Android Suggestions
Android Suggestions
Android Suggestions
i. Linux kernel: It is the heart of android architecture that exists at the root of android architecture. Linux
kernel is responsible for device drivers, power management, memory management, device management
and resource access.
ii. Native Libraries: On the top of Linux kernel, there are Native libraries such as WebKit, OpenGL,
FreeType, SQLite, Media, C runtime library (libc) etc. The WebKit library is responsible for browser
support, SQLite is for database, FreeType for font support, Media for playing and recording audio and
video formats.
iii. Android Runtime: In android runtime, there are core libraries and DVM (Dalvik Virtual Machine) which
is responsible to run android application. DVM is like JVM but it is optimized for mobile devices. It
consumes less memory and provides fast performance.
iv. Android Framework: On the top of Native libraries and android runtime, there is android framework.
Android framework includes Android API's such as UI (User Interface), telephony, resources, locations,
Content Providers (data) and package managers. It provides a lot of classes and interfaces for android
application development.
v. Applications: On the top of android framework, there are applications. All applications such as home,
contact, settings, games, browsers are using android framework that uses android runtime and libraries.
Android runtime and native libraries are using Linux kernel.
Components of the Android SDK: The Android SDK consists of an emulator, development tools, sample
projects with source code, Google API, and the required libraries to build Android applications.
10. Draw a flowchart to explain android activity lifecycle and write a brief theory on the methods.
The Android Activity Lifecycle is a series of states that an activity goes through during its lifetime, from its
creation to its termination. Understanding this lifecycle is crucial for developers to manage resources,
handle user interactions, and maintain the overall user experience. The key stages in the Android Activity
Lifecycle are:
Current State of the Application: The Context in Android programming represents the active screen or
state of the application. For instance, on an inquiry
screen, the Context reflects that state.
Inheritance by Activity and Application: Both Activity and Application classes extend the Context
class, ensuring seamless access to contextual information and functionalities.
The Android Manifest File is a crucial document specifying key details for an app:
Content Provider: A Content Provider in Android is a crucial component designed for secure and
structured data sharing among different applications. It acts as an interface to a centralized data
repository, often a database, ensuring controlled access and promoting a standardized approach to
managing application data. Content Providers facilitate Create, Read, Update, and Delete (CRUD)
operations, contributing to data abstraction and maintaining integrity through URI-based permissions.
Broadcast Receiver: A Broadcast Receiver plays a dynamic role by listening for and responding to
system-wide or app-specific broadcast events. It serves as a responsive link between various parts of an
application or even different applications, executing code asynchronously in reaction to predefined or
custom broadcast messages. Broadcast Receivers are instrumental in enhancing communication and
coordination within the Android ecosystem, efficiently handling events and enabling seamless interaction
between components.
In Android, an Intent is a messaging object that facilitates communication between different components,
such as activities, services, and broadcast receivers. It is used to request an action from another
component or to transfer data between components.
import android.content.Intent;
import android.os.Bundle;
import android.view.View;
import android.widget.Button;
import android.widget.Toast;
@Override
protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
setContentView(R.layout.activity_main);
myButton.setOnClickListener(new View.OnClickListener() {
@Override
public void onClick(View view) {
Intent intent = new Intent(MainActivity.this, SecondActivity.class);
startActivity(intent);
Intents: Intents in Android facilitate inter-application message passing for communication between
components. They are used for transferring data between activities, starting new services, and initiating
actions like sharing pictures from the camera application.
Widgets: Widgets, variations of Broadcast Receivers, enhance home screen customization. They display
and enable user actions on data. Examples include information widgets like clock and weather,
collection widgets for music control, and hybrid widgets combining features of various types.
Views: Views in Android are responsible for drawing and event handling, representing rectangular
elements like EditText, ImageView, Button, CheckBox, and ImageButton on the screen.
Notifications: Notifications alert users when an application is inactive, providing brief alerts like
incoming message notifications that appear and disappear.
