑶.𝑪

Mesh-1:-
𝟏 𝟏 𝟐
𝟏
𝟏
Step-3:- Draw Thevenin’s Equivalent Circuit
Answer
𝑩 𝑨 𝑳
Thevenin’s
Theorem
Solution:-
𝒕𝒉
𝟏 𝟐 𝟒
𝟏 𝟐 𝟒
𝟏 𝟏
Answer
𝒕𝒉
𝑨 𝑩 𝑳
𝒕𝒉 𝑳
Solution:-
𝒕𝒉
𝟏 𝟐
𝟏 𝟐
Answer
𝒕𝒉
𝑨 𝑩 𝑳
𝒕𝒉 𝑳
Problem:- Find out voltage across the load
resistance using Thevenin’s theorem when load
resistance is 2KΩ.
Solution:-
𝒕𝒉
Apply KCL at Node ( 𝒕𝒉 :-
𝟏 𝟑 𝟒
𝒕𝒉
𝑨 𝑩 𝑳 Answer
𝒕𝒉 𝑳
Problem:- Find the current in 10Ω resistance using
Thevenin’s theorem.
Solution:-
𝒕𝒉 3]
𝒕𝒉

Mesh-2:-
𝟐 𝟏 𝟐 𝟐 𝟑
By solving equation
𝟏 (i) &
𝟐 (ii) we get:-
Mesh Currents:-
𝟏 𝟐
Mesh-3:-
𝒕𝒉 𝟑 𝟐
𝒕𝒉 𝟐
𝒕𝒉 Answer
𝑳
Norton’s
Theorem
Norton’s Theorem
 Statement:- In an Active, linear and bilateral complex
network having dependent or independent voltage or
current sources, it can be converted into a simple network
called Norton's equivalent network having a current source
(Norton’s current) in parallel with Norton’s resistance
across the load (load remains unchanged).
Norton’s Theorem
Norton’s Equivalent
Network
𝑵
𝑳 𝑵
𝑵 𝑳
Where:-
𝑳
𝑵
 Steps to solve any Network by
using Norton’s Theorem:-
Step-1:- To determine 𝑵
It is an internal resistance of the circuit seen from load
terminal side.
Remove load resistance & replace all sources by their internal
resistances. i.e.
Voltage Source ………. Short Circuit (as 𝑺
Current Source ………. Open Circuit (as 𝑺𝒉 ∞
Step-3:- Draw the Norton’s equivalent circuit.
Limitations:- 𝑵
(1) This theorem is only𝑳 applicable
𝑵
𝑵for Linear
𝑳 & Active circuit.
(2) This theorem is only applicable for Lumped Network.
Duality:- Thevenin’s theorem and Norton’s theorem are dual to
each-other because both the equivalent circuit can be
converted into each-other by using source transformation.
This is called “Duality”.
Problem:- Find the current in 12Ω resistance by
using Norton’s theorem for the given circuit.
Solution:-
Step-1:- 𝑵 ; remove the load
𝑵
Step-2:- 𝑵 ; Short circuited the load and determine the
short circuit current 𝑺.𝑪

Mesh (1):-
𝟏
Mesh (2):-
𝟐 𝟏 𝟐 𝟐 𝟑
𝟐 𝟑
By solving equation (i) and (ii) we get:-
𝟐 𝟑
𝑵 𝑺𝑪 𝟑
Step(3):- Draw Norton’s Equivalent Circuit
Answer
𝑳
Problem:- Find the current in 6Ω resistance by
using Norton’s theorem for the given circuit.
Solution:-
Step-1:- 𝑵 ; remove the load
𝑵
𝟏 𝟐 𝟑
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝟏
𝑳 Answer
Problem:- Find the Thevenin’s and Norton’s
equivalent circuit.
Solution:- Thevenin’s equivalent circuit
𝒕𝒉 2)+1]
Apply KCL at 𝒕𝒉 Node:-

𝟏 𝟐 𝟑 𝟒
𝒕𝒉 𝒕𝒉
Answer
Norton’s equivalent circuit:-

Apply KCL at 𝟏 Node:-

𝟏 𝟐 𝟑 𝟒
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝟏
Answer
170

Ee Unit 1

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Ee Unit 1

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Ee Unit 1

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

GateWay Classes

B.Tech First Year

Sub. Code : KEE-101T /201T

• A combination of various • A combination of various

Based on Based on Based on

Active Unilateral Linear

Active Element Passive Element

• An element which can supply • An element which can

• For e.g.- Voltage Source, • For e.g.- Resistor, Capacitor,

Unilateral Element Bilateral Element

• An element which V-I • An element which V-I

Linear Element Non-Linear Element

• An Element which obey the • An Element which does not

 Ideal Voltage Source:- It gives constant voltage across its terminals

 Note:- Internal resistance of Ideal Voltage Source is Zero. [ 𝑺= 0]

 Ideal Current Source:- Source which gives constant Load current at

 Note:- Internal resistance of Ideal Current Source is Infinite. [ 𝒔𝒉 = ∞]

 Voltage Source Current Source

 Current Source Voltage Source

𝒅𝒒𝟏 𝒅𝒒𝟐 𝒅𝒒𝟑 𝒅𝒒𝟒 𝒅𝒒𝟓

 i.e. number of electron

of electron leave the node.

 Application:- In Nodal Analysis and to determine a branch

 Limitations:- 1. Only apply at a node where more than two

2. Only applicable in a Lumped Network.

 Statement:- It is based on “Law of Conservation of Energy.” It

Where:- is the voltage drop or voltage rise across the element

In electrical circuit work done is equivalent to energy and work

1. In Mesh Analysis (to determine a mesh or branch current).

2. To determine a voltage across an electrical element.

1. Only applicable in a Lumped Network.

2. There should be a close path.

Total number of Nodes (N) = 5

In the given figure a , b & g are Junctions.

Number of Junction (J) = 3

 Reference Node:- The Node which is at zero potential or ground potential is

In the given figure h , g , f & e are combine a single node which is

In the given figure:-

Number of Branch (B) = 7

Number of Mesh (M) = 3

Number of Loop (L) = 6

 Step 2:- Assume current in each Mesh (any direction).

Apply KVL in each mesh:-

Apply KVL in each mesh:-

Apply KVL in each mesh:-

Apply KVL in each mesh:-

Branch Currents:- Answer

Apply KVL in each mesh:-

 If a current source is common between two Mesh then it is

called a Super-Mesh. In this case don’t directly apply KVL

Now apply KVL to Super-Mesh (g-h-a-d-e-f-g):-

Apply KVL in Mesh-3 :-

Apply KCL at Node h:-

By solving equation (i),(ii) & (iii) we get:-

 Step 2:- Identify number of Nodes.

 Step 3:- Assume current in each branch (Any direction).

 Step 4:- Apply KCL at each Node and make equations.

 Note:- Number of Node Equations = (N – 1)