Fragments: Fragments are portions of the user interface that can be combined within an activity or
reused across multiple activities. They contain Views and ViewGroups.
Layout XML Files: Layouts structure the user interface. XML files define different layouts for various
screens, specifying GUI components held by activities or fragments.
App APK Files: APK files are package file formats containing an application's code, resources, and
assets. They are used for installing mobile applications on the Android operating system.
Resources: Android Resources include images, texts, and string values defined in resource files. These
resources can be referenced within the source code for application development.
In Android, an adapter is a bridge between a UI component and a data source that provides the necessary
data for the UI to render. Adapters are commonly used with components like ListView, RecyclerView, and
Spinner.
import android.os.Bundle;
import android.widget.ArrayAdapter;
import android.widget.ListView;
import androidx.appcompat.app.AppCompatActivity;
import java.util.Arrays;
@Override
protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
setContentView(R.layout.activity_main);
18. Explain and differentiate radio button and radio group with code snippet.
RadioButton: A RadioButton is an individual option in a set of choices where the user can select only one
option.
<RadioButton
android:id="@+id/radioOption1"
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:text="Option 1"/>
RadioGroup: A RadioGroup is used to group multiple RadioButton elements together. When a radio
button within a group is selected, it automatically deselects any previously selected radio button in the
same group.
<RadioGroup
android:id="@+id/radioGroup"
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content">
<RadioButton
android:id="@+id/radioOption1"
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:text="Option 1"/>
<RadioButton
android:id="@+id/radioOption2"
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:text="Option 2"/>
</RadioGroup>
In Android, listeners are used to detect and respond to user interactions or system events. They allow you
to define specific actions or behaviors when certain events occur.
myButton.setOnClickListener(new View.OnClickListener() {
@Override
public void onClick(View v) {
listView.setOnItemClickListener(new AdapterView.OnItemClickListener() {
@Override
public void onItemClick(AdapterView<?> parent, View view, int position, long id) {
String selectedItem = (String) parent.getItemAtPosition(position);
Toast.makeText(MainActivity.this, "Selected Item: " + selectedItem, Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show();
}
});
21. Differentiate between constraint layout and linear layout (include features like animation,
gravity).
Feature ConstraintLayout LinearLayout
Can handle both horizontal and
Orientation Limited to either horizontal or vertical orientation.
vertical orientation.
Supports constraints for precise Uses android:layout_gravity for alignment within the
Gravity
alignment. layout.
Supports constraints and ratios for
Weight Uses android:layout_weight for proportional sizing.
flexible sizing.
Limited built-in support; animations need to be
Supports MotionLayout for complex
Animation handled programmatically or through other
animations and transitions.
components.
Highly flexible and suitable for
Flexibility Simpler and suitable for basic linear arrangements.
complex layouts.
Guidelines and Supports guidelines and barriers for Not applicable; limited support for responsive
Barriers responsive designs. designs.
Relative Positions views relative to each
Positions views linearly in the specified orientation.
Positioning other.
Supports chains for grouping and Not applicable; linear arrangement without explicit
Chains
distributing space among views. chaining.
FrameLayout is a simple layout manager in Android that is designed to display a single item at a time. It is
typically used when you want to display a single view, such as an image or a fragment, and it is a
lightweight container that does not provide the same level of complexity as some other layout managers
like LinearLayout or RelativeLayout.
android:foreground: Allows you to set a drawable or color overlay on top of the content of the
FrameLayout. It's useful for creating overlays or highlighting specific areas.
android:layout_gravity: Specifies how the FrameLayout should position itself within its parent layout.
This attribute does not affect the positioning of child views within the FrameLayout.
android:background: Sets the background color or drawable for the FrameLayout. This attribute
defines what is displayed behind the content.
android:padding: Defines the padding space around the content of the FrameLayout. It adds space
between the content and the boundaries of the FrameLayout.
23. Explain ListView with code snippet (write snippet with array Adapter).
In Android, a ListView serves as a versatile view group, presenting a scrollable array of items. The
commonly employed ArrayAdapter facilitates the seamless binding of data, transforming the ListView
into a dynamic and interactive component within the user interface.
xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<LinearLayout xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
xmlns:tools="http://schemas.android.com/tools"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="match_parent"
android:orientation="vertical"
android:padding="16dp"
tools:context=".MainActivity">
<ListView
android:id="@+id/listView"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="wrap_content" />
</LinearLayout>
java
import android.os.Bundle;
import android.widget.ArrayAdapter;
import android.widget.ListView;
import androidx.appcompat.app.AppCompatActivity;
@Override
protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
setContentView(R.layout.activity_main);
String[] data = {"Item 1", "Item 2", "Item 3", "Item 4", "Item 5"};
ArrayAdapter<String> adapter = new ArrayAdapter<>(this, android.R.layout.simple_list_item_1, data);
((ListView) findViewById(R.id.listView)).setAdapter(adapter);
}
}
24. Write a short note on colors in Android. How do you create new colors?
In Android, colors play a crucial role in defining the visual aesthetics of an app. Colors can be specified
using a variety of formats, including hexadecimal, RGB, and predefined color constants.
Color Representation: Colors can be represented in XML resource files using hexadecimal values, such
as #RRGGBB for RGB values or #AARRGGBB for ARGB values (alpha channel for transparency).
xml
<color name="colorPrimary">#3498db</color>
Predefined Colors: Android provides a set of predefined colors in the Color class, such as Color.RED,
Color.BLUE, etc.
java
int redColor = Color.RED;
Or programmatically in Java:
int customColor = ContextCompat.getColor(context, R.color.customColor);
In Android, measurement units are used to define dimensions for various UI elements and layouts. The
primary units of measurement are:
Pixels (px): The smallest unit of display on a screen. Dimensions specified in pixels are device-
specific and do not scale with the device's display density.
Density-independent Pixels (dp or dip): A virtual pixel unit that scales with the screen density. It
ensures consistent dimensions across different devices, allowing for better adaptation to various
screen sizes.
Scale-independent Pixels (sp): Similar to dp, but specifically used for font sizes. It considers the
user's preferred text size setting, making it suitable for text elements to ensure accessibility.
Points (pt): A physical measurement unit commonly used for specifying font sizes. One point is
approximately equal to 1/72 inch.
Pixels per Inch (dpi): Indicates the density of pixels on a screen. Common density buckets include
mdpi (medium), hdpi (high), xhdpi (extra high), xxhdpi (extra-extra high), and xxxhdpi (extra-extra-
extra high).
These units provide flexibility in designing Android user interfaces that can adapt to various screen sizes
and resolutions, ensuring a consistent and visually appealing experience across different devices.
Developers typically use dp for layout dimensions and sp for text sizes to maintain consistency and
support accessibility.
26. Explain insert, delete, update operations with code snippets. Write a short note on SQLite.
Insert Operation:
ContentValues values = new ContentValues();
values.put("name", "John Doe");
values.put("age", 25);
long newRowId = db.insert("tableName", null, values);
Delete Operation:
String selection = "name = ?";
String[] selectionArgs = {"John Doe"};
int deletedRows = db.delete("tableName", selection, selectionArgs);
Update Operation:
ContentValues values = new ContentValues();
values.put("age", 26);
String selection = "name = ?";
String[] selectionArgs = {"John Doe"};
int updatedRows = db.update("tableName", values, selection, selectionArgs);
SQLite is a lightweight, embedded relational database management system included with Android. It
provides a simple and efficient way to store and manage data locally within an Android application. Key
features include:
SQLite is widely used in Android development for tasks such as caching, storing user preferences, and
managing local datasets efficiently.
In Android, standard Content Providers are pre-built components that offer access to common data
sources. Here are some standard Content Providers available in Android:
ContactsContract.ContentProvider: Provides access to the device's contact information, allowing
retrieval of contacts, groups, and their associated details.
MediaStore.Images.Media: Grants access to the device's image files and metadata, facilitating
operations on thumbnails, titles, and file paths.
MediaStore.Video.Media: Similar to Images.Media, this Content Provider deals with video files,
offering details such as duration, resolution, and file paths.
MediaStore.Audio.Media: Enables access to audio files on the device, allowing retrieval of details
like artist, album, title, and duration.
CalendarContract.Events: Provides access to the device's calendar events, facilitating the retrieval
and modification of event details.
Settings.System: Allows access to device settings, enabling the retrieval and modification of system-
level configurations.
Telephony.Sms: Offers access to SMS (text message) data, allowing applications to read and write
messages.
The network connection status in an Android application can be checked using the `ConnectivityManager`
class.
Here's a simple method to determine the network connectivity:
import android.content.Context;
import android.net.ConnectivityManager;
import android.net.NetworkInfo;
if (cm != null) {
NetworkInfo activeNetwork = cm.getActiveNetworkInfo();
return activeNetwork != null && activeNetwork.isConnectedOrConnecting();
}
return false;
}
if (isConnectionChecked) {
System.out.println("Network is available. Performing network-related operations.");
} else {
System.out.println("No network connection.");
}
}
}
The connection status of the device to a network (either mobile data or Wi-Fi) is checked by this method.
Ensure that the necessary permissions, such as ACCESS_NETWORK_STATE, are included in your
AndroidManifest.xml.
<uses-permission android:name="android.permission.ACCESS_NETWORK_STATE" />
The ConnectivityManager class in Android is used to check the state of network connectivity. It provides
information about the network state, such as whether a network is available, whether it is a mobile or Wi-
Fi connection, and more.
Below are code snippets illustrating how to use ConnectivityManager:
Check Network Connection:
import android.content.Context;
import android.net.ConnectivityManager;
import android.net.NetworkInfo;
if (cm != null) {
NetworkInfo activeNetwork = cm.getActiveNetworkInfo();
return activeNetwork != null && activeNetwork.isConnectedOrConnecting();
}
return false;
}
}
if (cm != null) {
NetworkInfo wifiNetwork = cm.getNetworkInfo(ConnectivityManager.TYPE_WIFI);
return wifiNetwork != null && wifiNetwork.isConnectedOrConnecting();
}
return false;
}
}
The HttpURLConnection class in Java provides methods for creating and managing HTTP connections.
Here are some important methods available in the HttpURLConnection class:
connect(): Establishes the connection to the remote server. This method is often called implicitly
when necessary, but you can use it explicitly to force the connection.
disconnect(): Closes the connection to the remote server. It is good practice to call this method when
you are done using the connection to free up resources.
getInputStream(): Returns an input stream from the server. This stream can be used to read the
response body.
getOutputStream(): Returns an output stream to the server. This stream is used when you want to
send data to the server, such as when performing a POST request.
getRequestMethod(): Returns the request method (GET, POST, PUT, etc.) of the connection.
setRequestMethod(String method): Sets the request method for the connection (e.g., "GET" or
"POST").
32. What do you mean by Android WebAPIs? Explain web View with code snippets.
Android Web APIs refer to a set of tools and interfaces provided by the Android framework that enable
developers to integrate web-based functionalities into their applications. These APIs allow Android apps
to interact with web services, retrieve data from the internet, and perform various web-related tasks.
WebView in Android: WebView is a component in Android that allows you to display web content
within your app. It acts as an embedded browser and can render HTML, CSS, and JavaScript.
XML Layout:
<WebView
android:id="@+id/webView"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="match_parent"
/>
Java Code:
import android.os.Bundle;
import android.webkit.WebView;
import android.webkit.WebViewClient;
import androidx.appcompat.app.AppCompatActivity;
@Override
protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
setContentView(R.layout.activity_main);
webView.getSettings().setJavaScriptEnabled(true);
webView.setWebViewClient(new WebViewClient());
webView.loadUrl("https://www.example.com");
}
}
Animations in Android are used to enhance the user interface and provide a visually appealing
experience. Various methods exist for implementing animations, with code snippets provided for two
prevalent types: View animations and Property animations.
View Animation: View animations involve modifying the appearance of a View, such as changing its
position, size, or transparency. Here's an example of a simple Translate Animation:
java
import android.view.View;
import android.view.animation.Animation;
import android.view.animation.TranslateAnimation;
Animation translateAnimation = new TranslateAnimation(0, 200, 0, 0); // Move 200 pixels to the right
translateAnimation.setDuration(1000); // Animation duration in milliseconds
Property Animation: Property animations allow you to animate specific properties of a View, providing
more flexibility. Here's an example of a simple ObjectAnimator to animate the translation of a View:
java
import android.animation.ObjectAnimator;
import android.view.View;
Android notifications are a crucial feature that allows applications to provide timely information, alerts,
and updates to users, even when the app is not actively in use. Notifications serve to enhance the user
experience by delivering relevant information and engaging users with the app's content. Here are key
aspects of Android notifications:
Notification Components: Notifications are composed of essential components like a title, content
text, and optional actions or buttons. They may also feature an icon and a visually appealing large
image.
Notification Styles: Android supports diverse notification styles such as BigTextStyle, InboxStyle,
and BigPictureStyle. Developers leverage these styles to customize the appearance and layout of
notifications based on the content, optimizing user engagement.
The TelephonyManager in Android is a system service class that provides information about the
telephony services on the device. It allows developers to access and monitor various telephony-related
information, including details about the device's network, SIM card, and telephony state. Some of the key
functionalities provided by the TelephonyManager include:
Device Network Information: Retrieving information about the device's current network state, such
as whether it is connected to a mobile network and the type of network (e.g., 2G, 3G, 4G, 5G).
SIM Card Information: Accessing details about the SIM card, such as the SIM card's serial number
(ICCID), the International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI), and the Integrated Circuit Card Identifier
(ICCID).
Call State Information: Monitoring the call state, including whether the device is in an idle state,
ringing, or in an active call. Developers can register a PhoneStateListener to receive updates when the
call state changes.
Device Identities: Obtaining device-related identifiers, such as the International Mobile Equipment
Identity (IMEI) number, which uniquely identifies a mobile device.
Network Operator Information: Retrieving information about the network operator, such as the
operator's name, country, and mobile network code (MNC) and mobile country code (MCC).
Android devices, like any other digital platform, are susceptible to various threats that can compromise
user privacy, security, and the overall integrity of the device. Here's a brief overview of some common
threats to Android devices:
Malware and Viruses: Android devices are vulnerable to malware and viruses that can infiltrate
through apps, email attachments, or compromised websites. These threats pose risks such as data
theft, unauthorized access, and disruptions to device functionality.
Phishing Attacks: Phishing attacks aim to deceive users into divulging sensitive information by
impersonating trustworthy entities. Fake websites, emails, or SMS messages are common mediums,
making it crucial for users to be vigilant and cautious.
Unsecured Wi-Fi Networks: Connecting to unsecured Wi-Fi networks exposes devices to security
risks, as cybercriminals can intercept transmitted data. This increases the potential for data breaches
and unauthorized access.
Outdated Software: Running outdated Android operating systems or apps exposes devices to known
vulnerabilities. Regular software updates and patches are essential to address security issues and
shield against potential threats.
App-based Threats: Malicious apps, often disguised as legitimate ones, may contain malware or
perform undesired actions on devices. Users should exclusively download apps from trusted sources
like the Google Play Store and regularly review app permissions.
Rooting and Jailbreaking: Rooting (Android) and jailbreaking (iOS) grant users elevated control but
expose devices to security risks. Malicious apps can exploit these elevated privileges, making it
essential to weigh the risks and benefits carefully.
37. Differentiate between Edit Text and Text View with code snippets.
EditText and TextView are two distinct UI components in Android with different purposes. Here's a
differentiation along with code snippets for each:
EditText: EditText is used for user input, allowing the user to enter and edit text. It provides an editable
field where the user can type or input data.
xml
<EditText
android:id="@+id/editText"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:hint="Enter your text here"
android:inputType="text" />
java
import android.os.Bundle;
import android.widget.EditText;
import androidx.appcompat.app.AppCompatActivity;
@Override
protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
setContentView(R.layout.activity_main);
TextView: TextView is a non-editable text display component used to show text to the user. It is often
used for labels, informational text, or displaying dynamically generated content.
xml
<TextView
android:id="@+id/textView"
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:text="This is a TextView" />
java
import android.os.Bundle;
import android.widget.TextView;
import androidx.appcompat.app.AppCompatActivity;
@Override
protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
setContentView(R.layout.activity_main);
In summary, EditText is used for user input, while TextView is used for displaying static or dynamically
updated text.
38. What are the attributes available in XML file? Explain wrap content and match parent in detail.
In Android XML files, various attributes are used to define the properties and behaviors of UI elements
and resources. Here are some commonly used attributes in Android XML files:
In Android, wrap_content and match_parent are two layout width and height attributes commonly used to
define the size of UI elements within a layout.
wrap_content: When set to wrap_content, the size of the UI element is adjusted to fit the content it holds.
For example:
xml
<TextView
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:text="Hello, World!" />
In this case, the width and height of the TextView will be just enough to accommodate the text "Hello,
World!".
match_parent: When set to match_parent, the size of the UI element matches the size of its parent
container. For example:
xml
<Button
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:text="Click Me" />
In this case, the width of the Button will span the entire width of its parent container.
<CheckBox
android:id="@+id/checkBox"
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:text="Enable Feature" />
<TextView
android:id="@+id/statusTextView"
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:layout_below="@id/checkBox"
android:layout_marginTop="16dp"
android:text="Feature is disabled"
android:textSize="18sp" />
</RelativeLayout>
@Override
protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
setContentView(R.layout.activity_main);
checkBox = findViewById(R.id.checkBox);
statusTextView = findViewById(R.id.statusTextView);
checkBox.setOnCheckedChangeListener(new CompoundButton.OnCheckedChangeListener() {
@Override
public void onCheckedChanged(CompoundButton buttonView, boolean isChecked) {
if (isChecked) {
statusTextView.setText("Feature is enabled");
} else {
statusTextView.setText("Feature is disabled");
}
}
});
}
}
This program creates a simple user interface with a CheckBox labeled "Enable Feature" and a TextView to
display the status. The CompoundButton.OnCheckedChangeListener is used to listen for changes in the
checkbox state. When the checkbox is checked or unchecked, the corresponding text is updated in the
TextView accordingly.
<EditText
android:id="@+id/editTextUsername"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:hint="Username"
android:inputType="text" />
<EditText
android:id="@+id/editTextPassword"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:layout_below="@id/editTextUsername"
android:layout_marginTop="8dp"
android:hint="Password"
android:inputType="textPassword" />
<Button
android:id="@+id/buttonLogin"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:layout_below="@id/editTextPassword"
android:layout_marginTop="16dp"
android:text="Login" />
<TextView
android:id="@+id/textViewResult"
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:layout_below="@id/buttonLogin"
android:layout_marginTop="16dp"
android:text=""
android:textColor="@android:color/holo_red_dark" />
</RelativeLayout>
Java File (LoginActivity.java):
import android.os.Bundle;
import android.view.View;
import android.widget.Button;
import android.widget.EditText;
import android.widget.TextView;
import androidx.appcompat.app.AppCompatActivity;
@Override
protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
setContentView(R.layout.activity_login);
// Initialize views
editTextUsername = findViewById(R.id.editTextUsername);
editTextPassword = findViewById(R.id.editTextPassword);
buttonLogin = findViewById(R.id.buttonLogin);
textViewResult = findViewById(R.id.textViewResult);